<p>Based on widespread public debate prior to Swedish EMU-referendum 2003, the main purpose of this thesis is to examine and analyze the standpoint of the Swedish parliamentary parties in the EMU-issue, from perspektive of the following questions;</p><p>1) What is the official standpoint of the parliamentary parties in the EMU-issue?</p><p>2) What claimed effects of a Swedish EMU-membership or non-membership have the parties presented?</p><p>3) What rifts can be found within the parties, in relation to their official standpoint in the EMU-issue?</p><p>The Sweidish parliamentary parties´ standpoint in the EMU-issue will be analyze from the point of view of a number of current theories. These theories are basically democrazy theories that all have transnationalization and Europeanization as a common ground.</p><p>The conclusions are, among others, that the parliamentary parties` standpoints in the EMU-issue are based on ideological values about whether or not a Swedish EMU-membership is good for Sweden. The Liberal Party, the Christian Democrats, the Moderate Party and the Social Party have a positive view on EMU and a deeper European integration, and basically value the economic efficency of the EMU higher than democratic decision making and a national currency and monetary policy. As for the EMU-critical parties such as the Centre Party, the Green Party and the Left Party, their view in the EMU-issue can be regarded as more nationalistic, since they say no to an exapanded financial cooperation. A contibuting factor to their standpoint in this issue is that they value the national influence over currency and monetary policies, and democratic decision making higher than the economic effciency of the EMU.</p><p>The Swedish parliamentary parties have suggested a number of effects of a Swedish EMU-membership or non-membership. In general; all parties tend to exaggerate the factors which benefit their own EMU-standpoint, and to some extent discard those which oppose their stand in the EMU-issue.</p><p>This thesis makes it clear that regarding the EMU-issue all of the parliamentary parties are more or less divided. The Moderate Party and the Liberal Party are seen as the most united for a Swedish EMU-membership, whereas the Left Party and the Green Party are the most united against Sweden joining the EMU. The Centre Party is resonably united in their opposition to a Swedish membership, apart from a small minority of EMU-advocates. The Christian Democrats and the Social Democrats, on the other hand, are the most devided parties in the EMU-issue.</p> / <p>Med anledning av den omfattande debatten inför den svenska EMU-folkomröstningen år 2003 är det huvudsakliga syftet med denna uppsats att undersöka samt analysera de svenska riksdagspartiernas ställningstagande i EMU-frågan utifrån följande frågeställningar:</p><p>1) Vilka är de svenska riksdagspartiernas officiella ståndpunkter i EMU-frågan?</p><p>2) Vilka påstådda effekter har riksdagspartierna fört fram vid ett svenskt EMU-medlemskap eller ett EMU-utanförskap?</p><p>3) Vilka splittringar finns det inom riksdagspartierna i relation till partiernas officiella ställningstagande i EMU-frågan?</p><p>De svenska riksdagspartiernas förhållningssätt i EMU-frågan behandlas utifrån flera demokratiteorier som har transnationaliseringen och europeiseringen som gemensam bas.</p><p>Slutsatserna är bland andra att riksdagspartiernas ställningstagande i EMU-frågan bottnar i ideologiska värderingar om att ett svenskt EMU-medlemskap är bra respektive dåligt för Sverige. Folkpartiet, kristdemokraterna, moderaterna och socialdemokraterna är positiva till EMU och till en fördjupad europeisk integration där de i grund och botten värderar EMU:s ekonomiska effektivitet mer än en demokratisk beslutsordning och en nationell valuta- och penningpolitik. När det gäller EMU-kritiska partierna som centerpartiet, miljöpartiet och vänsterpartiet är deras synsätt i EMU-frågan att betrakta som mer nationalistiskt eftersom de säger nej till ett utökat ekonomiskt samarbete. En bidragande orsak till deras uppfattning i denna fråga är att de värdesätter det nationella inflytandet över valuta- och penningpolitiken samt en demokratisk bestlutsordning mer än EMU:s ekonomiska effektivitet.</p><p>Sveriges riksdagspartier har fört fram många påstådda effekter vid ett svenskt EMU-medlemskap eller ett EMU-utanförskap. Generellt sett tenderar alla riksdagspartier förstora de faktorer som främjar deras egna EMU-ståndpunkter och i viss mån förkasta det som går tvärt emot deras ställningstagande i EMU-frågan.</p><p>Moderaterna och folkpartiet bedöms vara de mest enade partierna för ett svenskt EMU-medlemskap medan vänsterpartiet och miljöpartiet är de mest sammanhållna partierna mot en svensk EMU-anslutning. Centerpartiet är förhållandevis överens i sitt EMU-motstånd bortsett från en mindre minoritet med EMU-förespråkare. Kristdemokraterna och socialdemokraterna är däremot de mest splittrade partierna i EMU-frågan.</p>

This Bachelor thesis analyses whether the Swedish trade has been affected by the in-troduction of the European Monetary Union and the common currency Euro. Com-paring Sweden with Finland and Netherland, two countries with similar economic situation but who chose to adopt the euro as their currency, makes the result clearer. Using a modified gravity model based on Flam and Nordström’s (2006) and Rose and Glick’s (2002) gravity models has made it possible to see how the Euro has affected trade in the three chosen countries. By using a panel regression the possibility for standard errors have been minimized. After running a regression for all three countries together the conclusion is that the Euro has had a positive effect on the export. Also when running regressions for each country separately the positive effect of the Euro is clear. How much the Euro itself has affected trade in the chosen countries are hard to tell. There are many reasons for the past years increasing trade and the introduction of the Euro is only one of them. Due to a simplication of the gravity models used in this thesis the full extent of the Euro influence can not be seen here. The effect of the Euro on Swedens trade is a subject that has been discussed for many years. An introduction of the Euro in Sweden would most likely increase Swedens trade even more, but even without the Euro Swedens trade has increased over the past years. / Denna kandidatuppsats analyserar huruvida den svenska handeln har blivit påverkad av införandet av den Europeiska Monetära Unionen och den gemensamma valutan Euro. Jämföra Sverige med Finland och Nederländerna, två länder med en liknande ekonomisk situation men som valde att införa Euron som sin valuta, gör resultatet klarare. Användandet av en modifierad gravitations modell baserad på Flam och Nordströms (2006) och Rose och Glicks (2002) gravitations modeller har gjort det möjligt att se hur Euron har påverkat handeln i de tre valda länderna. Genom att använda panel regressioner har risken för standard fel minimiserats. Efter att ha gjort regressionen för alla tre länder tillsammans är slutsatsen att Euron har haft en positiv effekt på export. Även i regressionerna för de enskilda länderna syns Eurons positiva effekt tydligt. Hur mycket Euron själv har ökat handeln i de valda länderna är svårt att säga. Det finns många anledningar varför handeln ökat de senaste åren och Eurons införande är bara en av dem. På grund av att gravitations modellerna som använts i uppsatsen är förenklade kan inte Eurons fulla effekt ses här. Effekten av Euron på Svensk handel är ett ämne som har diskuterats i många år. En introduktion av Euro i Sverige skulle troligtvis öka Sveriges handel ytterligare, men även utan Euron har Sveriges handel ökat de senaste åren.

<p>This Bachelor thesis analyses whether the Swedish trade has been affected by the in-troduction of the European Monetary Union and the common currency Euro. Com-paring Sweden with Finland and Netherland, two countries with similar economic situation but who chose to adopt the euro as their currency, makes the result clearer.</p><p>Using a modified gravity model based on Flam and Nordström’s (2006) and Rose and Glick’s (2002) gravity models has made it possible to see how the Euro has affected trade in the three chosen countries. By using a panel regression the possibility for standard errors have been minimized.</p><p>After running a regression for all three countries together the conclusion is that the Euro has had a positive effect on the export. Also when running regressions for each country separately the positive effect of the Euro is clear. How much the Euro itself has affected trade in the chosen countries are hard to tell. There are many reasons for the past years increasing trade and the introduction of the Euro is only one of them. Due to a simplication of the gravity models used in this thesis the full extent of the Euro influence can not be seen here.</p><p>The effect of the Euro on Swedens trade is a subject that has been discussed for many years. An introduction of the Euro in Sweden would most likely increase Swedens trade even more, but even without the Euro Swedens trade has increased over the past years.</p> / <p>Denna kandidatuppsats analyserar huruvida den svenska handeln har blivit påverkad av införandet av den Europeiska Monetära Unionen och den gemensamma valutan Euro. Jämföra Sverige med Finland och Nederländerna, två länder med en liknande ekonomisk situation men som valde att införa Euron som sin valuta, gör resultatet klarare.</p><p>Användandet av en modifierad gravitations modell baserad på Flam och Nordströms (2006) och Rose och Glicks (2002) gravitations modeller har gjort det möjligt att se hur Euron har påverkat handeln i de tre valda länderna. Genom att använda panel regressioner har risken för standard fel minimiserats.</p><p>Efter att ha gjort regressionen för alla tre länder tillsammans är slutsatsen att Euron har haft en positiv effekt på export. Även i regressionerna för de enskilda länderna syns Eurons positiva effekt tydligt. Hur mycket Euron själv har ökat handeln i de valda länderna är svårt att säga. Det finns många anledningar varför handeln ökat de senaste åren och Eurons införande är bara en av dem. På grund av att gravitations modellerna som använts i uppsatsen är förenklade kan inte Eurons fulla effekt ses här.</p><p>Effekten av Euron på Svensk handel är ett ämne som har diskuterats i många år. En introduktion av Euro i Sverige skulle troligtvis öka Sveriges handel ytterligare, men även utan Euron har Sveriges handel ökat de senaste åren.</p>

The introduction of new species within the cattle sector has been growing and among the most representative animals in this sector is the ostrich (Struthio camellus). Although generating benefits, these activities are difficult to be deeply studied in terms of their physiology, pathology and clinics due to the speed they evolve. Many physiological parameters which are essential for the diagnosis of disturb and diseases are not available. Thus, the objective of this work was to outline the plasmatic protein electrophoresis profile of ostrich, as well as to identify differences among the fractions of these proteins among specific age groups. Blood samples of 72 ostriches were collected in different farms in Rio Grande do Sul. The samples were distributed in six groups, according to the animal s age and gender, in which 2 were chick, 2 young and 2 adults. These samples were submitted to the biuret method and to the electrophoresis, for quantification, separation and identification of proteins. Along the same line of study, there were also processed and analyzed 9 blood samples of adult rheas (Rhea americana) and a couple of emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae), these animals that, along with the ostrich, which also belong to the Struthioniformes order. The levels of Total Proteins (PPT) and the relation between Albumin and Globulin (A/G) were found and determined through the biuret method and the technique of electrophoresis. For each group of female ostrich chick, the average PPT was 2.23 ± 0.23g/dL, for male chick it was 2.40 ± 0.30g/dL, for young females the average was 3.67 ± 0.42g/dL and young males it was 3.90 ± 0.44g/dL; the adult females presented an average of 4.11 ± 0.65g/dL and the adult males, 4.07 ± 0.69g/dL. For the group of adult rheas were found average values of 5:22 ± 0.66 g / dL of total plasma proteins and 0.97 ± 0.24 for the relationship between albumin and globulins. For a couple of emus, in turn, resulted in values of 5.30 g / dL and 4.10 g / dL of plasma total protein and 0.67 and 0.81 for the ratio of albumin and globulin, for female and male respectively. The protein fractions were defined as albumin, alpha-globulin, beta 1-globulin, beta2-globulin e gamma-globulin for the three species. / A introdução de novas espécies dentro do setor pecuário vem crescendo e entre os animais que figuram, com importância, está o avestruz (Struthio camellus). Essas atividades geram benefícios, mas, a velocidade com que evoluem dificulta o acompanhamento de estudos aprofundados e seguros sobre fisiologia, patologia e clínica desses animais. Muitos parâmetros fisiológicos não estão disponíveis, sendo estes imprescindíveis para o diagnóstico de distúrbios e enfermidades. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi traçar o perfil eletroforético de proteínas plasmáticas de avestruzes, bem como identificar diferenças nas frações dessas proteínas entre determinadas faixas etárias. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 72 avestruzes de diferentes criatórios do Rio Grande do Sul, distribuídos em seis grupos, por idade e por sexo, sendo 2 de filhotes, 2 de juvenis e 2 de adultos. Essas amostras passaram pela realização do método de biureto e pela eletroforese, para a quantificação, separação e identificação das proteínas. Dentro da mesma linha de estudo, foram processadas e analisadas 9 amostras de sangue de emas (Rhea americana) adultas e de um casal de emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae), animais esses que, junto com o avestruz, também pertencem à ordem Struthioniformes. Foram encontrados e determinados os níveis de proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT) e a relação entre albumina e globulinas (A/G), por meio da realização do método de biureto e da técnica da eletroforese. Para o grupo de avestruzes filhotes fêmeas, a média de PPT foi de 2.23 ± 0.23g/dL, para os filhotes machos foi 2.40 ± 0.30g/dL; para as fêmeas juvenis a média foi de 3.67 ± 0.42g/dL e para os machos juvenis foi 3.90 ± 0.44g/dL; as fêmeas adultas, por sua vez, apresentaram uma média de 4.11 ± 0.65g/dL e os machos adultos, 4.07 ± 0.69g/dL. Para o grupo das emas foram encontradas médias de valores de 5.22 ± 0.66 g/dL de proteínas plasmáticas totais e 0.97 ± 0.24 para a relação entre a albumina e as globulinas. Para o casal de emus, por sua vez, obteve-se valores de 5,30 g/dL e 4,10 g/dL de proteínas plasmáticas totais e 0,67 e 0,81 para a relação entre a albumina e as globulinas, para a fêmea e o macho respectivamente. As frações protéicas, nesse estudo, foram definidas como albumina, alfa-globulina, beta1-globulina, beta2-globulina e gama-globulina, para as três espécies.

Syfte – Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera om valutan utgör ett hinder i utlandshandeln för svenska småföretag och undersöka om ett medlemskap i Ekonomiska och Monetära Unionen (EMU) skulle kunna minska det motstånd som företag upplever inför utlandshandeln. Argumenten att EMU skulle underlätta för företagens utlandshandel har använts i debatten för eller emot ett medlemskap i över tio år. Metod– Metoden i denna studie har byggt på en kvantitativ undersökning i form av en enkät till 21 olika svenska småföretag. Svaren analyserades i ett spridningsdiagram och en regressionsanalys. Denna metod används för att förutspå hur variablerna påverkar varandra och testa hur starkt sambandet mellan variablerna är. Slutsats – Studien fick inget signifikant resultat av undersökningen och kan endast redogöra för de tendenser som kom fram. Slutsatserna tyder på att ett medlemskap i EMU inte skulle underlätta utlandshandeln för svenska småföretag, då de till stor del handlar med länder utanför euro-området. Bidrag – Bidraget från denna studie är att svenska småföretags upplevda hinder till utlandshandel inte underlättas av den gemensamma valutan euron. Detta argument bör inte användas i debatten för ett medlemskap i EMU. Vidare studier behöver göras i ämnet för att säkerställa denna slutsats. Nyckelord – Småföretag, EMU, Utlandshandel Typ av uppsats – Kandidatuppsats / Purpose – The purpose of this essay is to examine if the currency is an obstacle when Swedish small enterprises do international business and if a membership in the European monetary union (EMU) could reduce the obstacles. In the Swedish debate about EMU membership these arguments have been used for over ten years. Methodology – The methodology used in this study is a quantitative method using a standardised questionnaire involving 21 small enterprises based in Sweden. The result was analysed in a scatter plot and with a regression equation. This methodology is used to predict the value of a dependent variable from one or more independent variables. Findings – The study could not get a significant result and can therefore only show trends of its findings. The findings provide some tendency that an EMU membership would not reduce the obstacles for Swedish small enterprises to do international business, since most of their trade goes to countries outside the monetary union. Contribution – The contribution of the findings is to suggest that the argument that Swedish small enterprises would find it easier to do international business, if Sweden was part of the EMU, not should be used. Further studies ought to be done in this subject, to be certain about the findings. Keywords – Small enterprise, EMU, International business Paper type – Bachelor's essay

Slovenia after having gained its independence in 1991 has enjoyed from 1995 until recent days extraordinary successful era in its history. The whole european continent paid attention to the entrance of Slovenia into EU, EMU or favourable economic developement. This diploma thesis reveals the main reasons for success of this small country. The main purpose of this work is the analysis of economy in Slovenia from 1995 to 2008. The work is divided into five main parts. First chapter contains general introduction of this country. Second part analyses internal economic stability of Slovenia, in which GDP, inflation, unemployment and public finances are included. Main theme of the third part is the analysis of external economic stability. The most important in this part is the analysis of balance of payments and investment position of Slovenia. Next part deals with the entrance of Slovenia into EU, as well as with all consequences which are connected with this fact. Last chapter describes the entrance of Slovenia into EMU. Very important point of view of this part is description of meeting all requirements connected with this entrance, main reasons of slovenian success with the introduction of euro as well as the main changes which Slovenia witnessed after its entrance into EMU.

After a review of the theoretical justifications of the fiscal criteria and the different concepts of sustainability the fiscal position of the EU countries selected as members of the EMU is examined. Firstly, the assessment by the Commission and the EMI is critically reported. After identifying countries with successful consolidations and those without success conclusions about the implications for sustainability are drawn. It turns out that the effort towards fiscal consolidation is not yet over for a long time. Here, the Stability and Growth Pact draws the line. In particular in countries with presently very high debt to GDP ratios the next decade in the EMU could become a hard one. Secondly, macromodel simulations shall demonstrate how asymmetric shocks (one supply and one demand shock) may hamper the ambitions towards sustainability. Similarly, a single monetary policy can have detrimental effects when the business cycles are not synchronized in Euroland. This problem is touched upon with model simulations of a change of the common interest rate. (author's abstract) / Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

EMU as the only functioning single currency area has been criticised as a non-optimal currency area since the Treaty on European Union was signed. Despite this, it has been seen as, probably, the most complete economic project that has ever been conducted by any group of governments. Through Dynamic Factor model and Panel VAR method, we are focusing on the issues of business cycle synchronisation, effectiveness of ECB monetary policy and the euro fiscal dividend, thus to advances the current studies on EMU through assessing whether it can be a sustainable system. For example, whether economic fluctuations can be effectively managed by implementing a single ECB monetary policy and financial market can be relied upon as a monitoring and enforcing device to discipline fiscal behaviour of Eurozone countries. Overall, we concluded that EMU could be more sustainable if it was just formed by its core members, leaving the periphery outside the single currency area. However, since the EU has recently conducted many rescue measures to save the Eurozone, we are unlikely to see those troubled countries to quit EMU, at least, at the present time. The sustainability of the current EMU can be improved if more intra-trade can be promoted to enhance business cycle convergence; hence, it will be more likely to have a union-wide appropriate monetary policy. This will also reduce the requirement of depending upon using fiscal measures to compensate the loss of monetary sovereignty. Moreover, fiscal activities can also be better monitored/enforced since the financial market has begun to adequately adjust the long-term interest rates on Eurozone government bonds according to the development in those countries fiscal stance.

Ve své diplomové práci se zabývám problematikou vstupu do eurozóny z hlediska plnění nominálních a reálných konvergenčních kritérií. Východiskem je předpoklad, že země vstupující do eurozóny má zájem ze vstupu co nejvíce profitovat. V teoretické části nastiňuji problematiku teorie optimálních měnových zón poprvé definovanou v 60.letech 20 století. Uvádím také dva hlavní současné přístupy k této teorii. Ve druhé části popisuji zejména měnovou politiku německé centrální banky při sjednocení německých států ? to vše s přihlédnutím k teorii optimální měnové oblasti. V další části se zabývám plněním nominálních a reálných konvergenčních kritérií v aplikaci na Českou republiku jako kandidátské země eurozóny. Zdůrazňuji zde důležitost nejen nominální konvergence, ale hlavně konvergence reálné a upozorňuji na hlavní nedostatky a potenciální nebezpečí reálné konvergence České republiky.

DP se zabývá problematikou vstupu ČR do EMU z pohledu vnitřní i vnější rovnováhy. Celková analýza vychází z teorie optimálních měnových zón (OCA) a zaobírá se přitom hlavními determinantami vstupu do měnové unie - podmínkami, předpoklady, načasování a dále plynoucími výhodami/nevýhodami, hrozbami a příležitostmi s využívání společné měny. Významná část práce je rovněž věnována ekonomickým reformám.