Motivated by the need to design minimally-invasive treatments for wide-necked cerebral aneurysms, we used computational modeling to assess aneurysm hemodynamics, examined in vitro cellular responses arising from mechanical and chemical stresses, and designed novel materials that cooperatively adhere to the endothelium. We first hypothesized that because aneurysm geometry plays an important role in hemodynamics, changes in flow patterns may affect the shear stress experienced on the aneurysm wall. We defined flow regimes based on aneurysm hemodynamic and geometric parameters, which may correlate with aneurysm rupture. Because of the direct contact between endothelial cells (ECs) and blood flow, we then evaluated how changes in hemodynamics and inflammatory cytokines affect the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and matrix remodeling factors on ECs. We subsequently designed biomaterials that complement the dynamic EC surface and have the ability to conform to any geometry through in situ crosslinking. Antibody-conjugated hydrogels facilitated synergistic EC adhesion using cooperativity as an adhesion strategy. We optimized the presentation of antibodies to inflammatory CAMs on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and alginate hydrogels to achieve strong adhesion to inflamed ECs. We synthesized photocrosslinkable, aminated PVA hydrogels and determined the effect of substrate stiffness on cell adhesion. We also evaluated the effects of antibody presentation on cell adhesion strength and dynamics using alginate hydrogels. Taken together, the results of this work may be used to design hydrogels for vascular remodeling applications under shear stress, including embolic agents for cerebral aneurysms. / Engineering and Applied Sciences

Diabetes affects more than 382 million people worldwide and can lead to vision loss as a result of progressive degeneration of the neurovascular unit in the retina, a condition known as diabetic retinopathy (DR). Early stage DR is characterized by microangiopathies including microaneurysms, microhemorrhages, and hyperpermeability. Analyses of postmortem human retinal tissue and retinas from animal models indicate that degeneration of the pericytes, the cells that make up the outer layer of capillaries, is an early event in DR; however, the relative contribution of specific cellular components to DR pathobiology has been difficult to dissect due to the complexity of existing models.

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury occurs during myocardial infarction and during some cardiovascular surgeries. Animal studies support the role of endurance exercise training in preventing myocardial IR injury and coronary endothelial dysfunction. In human and animal studies, habitual exercise has been shown to attenuate endothelial dysfunction caused by aging and disease. It is unknown; however, if exercise can protect against vascular IR injury in humans and if so, whether these effects persist with advancing age. Using 20 minutes of forearm ischemia and the response of the brachial artery as a noninvasive surrogate model for the heart, the association between the mode of exercise training (endurance versus resistance) and vascular IR injury was examined in young healthy adults in the first study. Endothelial function, as measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery, decreased significantly after forearm ischemia, suggesting that this noninvasive model of the heart produces significant and measureable vascular injury. These measures returned to baseline levels within 30 minutes following ischemia, illustrating the transient nature of this form of IR injury. The magnitude of injury and recovery from ischemia were not significantly different among young sedentary, endurance-trained, and resistance-trained subjects, suggesting that exercise training is not associated with protection from vascular IR injury in a young, healthy population. In the second study, the association between aging, endurance exercise training, and vascular IR injury was studied. Twenty minutes of forearm ischemia was associated with a transient fall in brachial FMD in young and older sedentary and endurance-trained subjects. Young subjects recovered more quickly from IR injury than older subjects. Within 30 minutes of injury, the endothelial function of the young group was back to baseline while blunted endothelial function persisted in older subjects for greater than 45 minutes after injury. There was no association between endurance exercise training and enhanced recovery from IR injury. These findings suggest that aging is associated with delayed recovery from vascular IR injury and that endurance training does not appear to modulate the vascular IR injury responses. / text

Η Heparin affin regulatory peptide (HARP) είναι ένας αυξητικός παράγοντας με μοριακό βάρος 18 kDa, που έχει μεγάλη συγγένεια με την ηπαρίνη. Είναι συντηρημένη μεταξύ διαφόρων ειδών και παρουσιάζει 50% ομολογία με τη Midkine και την RI-HBP. Οι πρωτεΐνες αυτές συγκροτούν μια σχετικά νέα οικογένεια αυξητικών παραγόντων που έχουν συγγένεια με την ηπαρίνη. Η HARP απομονώθηκε για πρώτη φορά από τον εγκέφαλο νεογέννητου βοός ως ένα μόριο που μπορεί να επάγει την προέκταση των νευρικών κυττάρων. Επίσης, εκφράζεται στη μήτρα, στους χόνδρους και στα οστά. Αρκετές αναφορές αποδεικνύουν ότι υπάρχει μεγάλη συσχέτιση μεταξύ της έκφρασης της HARP και της ανάπτυξης καρκινικού όγκου και της αγγειογένεσης. Υψηλά επίπεδα της πρωτεΐνης έχουν ανιχνευθεί σε πολλούς καρκινικούς όγκους, αλλά και κυτταρικές σειρές που προέρχονται από διάφορους τύπους καρκίνου σε ανθρώπους. Η HARP αποτελεί μιτογόνο παράγοντα για διάφορους τύπους ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων, ενώ μπορεί να επάγει την αγγειογένεση in vivo και in vitro. Ασκεί τη βιολογική της δράση μετά από αλληλεπίδραση με πρωτεογλυκάνες της επιφάνειας του κυττάρου, όπως η N-συνδεκάνη, ή μετά από δέσμευση σε πιο ειδικούς υποδοχείς. Η RPTPβ/ζ, η εκκρινόμενη μορφή της (φωσφακάνη), αλλά και η κινάση ALK, έχει αναφερθεί ότι μπορούν να δεσμεύουν τη HARP και να συμμετέχουν στη μεταγωγή του σήματός της. Παλαιότερες αναφορές έχουν δείξει ότι η HARP μπορεί να επάγει τις MAP-κινάσες και το μονοπάτι PI3K-Akt, ενώ αναστολείς των Erk½, ή της PI3K καταστέλλουν τη σύνθεση του DNA που επάγεται από τη HARP. Επιπλέον, η Shc και οι Erk ½ φωσφορυλιώνονται μετά από επώαση κυττάρων με HARP. Ωστόσο, τα ενδοκυτταρικά σήματα ειδικών υποδοχέων της HARP προς την PI3K ή τις MAPK δεν έχουν ακόμα χαρακτηριστεί ικανοποιητικά. Στην εργασία αυτή μελετήσαμε την επίδραση της HARP στη μετανάστευση κυττάρων HUVEC, στη δημιουργία αυλών σε υπόστρωμα matrigel, καθώς και το μονοπάτι μεταγωγής σήματος που ενεργοποιείται από τη HARP. Τα αποτελέσματά μας δείχνουν ότι η HARP επάγει τη μετανάστευση και τη διαφοροποίηση των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων HUVEC μετά από δέσμευσή της στην RPTPβ/ζ. Η δέσμευση αυτή οδηγεί σε ενεργοποίηση της Src, της FAK, της PI3K και των Erk ½. Το ορθοβαναδικό νάτριο, η θειική χονδροϊτίνη-C, το ΡΡ1, η wortmannin, το LY294002 και το U0126 αναστέλλουν τη μεταγωγή σήματος της HARP, καθώς και την επαγωγή της μετανάστευσης και διαφοροποίησης των HUVEC. Επιπλέον, η μείωση της έκφρασης της RPTPβ/ζ με τη χρησιμοποίηση παρεμβαλλόμενου RNA παρεμποδίζει τα ενδοκυτταρικά σήματα, καθώς και την επαγωγή της μετανάστευσης και της διαφοροποίησης που επάγεται από τη HARP. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά δείχνουν ότι η RPTPβ/ζ αποτελεί υποδοχέα της HARP σε ενδοθηλιακά κύτταρα και αποσαφηνίζουν το μονοπάτι μεταγωγής σήματος της HARP στα κύτταρα αυτά. / Heparin affin regulatory peptide (HARP) is an 18 kDa growth factor that has a high affinity for heparin. HARP is highly conserved among species and shares 50% homology with Midkine and RI-HBP. The above proteins constitute a relatively new family of growth factors with high affinity for heparin. HARP has been originally purified from perinatal rat brain as a molecule that induces neurite outgrowth. HARP is also expressed in uterus, cartilage and bone extracts. Several reports have established a strong correlation between HARP expression and tumour growth and angiogenesis. High levels of this protein were found in many human cancers and cell lines derived from human tumours. HARP has been reported to be mitogenic for different types of endothelial cells and angiogenic in vivo and in vitro. HARP exerts its biological activity through interactions with cell surface proteoglycans, such as N-syndecan, or binding to more specific cell surface receptors. Receptor-type protein tyrosine-phosphatase β/ζ (RPTPβ/ζ) and its secreted variant phosphacan, as well as ALK, have been recently reported to bind HARP and to be implicated in its signalling.HARP has been previously shown to activate both the MAPK and PI3K - Akt signalling axes. Inhibitors of Erk½ or PI3K inhibit DNA synthesis stimulated by HARP. Additionally, analysis of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins following HARP stimulation, revealed induction of Shc and Erk ½ phosphorylation. Nevertheless, the signals from specific receptors to PI3K or MAPK are not well documented. In the present work, we examined the effect of HARP on migration and tube formation on matrigel of HUVEC and investigated the signalling pathway induced by HARP. We report that HARP induces migration and differentiation of endothelial cells through binding to RPTPβ/ζ, leading to activation of Src, FAK, PI3K and Erk½. Sodium orthovanadate, chondroitin sulfate-C, PP1, wortmannin, LY294002 and U0126 inhibit HARP-mediated signalling and HARP-induced HUVEC migration and differentiation. In addition, RPTPβ/ζ suppression using siRNA technology, interrupts intracellular signals, as well as HUVEC migration and differentiation that are induced by HARP. These results establish the role of RPTPβ/ζ as a receptor of HARP in HUVEC and elucidate the HARP signalling pathway in endothelial cells.

Η παρούσα εργασία αφορά στην ρύθμιση της έφρασης και έκκρισης της πλειοτροπίνης απο ανθρώπινα ενδοθηλιακά και κύτταρα γλοιοβλαστώματος. Γενικά, οι βιβλιογραφικές αναφορές σχετικά με τη ρύθμιση της μεταγραφής του γονιδίου της πλειοτροπίνης είναι πολύ λίγες, παρόλο που είναι ένα μόριο το οποίο φαίνεται να συμμετέχει στην αγγειογένεση και την ανάπτυξη πολλών τύπων όγκων. Μελετήθηκε η επίδραση παραγόντων που προάγουν της αγγειογένεση όπως, το μονοξείδιο του αζώτου, ο ορός και υποξία με σκοπό την διαλεύκανση του μονοπατιού ρύθμισης της ανάπτυξης των γλοιοβλαστωμάτων, το οποίο αν αξιοποιηθεί θεραπευτικά, ίσως να οδηγήσει σε καλύτερα θεραπευτικά αποτελέσματα. / In this study we examined the regulation of the expression and secretion of pleiotrophin from human endothelial and glioblastoma cells. Although pleiotrophin is a growth factor proved to promote angiogenesis and tumor growth, yet few things are known about its transcriptional regulation. In this work we studied the effect of factors that promote angiogenesis like nitric oxide, serum and hypoxia in order to elucidate the involved pathway.

Objective: Endothelial cell (EC)-induced mesenchymal cell (MC) differentiation toward a mural cell phenotype requires transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), cell contact and connexin 43 (Cx43)- or Cx45- heterocellular gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC). However, the identity of the communicated signal, the features of Cx43 required, and the possible regulatory mechanisms have not been elucidated and were investigated herein. Methods & Results: To determine whether channel functionality and the major regulatory domain (the carboxyl terminus, CT) of connexin Cx43 are necessary to support EC-induced differentiation, Cx43 deficient MCs (incapable of undergoing EC-induced mural cell differentiation without re-expression of Cx43 or Cx45) were transduced with wild-type (Cx43wt), channel dead, or truncated (Cx43tr-residues 258-382 deleted) versions of Cx43 and their ability to support EC-induced differentiation was assessed. Our data indicate that both channel functionality and presence of the CT domain are both necessary for EC-induced mural cell differentiation. Moreover, expression of Cx40 did not restore ability of MCs to undergo EC-induced mural cell differentiation, despite supporting GJIC. To determine whether (and which) specific regulatory sites in the carboxyl terminus are necessary for EC-induced mural cell differentiation, constructs of Cx43 with serine to alanine substitutions at the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) or protein kinase C (PKC) target sites were introduced into Cx43 deficient MCs and their ability to undergo EC-induced differentiation was tested. The data indicated that the MAPK targeted serines (S255,279,2982) are necessary, while the PKC targeted serine (S368) is dispensable, for this process. To determine whether calcium ions might be the messengers communicated between ECs and MCs, we investigated whether elevation in EC free intracellular calcium concentration (with ionomycin treatment) can replace Cx43-mediated GJIC, activate TGF-β and induce differentiation. Conclusions: Channel functionality, CT domain and the MAPK target sites in Cx43 are all necessary, and neither alone is sufficient, for Cx43-mediated, EC-induced mural cell differentiation. Unlike Cx43, Cx40 is not capable of supporting EC-induced differentiation, despite supporting GJIC. Calcium is unlikely to be the messenger critical to TGF-β activation during EC-induced differentiation, but similar signaling pathways can be initiated. Taken together, these data support a role for connexins in EC-induced differentiation that is complex and goes beyond that of a simple conduit.

Collective cell migration is critical for various physiological and pathological processes. In vitro wound healing assay has been widely used to study collective cell migration due to its technical simplicity and ability of revealing the complexity of collective cell migration. This project studies the function and importance of leader cells, the cells pulling cell monolayer migrating into free space, in endothelium and skin epithelial regeneration via plasma lithography enhanced in vitro wound healing assay. Despite leader cells have been identified in in vitro wound healing assays, little is known about their regulation and function on collective cell migration. First, I investigated the role of leader cells in endothelial cell collective migration. I found that the leader cell density is positively related with the cell monolayer migration rates. Second, we used this knowledge to study the effects of arsenic treatment on skin regeneration via in vitro wound healing assay. We found that low concentration of arsenic treatment can accelerate the keratinocyte monolayer migration. We further found that arsenic affected cell migration by modulating leader cell density through Nrf2 signaling pathway. As a conclusion of these studies, we evaluated the function of leader cells in collective cell migration, and elucidated the mechanism of arsenic treatment on skin regeneration.

Background: In order to perform cataract surgery, adequate dilatation of the pupil is essential. This is traditionally achieved by preoperative topical mydriatic eye-drops, commonly cyclopentolate and phenylephrine. This routine has several disadvantages. First, the slow penetration through the cornea delays the onset of mydriasis. Second, the limited bioavailability of topically administered substances with significant systemic absorption may increase the risk for systemic side effects. Third, even if good mydriasis is achieved initially with topical mydriatics (TM), the effect tends to wear off during surgery. In relation to cataract surgery a transient postoperative corneal oedema is sometimes noted, indicating effects on the corneal endothelial pump function. These effects have been ascribed to ultrasonic or mechanical trauma from the phacoemulsification procedure. Corneal endothelial cell loss (ECL) is a commonly studied variable, not least because it is associated with the long-term risk for corneal decompensation. But, there has been a debate whether postoperative corneal swelling after phacoemulsification cataract surgery correlates to ECL. Aims: To evaluate an alternative mydriatic regimen for phacoemulsification cataract surgery: intracameral injection of mydriatics mixed with lidocaine (ICM). Additionally, to determine the correlation between early transient postoperative corneal oedema and permanent ECL after phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Methods: Pupil dilatation with ICM (150 µl of lidocaine 1%, phenylephrine 1.5%, and cyclopentolate 0.1%) was compared to TM (phenylephrine 10% and cyclopentolate 1%) prior to cataract surgery. Additionally, two ICM-groups were randomized to receive either 0.6 µg/ml epinephrine added to the irrigating balanced salt solution or no epinephrine in the irrigation solution. Furthermore, two randomized ICM-groups, with or without cyclopentolate, were analyzed. The patients planned for cataract surgery were examined with ultrasonic pachymetry, specular microscope endothelial photography and Orbscan II slit-scan tomography pre- and postoperatively. Results: With ICM, mydriasis reached 95 ± 3% of its final value within 20 seconds. In the ICM-group, the pupils were smaller than in the TM-group (mean 6.7 ± 1.0 mm versus 7.7 ± 1.0 mm, P<.001), but did not contract intraoperatively as the TM pupils did. Conversely, with ICM the pupil sizes generally increased during the cataract procedures. This increase was significantly greater without epinephrine in the irrigating solution (13 ± 19% versus 4 ± 14%; p = 0.02). No significant differences in pupil sizes were observed between the patients who were given ICM with or without cyclopentolate. The central corneal swelling at the first postoperative day was strongly correlated to the central ECL at 3 months, R2 = 0.785, P < 0.001. Conclusions: ICM is a rapid and safe alternative to TM in phacoemulsification cataract surgery. An irrigating solution without epinephrine can safely be used with ICM. Cyclopentolate, administrated intracamerally, has no immediate additive mydriatic effect to intracameral lidocaine combined with phenylephrine. The degree of permanent corneal endothelial damage in cataract surgery is reflected in the degree of early postoperative corneal swelling.

No description available.

The place of estrogen in women's health remains controversial. Premenopausal women have a lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than men and in observational studies hormone replacement therapy (HRT) decreases CVD in postmenopausal women. However, prospective randomized trials of secondary and primary prevention have failed to substantiate an overall protective effect from HRT and have even shown some harm. To explain this paradox it is necessary to better understand the effects of estrogen on the vascular wall. Estrogen rapidly mediates the activation of eNOS and increases the production of nitric oxide (NO), an important factor for endothelial health. In ovariectomized rats estrogen reduces production of superoxide (O2-) by NAD(P)H oxidase. The decreased function is associated with a decrease in the p47phox component of NAD(P)H oxidase and its interaction with the multicomponent enzyme. In these rats estrogen did not alter eNOS expression and bioavailability of NO, which is in contrast to its acute effects. This highlights the difference between chronic and acute studies. The decrease in O2-production suggests the intracellular signaling. / Estrogen has antiapoptotic effects. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and the inflammatory cytokine TNFalpha increased apoptosis which is associated with atherosclerosis. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), estrogen decreased the extent of TNFalpha and oxLDL induced apoptosis as indicated by the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and FACS assay. Estrogen also preserves the antiapoptotic mitochondrial Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins. / Estrogen has angiogenic properties that can help a healthy endothelium respond to injury. However, estrogen increases the angiogenesis caused by TNFalpha and this could lead to revascularization in the plaques of women with advanced disease. / Overall the balance between the positive and negative aspects of the effects of estrogen on the vascular wall could explain the paradoxical response in older women.