The growing market of mobile electronic devices, renewable off-grid energy sources and electric vehicles requires high-performance energy storage devices. Rechargeable batteries are usually the first choice due to their high energy density. However, supercapacitors have a higher power density and longer life-time compared to batteries. For some applications supercapacitors are more suitable than batteries. They can also be used to complement batteries in order to extend a battery's life-time. The use of supercapacitors is, however, still limited due to their high costs. Most commercially available supercapacitors contain expensive electrolytes and costly electrode materials. In this thesis I will present the concept of cost efficient, paper-based supercapacitors. The idea is to produce supercapacitors with low-cost, green materials and inexpensive production processes. We show that supercapacitor electrodes can be produced by coating graphite on paper. Roll-to-roll techniques known from the paper industry can be employed to facilitate an economic large-scale production. We investigated the influence of paper on the supercapacitor's performance and discussed its role as passive component. Furthermore, we used chemically reduced graphite oxide (CRGO) and a CRGO-gold nanoparticle composite to produce electrodes for supercapacitors. The highest specific capacitance was achieved with the CRGO-gold nanoparticle electrodes. However, materials produced by chemical synthesis and intercalation of nanoparticles are too costly for a large-scale production of inexpensive supercapacitor electrodes. Therefore, we introduced the idea of producing graphene and similar nano-sized materials in a high-pressure homogenizer. Layered materials like graphite can be exfoliated when subjected to high shear forces. In order to form mechanical stable electrodes, binders need to be added. Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) can be used as binder to improve the mechanical stability of the porous electrodes. Furthermore, NFC can be prepared in a high-pressure homogenizer and we aim to produce both NFC and graphene simultaneously to obtain a NFC-graphene composite. The addition of 10% NFC in ratio to the amount of graphite, increased the supercapacitor's capacitance, enhanced the dispersion stability of homogenized graphite and improved the mechanical stability of graphite electrodes in both dry and wet conditions. Scanning electron microscope images of the electrode's cross section revealed that NFC changed the internal structure of graphite electrodes depending on the type of graphite used. Thus, we discussed the influence of NFC and the electrode structure on the capacitance of supercapacitors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os resíduos sólidos urbanos são um dos grandes problemas da sociedade atual. Nesse sentido é necessário discutir soluções para o destino dos resíduos gerados diariamente, cada vez mais em maior quantidade, sendo imperativo avançar na busca de alternativas, não só na busca de novas tecnologias e soluções, como também o aprimoramento das metodologias hoje empregadas para resolver este relevante problema, especialmente nos grande centros urbanos. Esta dissertação expõe o resultado de uma avaliação econômico-ambiental comparativa realizada por meio de uma metodologia desenvolvida pela BASF, entre duas potenciais tecnologias: aterro sanitário e a incineração com recuperação de energia. Para viabilizar o trabalho, as informações utilizadas foram tanto de dados reais aterro sanitário e incinerador Essencis Soluções Ambientais S.A., (assumindo algumas premissas) quanto a utilização de dados secundários, utilizando o estudo de Arena et al., 2003. Esta ferramenta de Análise de Ecoeficiência abrange a metodologia de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), que é uma técnica para avaliar as entradas e saídas de matéria e energia e os impactos ambientais potenciais associados a todas as etapas de extração de recursos e suas transformações, além do uso e disposição final do produto. Os dados obtidos na avaliação ambiental são apresentados segundo as categorias principais, usando um método de ponderação desenvolvido pela BASF e compreendem o consumo de recursos naturais, consumo de recursos energéticos, emissões para o ar, água e solo, potencial de toxicidade humana, acidentes do trabalho, doenças ocupacionais e uso da terra. A avaliação econômica, neste trabalho, levou em consideração os custos envolvidos na operação e manutenção das técnicas de disposição ou tratamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. O estudo comparativo considerou a disposição ou tratamento de 7.324.109.000 quilogramas de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Como resultado, a matriz de ecoeficiência aponta que o incinerador é a alternativa que mais se destaca, considerando o perfil ambiental e econômico, dentro das premissas adotadas neste estudo e levando-se em consideração que é uma técnica com aproveitamento de energia. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Joaquim Eugênio Abel Seabra / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T03:08:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mamede_MauricioCubadosSantos_M.pdf: 2829646 bytes, checksum: d25947395cd77eda7c39cdaf8fe0b8b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Considerando-se a necessidade de aprofundar o conhecimento da gestão de resíduo sólido municipal (RSM) e seus efeitos no ambiente natural e sobre a viabilidade econômica, este trabalho procurou contribuir analisando diferentes rotas de aproveitamento energético de RSM no contexto brasileiro. Foram utilizadas as características de geração de RSM de 81 municípios brasileiros, com vistas à comparação de dois cenários distintos: cenário Combustível, com a combinação das tecnologias de digestão anaeróbia (D.A.) - com foco na produção de combustível veicular - e combustível derivado de resíduo (CDR), para utilização industrial; e cenário Eletricidade, com a aplicação das tecnologias de D.A. - com foco no uso do biogás em motor estacionário - e incineração, com geração elétrica em ciclo Rankine. Na avaliação econômica, realizou-se fluxo de caixa com entradas e saídas financeiras para a obtenção dos indicadores valor presente líquido (VPL) e taxa interna de retorno (TIR). Ao final realizou-se uma análise de sensibilidade, variando custos e receitas considerados, composição do RSM, além de analisar a tarifa de tratamento necessária para zerar o VPL de cada tecnologia. Na análise ambiental foi utilizada a avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) para consolidar os inventários dos cenários, considerando-se uso de materiais, energia, além das emissões durante a construção e operação das unidades, com posterior avaliação do impacto do ciclo de vida (AICV) pelo software SIMAPRO, no método CML 2, para sete categorias de impacto (acidificação, aquecimento global, eutrofização, depleção abiótica, depleção da camada de ozônio, toxicidade, e oxidação fotoquímica). Os resultados majoritariamente indicaram melhores desempenhos econômico e ambiental do cenário Combustível. Há vantagens econômicas e ambientais na comercialização do biogás veicular para frota automotiva à produção de eletricidade a partir do mesmo, apesar de maior necessidade de investimento e maior complexidade tecnológica. As emissões do composto orgânico e do uso de combustíveis auxiliares perfazem as maiores cargas ambientais desta tecnologia. A incineração permite diminuir significativamente o volume do RSM, entretanto é a tecnologia mais cara das analisadas e colabora significativamente com a toxicidade humana pela emissão de metais pesados. Os investimentos na planta de CDR são muito menores, entretanto há a produção significativa de rejeitos que necessitam ser gerenciados, implicando em maiores custos e emissões de transporte e disposição destes. Ainda, incertezas de comercialização do CDR podem comprometer a viabilidade do cenário. Ademais, a análise indicou significativa sensibilidade em relação às variações na composição do RSM, principalmente com relação à fração reciclável, a qual influencia diretamente o poder calorífico inferior (PCI) do CDR e incineração, e portanto as receitas obtidas. Menores taxas de adesão da população ao programa de coleta seletiva implicam em maior fluxo de materiais incinerados e de CDR, sendo a última beneficiada economicamente, devido ao maior PCI. Com exceção do CDR, as demais tecnologias necessitam de maiores tarifas de tratamento para sua viabilidade econômica comparado à atividade de aterro sanitário, que é relativamente baixa comparada à praticada em países europeus. O deslocamento de combustíveis traz maior benefício comparado ao deslocamento da matriz elétrica nacional, que é majoritariamente hidrelétrica / Abstract: Considering the necessity to deepen the knowledge about municipal solid waste (MSW) management and its effects on the natural environmental and economic performance, this work assessed different alternatives of energy recovery from MSW in Brazil. The characteristics of MSW generated in 81 Brazilian municipalities were used for the comparison of two different scenarios: Fuel scenario, with combined use of anaerobic digestion (A.D.) - focused on the production of biomethane - and refuse derived fuel (RDF), for industrial utilization; and Electricity scenario, with the employment of A.D. - focused on biogas use in stationary engines - and incineration, with electricity generation through the Rankine cycle. For the economic assessment, a cash flow analysis was carried out to evaluate the feasibility indicators net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). Sensitivity analyses were performed varying costs and revenues, MSW composition, besides the analysis of the break even gate fee for achieving a zero NPV for each technology. For the environmental analysis, the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique was employed to consolidate the inventory of each scenario, accounting for the use of materials, energy, and the emissions during the construction and operation of the plants. The life cycle impact assessment, modeled in SIMAPRO, was based on the CML 2 method considering seven impact categories (acidification, global warming, eutrophication, abiotic depletion, ozone layer depletion, toxicity, and photochemical oxidation). For the majority of the municipalities, the Fuel scenario showed better economic and environmental performance. The commercialization of biogas as vehicle fuel has economic and environmental advantages over the production of electricity, despite the higher investments and technology complexity. The emissions from the organic compost and the use of auxiliary fuels are the main environmental burdens related to this technology. The incineration has the advantage of significantly reduce the volume of MSW, but it is the most expensive technology analyzed and contributes to human toxicity through the emissions of heavy metals. The required investments in the RDF plant are much smaller, although it produces significant amounts of rejects that need to be managed, implying in higher costs and emissions due to transportation and final disposal. Moreover, the uncertainty in commercializing RDF could affect the economic performance of the scenario. Furthermore, the analysis indicated significant sensitivity with respect to waste composition, mainly recyclables fraction, which has direct effects on the low calorific value (LCV) of RDF and incineration fuel, therefore affecting the revenues. Lower participation rates in the source separation program imply in grater fluxes of materials to be incinerated and production of RDF, with better economic performance for the RDF plant, because of the higher LCV. With the exception of RDF, the others technologies require higher gate fees, compared to landfill, in order to reach economic viability because of the lower fees for disposal in Brazil compared with European countries. Regarding the environmental analysis, the displacement of fuels leads to greater benefits when compared with the displacement of electricity, which is basically hydroelectricity / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

This thesis mainly deals with the thermal treatment of waste - hazardous waste incineration and energy recovery municipal waste incinerators - their descriptions and analysis of legislative conditions. The flue gas cleaning system energy production in different operating modes is assessed by energy and mass balances. Computational models are developed for this purpose. On this basis, productions of energy from thermal treatment of hazardous and communal waste were compared.

In the first part of the thesis is determined efficacy criterion for the individual operating modes of the experimental stand with energy recovery and subsequently are evaluated the records of individual measurements. Energy savings are calculated with using energy recovery. The second part describes the process of digitizing relative fuel consumption map of the engine. Results are confronted with a real application engine in the road roller Ammann AP 240 H. In addition, the master thesis describes the creation of hydrostatic converter block in the program MATLAB/Simulink 2012b. Creating block can be used in the development of simulation models.

Pro zpracování a nakládání s odpadními substráty lze použít řadu postupů a možností. Stále se rozšiřující spektrum metod a technologií umožňuje další využití materiálů a energie ve formě obnovitelných zdrojů. Jedním z řešení pro zpětné získávání některých odpadních materiálů je využití tzv. bílé (průmyslové) biotechnologie, která zahrnuje praktickou aplikaci metabolických aktivit celé řady různých mikroorganizmů včetně jejich specifických biologických drah k produkci látek s vysokou přidanou hodnotou. V předložené práci screeningového typu bylo pro zhodnocení odpadních surovin využito několik druhů mikroorganizmů kultivovaných za různých specifických podmínek včetně kultivace na odpadních materiálech získaných zejména ze zemědělství a potravinářství. Cílem bylo získání vybraných typů průmyslově cenných metabolitů, případně energie. Předložená studie byla zaměřena na srovnání růstu a produkčních vlastností několika kmenů karotenogenních kvasinek rodu Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces a Cystofilobasidium, kultivovaných v médiích s obsahem glycerolu (technický a odpadní glycerol), dále v médiích obsahujících pšeničnou slámu, hydrolyzovanou slámu zpracovanou v hydrotermálním procesu při vysoké teplotě a zbytky po filtraci hydrolyzátu. Dalším testovaným odpadním substrátem byla syrovátka. Všechny testované kvasinky byly schopny využít glycerol jako jediný zdroj uhlíku. Produkce biomasy při kultivaci na technickém glycerolu se více či méně přibližovala kontrole (cca 7 - 10 gl-1), zatímco při kultivaci na odpadním glycerolu byla produkce vyšší (10.9 - 14.5 gl-1). Produkce karotenoidů a ergosterolu byla vyšší v glukózovém médiu než v médiu s obsahem glycerolu. Všechny testované kvasinky byly rovněž schopny produkovat neutrální lipidy, a to v rozmezí 11 - 15 %, s výjimkou C. capitatum, kde produkce dosahovala více než 22 % obsahu neutrálních lipidů. Pšeničná sláma a produkty z ní připravené se ukázaly být využitelnými substráty s vysokým potenciálem pro produkci biomasy i metabolitů, a to zejména u kmene S. roseus. Syrovátka, jako odpadní produkt mlékarenství, byla účinně využita jako substrát pro kokultivaci karotenogenních kvasinek a bakterií mléčného kvašení. Kokultivační proces může vyvolat nadprodukci pigmentů a ergosterolu, přičemž získaná biomasa díky obohacení o bakterie L. casei dosahovala vyšší kvality. Za účelem energetického využití mikrobiálního metabolismu formou mikrobiálních palivových článků, tzv. „Microbial Fuel Cell“ byla aplikována směsná kultura bakterií získaných z čistírny odpadních vod. Tyto mikroorganizmy hrají významnou roli při výrobě elektrické energie a současně také při čištění odpadních vod. Elektřina je generována přímo z organických látek přítomných v kultivačním médiu a lze ji použít pro provoz čistírny samotné a případně i pro další aplikace.

Emission trading is a tool for achieving the European commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The aim is to create an effective European emissions trading market with the least possible negative impact on economic development and employment within the Union. Waste incineration plants in Sweden were added into this systemin2013andthe general situation has been a non-functioning market with a surplus of allowances where the emission cap was not tight enough to drive a significant reduction in emissions. For the upcoming trading period starting 2021 the cost for emission allowances is expected to increase due to the reformation, and the challenge is to allocate the cost for allowances in a fair and sustainable manner. The aim of this thesis is to present options on how to allocate the cost for emission allowances related to waste incineration plants with energy recovery in Sweden. The aim is further to understand how the cost allocation can result in a decrease of CO2emissions and thereby a lower climate impact. The initial idea for the research topic was proposed by the case study company and further developed in conjunction with the author, supervisor and examiner. The research is based on a case study of Tekniska Verken AB, an energy recovery company in Sweden. A case study approach was chosen as the research questions focuses on investigating a contemporary phenomenon within a real-life context. Data collection consisted of a literature review, semi-structured interviews and field visits, where the interviews were the main source of data for this research. The overall understanding is that the cost for emission allowances should be allocated further up the waste supply chain, all the way to product producers. By allocating the cost to waste providers by increased waste incineration treatment-price, the cost is pushed one step upstream. In this case, differentiating the waste providers by divide them into categories(such as municipal waste for example)and allocate the cost for emission allowances based on the performance of each category is a realistic and feasible solution aiming upstream. The cost can be allocated differently among waste providers depending on which category the waste derives from or on an overall level, tentatively using radiocarbon method. The radiocarbon method is considered reliable and practical to use compared to other options. Adopting polluters pay principle identifies the polluters and by allocating the cost for emitting carbon towards them plants an incentive to improve sorting and to decrease the share of fossil content. This can eventually contribute to a lower impact.

The Pressure Impulse test-rig uses the principal energetic advantages of displacementcontrolled systems versus valve-controlled systems. The use of digital-control technology enables a high dynamic in the pressure curve, according to the requirements of ISO6605. Accumulators, along with inertia, make energy recovery possible, as well as, enabling the compression energy to be re-used. As a result of this, there is a drastic reduction in operating costs. A simulation of the system before starting the project allows the development risks to be calculated and the physically achievable performance limits to be shown.

In the age of technology and development in which we live nowadays, it is inevitable to realise that this so-called progress is translated into pollution, damage to the environment and abuse of energy and fossil fuels. The companies and factories that produce the goods we need, use a lot of energy and pollute in massive ways, posing dilemmas such as how to make these companies more energetically and environmentally efficient, with the aim of decreasing the emissions and energy use. This literature review proposes a compilation and update of suggestions made to microbreweries after undergoing an energy audit, in an attempt to make these companies more energy-efficient, competitive, economical and sustainable. The information has been obtained by searching peer-reviewed articles in different databases and re-arranged in this article into sections on energy efficiency measures, waste treatment options and environmental impact. Several studies have been carried out on improving efficiency and trying to decrease the environmental impact of beer production processes. The main issues found during the process are energy efficiency and the generated wastewater. Both problems could be solved either by using an internal boiler that would generate less waste, applying renewable energies or by treating the residues in bioreactors, a field that needs further study. The choice of packaging material will be influenced by customer preferences and material recycling, being glass bottles and aluminium cans the most popular choices.