Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the modern world of work, there has been growing concern regarding the adequacy of traditional job redesign approaches in serving the changing nature of work. It has specifically been argued by Frese and Fay (2001) that in the modern world of work, jobs require a higher degree of initiative due to factors such as global competition, faster rate of innovation, new production concepts, and changes in the job concept. The modern world of work poses a number of challenges which include increased levels of initiative by employees in order to develop their knowledge and skills in order to remain ‘current’, creative ideas, and an increased need for employees to make more and more decisions on their own. In order to survive in today’s challenging market place, employees thus should show high levels of proactivity and initiative. Job crafting is the process by which individuals make physical and cognitive changes to the task or relational boundaries of their work (Wrzesniewski & Dutton, 2001). It is proactive behaviour requiring adaptation to challenges and constraints presented by the working environment. It thus would be useful to be aware of the most important factors that contribute to the occurrence of such proactive behaviours. The objective of this research study therefore was to test whether salient job and personal resources, and job demands as depicted by the Job Demands-Resources model account for the variance in job crafting for a sample of employees working within the financial services industry. A literature review was conducted and hypotheses were formulated, and tested by means of an ex post facto correlation design. Data was collected from a sample of 236 employees employed by a company within the financial services industry. A self-administered web-based survey was used for the purpose of collecting the data and participation in the study was voluntary. The data collected was strictly confidential and anonymous. A number of separate measurement instruments to measure the specific latent variables were carefully selected for inclusion in the survey based on their reliability and validity. The research findings specifically illustrate that employees who receive feedback on their performance as well as those who are engaged in their jobs, are more likely to craft their jobs. The results also show that engagement mediates the relationship between autonomy and job crafting, as well as the relationship between feedback and job crafting (the latter being mediated only partially by engagement). Finally, it was found that proactive personality was positively related to job crafting. The research findings therefore illustrate the importance of specific job- and personal resources in fostering job crafting behaviours. The results, together with the managerial implications and practical interventions suggested, provide South African managers and industrial psychologists with valuable insight into managing and encouraging job crafting within the workplace. This research study commenced only once ethical clearance was received from the Research Ethics Committee of Stellenbosch University. / AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: In die moderne wêreld van werk is daar toenemende kommer oor die geskiktheid van die tradisionele herontwerp van werk en hoe dit gepaard gaan met die veranderende aard van werk. Frese en Fay (2001) het spesifiek aangedui dat in die moderne wêreld van werk, 'n hoër mate van inisiatief vereis word as gevolg van faktore soos wêreldwye mededinging, vinniger tempo van innovering, nuwe produksie konsepte, en veranderinge in die konsep van werk. Die moderne wêreld van werk verg baie meer van individue, wat onder andere insluit hoër vlakke van inisiatief deur werknemers om hul kennis en vaardighede te ontwikkel om sodoende op datum te bly met tegnologiese veranderinge, kreatiewe idees, en 'n verhoogde behoefte vir werknemers om meer en meer besluite op hul eie te neem. Om dus in vandag se uitdagende wereld van werk te oorleef, word dit van werknemers verwag om hoë vlakke van pro-aktiwiteit en inisiatief te toon. ‘Job crafting’ is die proses waardeur individue fisiese en kognitiewe veranderinge in hul werks take en -verhoudinge aanbring (Wrzesniewski & Dutton, 2001). Dit is pro-aktiewe gedrag wat werknemers help om aan te pas by die uitdagings wat deur die moderne werksomgewing daargestel word. Dit sal dus voordelig wees om bewus te wees van die belangrikste faktore wat bydra tot hierdie pro-aktiewe gedrag in die werksplek. Die doel van hierdie navorsing was dus om te toets of belangrike werks- en persoonlike hulpbronne, en werks-vereistes soos deur die ‘Job Demands-Resources’ model voorgestel, ‘n waardevolle verduideliking is vir verskillende vlakke van ‘job crafting’ vir 'n groep in die finansiele bedryf. 'n Literatuuroorsig is uitgevoer en hipoteses geformuleer wat deur middel van 'n ex post facto-korrelasie-ontwerp getoets is. Data is ingesamel vanuit 'n streekproef van 236 werknemers van 'n maatskappy in die finansiële bedryf. 'n Self-toegepaste web-gebaseerde vraelys is vir die versameling van data gebruik en deelname aan die studie was vrywillig. Die dataversameling was streng vertroulik and anoniem. 'n Aantal afsonderlike metingsinstrumente om die spesifieke latente veranderlikes te meet, is noukeurig op grond van geldigheid en betroubaarheid gekies en ingesluit in die opname ingesluit. Die navorsings resultate illustreer dat wanneer werknemers terugvoering ontvang oor hul prestasie sowel as diegene wat betrokke is in hul werk, meer geneig is om hul werk te ‘craft’. Die resultate toon ook dat betrokkenheid die verhouding tussen outonomie en ‘job crafting’ bemiddel, sowel as die verhouding tussen terugvoering en job crafting (laasgenoemde word net gedeeltelik deur betrokkenheid bemiddel). Ten slotte, is daar gevind dat ‘n pro-aktiewe persoonlikheid n positiewe verwantskap met ‘job crafting’ het. Die navorsing illustreer dus die belangrikheid van spesifieke werks- en persoonlike hulpbronne in die bevordering van ‘job crafting’. Die resultate, tesame met die bestuurs-implikasies en praktiese ingrypings wat voorgestel word, bied Suid-Afrikaanse bestuurders en bedryfsielkundiges met waardevolle insigte in die bestuur en aanmoediging van ‘job crafting’ binne die werkplek. Hierdie navorsingstudie was voortgesit toe etiese klaring ontvang is van die Etiekkomitee van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch.

For the pharmaceutical industry, the manufacture of high value pharmaceuticals from natural products, chemical synthetic routes or fermentation processes all require intensive downstream processing steps to produce a pure final product. A small footprint liquid-liquid processing method would help to reduce the capital cost and process development time of this downstream processing. In this thesis, it is hypothesised that continuous liquid-liquid extraction can be achieved using a standard hydrodynamic counter-current chromatography (CCC) instrument by switching the flow of the liquid phases between normal phase and reversed phase intermittently, so separating a feed stream into two eluant flows. A model of the process was derived and tested on three scales of instrument, from the semipreparative to the pilot scale. The method developed, Intermittent Counter-current Extraction (ICcE) was compared to dual-flow counter-current chromatography (DFCCC), the classical method of applying continuous extraction using a counter-current chromatograph. ICcE was found to be advantaged due to the more stable phase volume ratio achievable in the columns and the ability to operate the procedure on standard commercial twin-column CCC instruments which operate at high g-field. The robustness of the ICcE method was successfully demonstrated across a range of phase system polarities and at high throughput (1kg/day on a preparative instrument) with model mixtures of pharmaceutical compounds. The effectiveness of this new processing method was confirmed on three industrially relevant case studies. Firstly a polar extract from natural senna pods to extract important sennosides, secondly an intermediate polarity highly complex active pharmaceutical ingredient waste stream to recover the main active component and thirdly a non-polar natural product extract to recover macrocarpal compounds. In summary, the ICcE method now offers another tool in the range of liquid-liquid separation methods available to the pharmaceutical and other high value industries.

La formation de souvenirs nécessite la mise en place de programmes génétiques dans l’hippocampe. L’activation de la transcription de gènes impliqués dans les processus de plasticité comme le bdnf s’effectue, au moins en partie, via l’acétylation des histones, mécanisme qui permet des changements de la structure de la chromatine. Nos résultats soulignent l’existence d’une régulation spécifique et différentielle de l’acétylation des histones dans l’hippocampe de rongeurs adultes en fonction du type d’information à traiter. Les acétylations des histones H2B et H4 sont spécifiques de l’apprentissage d’une tâche (MWM, CFC) alors que celle de l’histone H3 semble plus sensible au contexte environnemental. Il est par ailleurs décrit que le vieillissement ainsi que l’environnement enrichi (EE) sont des facteurs susceptibles d’induire des changements d’acétylation des histones, aboutissant respectivement à la répression et à l’activation de gènes de « mémoire ». Nos études mettent en évidence qu’un EE de 6 mois, même appliqué à des rats âgés de 18 mois qui présentent déjà des déficits mnésiques, est capable d’induire des modifications durables de la structure de la chromatine par l’intermédiaire de H3. En favorisant l’expression de gènes comme le bdnf, ces changements participent au maintien des capacités mnésiques, normalement perdues chez le Rat âgé de 24 mois. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats soulignent l’importance des mécanismes liés aux acétylations des histones dans les processus mnésiques et indiquent que ces régulations restent modulables au cours de la vie, permettant d’envisager d’éventuelles options thérapeutiques dans des conditions de vieillissement pathologique. / Hippocampal-dependent memory formation is associated with the establishment of specific genetic programs in the rat hippocampus. This transcriptional activation of genes involved in synaptic plasticity and memory processes, like bdnf, can in part be attributable to histone acetylation-related mechanisms, allowing dynamic chromatin structure changes. Our results indicate a specific and differential regulation of histone acetylation in young rodents hippocampus depending on the nature of the stimuli. In fact, H2B and H4 acetylations are specific to rats having learnt a task (MWM, CFC), whereas H3 acetylation seems to be more sensitive to the environmental context. Besides, it is known that ageing and environmental enrichment (EE) are factors able to modulate histone acetylation, leading respectively to repression and activation of memory-related genetic programs. Here, we showed that an EE of 6 months, even applied to 18 month-old rats, which already present memory deficits, is able to induce persistent chromatin structure modifications through H3. By favoring the expression of genes as bdnf, these changes could participate in the preservation of memory abilities, which are normally lost in 24 month-old rats. The precise identification of regulating elements located on the bdnf promoter brings new data about the potential factors involved in the transcriptional response following EE, e.g. CREB and NFκB. Altogether, our results confirm the role of histone acetylation in memory processes and underline that these regulations remain flexible during life, thus highlighting possible therapeutic strategies in pathological ageing conditions.

This thesis deals with programmes for critical and creative thinking development. The topic covers primarily the programs of "Instrumental enrichment" and "Philosophy for children". In the theoretical part the author explains and describes the term thinking, particularly a creative and critical thinking, both constituting a fundamental element of this thesis. In another part of the thesis the author introduces two specific programs "the Instrumental enrichment" and "the Philosophy for children". The final part of the thesis concentrates on common features of both programs, focusing on theoretical explanation and description of these attributes.

Ovinos são modelo animal para diversas pesquisas biomédicas, além de serem estudados nas pesquisas zootécnicas e veterinárias. Em algumas circunstâncias experimentais as ovelhas necessitam ser alojadas sozinhas, sem contato social com coespecíficos. Como são altamente sociais, os ovinos ficam estressados com mudanças no seu ambiente social, especialmente com a separação do rebanho. Isso desencadeia uma série de respostas endócrinas e comportamentais, comprometendo o bem-estar do animal e possivelmente os resultados da pesquisa que está sendo realizada. Uma forma de minimizar esses efeitos é prover um ambiente mais estimulante, através de enriquecimento ambiental. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência do enriquecimento ambiental com espelhos, para ovinos mantidos isolados em ambiente novo, após estresse agudo causado pelo transporte. Vinte e quatro ovelhas foram divididas em quatro grupos: Grupo Espelho, no qual as ovelhas foram mantidas em isolamento social num ambiente enriquecido com um painel de espelho; Grupo OvCo e OvDes, no qual as ovelhas ficaram acompanhadas, respectivamente, de uma ovelha do mesmo rebanho e de um rebanho diferente; Grupo Isolado, no qual as ovelhas foram mantidas em isolamento social e sem enriquecimento ambiental. Cada ovelha foi transportada da propriedade de origem até o local do experimento, sempre no mesmo horário, onde permaneciam até o dia seguinte. Foram realizadas seis coletas de sangue para dosagem de cortisol: basal, na chegada ao local do experimento e duas, quatro, seis e 24 horas após a chegada. O comportamento dos animais foi registrado durante as primeiras 6 horas de permanência no local do experimento, através de uma microcâmera. Nas dosagens de cortisol não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos. Houve diferença estatística no momento da chegada, logo após o transporte, em todos os grupos. Observa-se uma tendência do declínio do cortisol nas primeiras duas horas ser mais acentuado no grupo OvCo, menos acentuado no grupo Isolado e os outros dois grupos apresentando valores intermediários. A análise comportamental não evidenciou diferença estatística nos parâmetros número de balidos, número de passos, tempo de interação com o enriquecimento ambiental, tempo de permanência deitada e tempo gasto se alimentando. A latência para iniciar a alimentação foi significativa (P<0,05), sendo maior no grupo OvCo em relação ao OvDes e ao Espelho. O benefício do uso de espelhos como ferramenta de EA para a espécie ovina não ficou evidente no presente estudo para as condições que o mesmo foi executado. / Sheep are animal model for several biomedical research, in addition to being studied in agricultural and veterinary research. In some experimental conditions the sheep need to be housed alone, without social contact with conspecifics. Sheep, being highly social animals, are stressed by changes in their social environment, especially by the separation from the flock. As consequence, a series of endocrine and behavioral responses is triggered, compromising the welfare of the animal and possibly the research results. One way to minimize these effects is to provide a more stimulating environment, through environmental enrichment. This study aimed to verify the influence of environmental enrichment with mirrors for sheep kept isolated in the new environment, following acute stress caused by transportation. Twenty-four sheep were divided into four groups: Mirror Group, in which the sheep were kept in social isolation in an environment enriched with a panel mirror, OvCo and OvDes Groups, where the sheep were accompanied, respectively, by a sheep from the same flock and from a different flock, and the Isolated Group, in which the sheep were kept in social isolation, without environmental enrichment. Each sheep were transported from the farm to the location of the experiment, always at the same time, where they remained until the following day. Serum cortisol analysis were performed at six different time points: baseline, on arrival at the experiment site, and two, four, six and 24 hours after arrival. Animal behavior was recorded during the first 6 hours at the place of the experiment with a camera. Cortisol levels were not statistically different among groups. We observed an increase in cortisol levels at arrival time in all groups. There is a trend towards a faster reduction in cortisol levels in OvCo group, while the reduction seems to be slower in the Isolated sheep, and the other two groups having intermediate values. Behavioral analysis showed no statistical difference in the number of bleatings, number of steps, time of interaction with environmental enrichment, lying, and eating. The latency to start feeding was significant (P <0.05), being higher in group OvCo in relation to OvDes and the Mirror groups. The benefit of using mirrors as a tool of environmental enrichment for the sheep was not evident in this study for the conditions that it was developed.

A hipóxia-isquemia (HI) é a principal causa de mortalidade no período perinatal e, nos sobreviventes, a incidência de seqüelas neurológicas é elevada. O encéfalo imaturo, altamente susceptível ao insulto hipóxico-isquêmico, é vulnerável a estímulos ambientais tais como o enriquecimento ambiental (EA). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o desempenho comportamental no teste do campo-aberto, reconhecimento de objetos, esquiva-inibitória e no rota-rod, bem como a densidade de espinhos dendríticos no hipocampo, utilizando o método de Golgi, em ratos submetidos à HI e expostos ao EA (1h/dia, 6 dias/semana, 9 semanas). Ratos de 7 dias de idade foram submetidos ao procedimento de HI e divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: controle mantido em ambiente padrão (CTAP), controle em ambiente enriquecido (CTAE), HI em ambiente padrão (HIAP) e HI em ambiente enriquecido (HIAE). Parâmetros comportamentais e morfológicos foram avaliados após 9 semanas de estimulação ambiental. Os dados indicaram que a memória de reconhecimento de objetos foi prejudicada em ratos HI adultos e recuperada após a estimulação pelo ambiente enriquecido; no teste de esquiva-inibitória os animais apresentaramum prejuízo na memória aversiva em animais HI, independentemente do ambiente. Surpreendentemente, no teste do campo-aberto, um maior número de crossings foi identificado nos grupos HI no primeiro minuto quando comparados aos grupos controle. No teste de rota-rod não foram detectadas diferenças entre animais controle e animais HI. Resultados morfológicos demonstraram uma diminuição na densidade de espinhos dendríticos no hipocampo de animais HI, com recuperação pelo EA. A densidade de espinhos dendríticos do hemisfério esquerdo (contralateral à oclusão arterial) obteve os melhores resultados, indicando uma recuperação total do dano hipóxico-isquêmico pelo EA. Os dados dos espinhos dendríticos do hemisfério direito indicaram uma recuperação parcial pela estimulação ambiental nos animais HI. Concluindo, o enriquecimento ambiental foi efetivo na recuperação do déficit comportamental e da densidade de espinhos dendríticos nos neurônios hipocampais conseqüente à hipóxia-isquemia neonatal em ratos. / Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is the main mortality cause in perinatal period and, in survivors, the incidence of neurological disabilities is elevated. The immature brain, highly susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic insult, is responsive to environmental stimuli, as environmental enrichment (EE). The aim of this study was to investigate behavioral performance in the open field apparatus, objects recognition, inhibitory avoidance and in the Rota-rod apparatus, and dendritic spines density in the hippocampus, using the Golgi technique, in rats submitted to the HI and exposed to EE (1h/day, 6 days/week, 9 weeks). Seven-days old rats were submitted to the HI procedure and divided in 4 groups: control in standard conditions (CTSE), control in enriched environment (CTEE), HI in standard conditions (HISE) and HI in enriched environment (HIEE). Behavioral and morphological parameters were evaluated after 9 weeks of environmental stimulation. Data indicated that object-recognition memory was impaired in HI adult rats and recovered after stimulation by the EE; in the inhibitory avoidance task was demonstrated aversive memory impairment in HI animals, independent of the environment. Interestingly, in the open field task, significant more crossing responses were identified in HI groups, in the first minute, comparing to control groups. No differences between control and HI adult animals were detected in the rota-rod test. Morphological results demonstrated a decreased spines density in the hippocampus of the HI animals, with recovery by the EE. Dendritic spines density from left hemisphere (contralateral to arterial occlusion) obtained the better results, indicating a total recovery effect of the EE on HI damage. Data of dendritic spines from right hemisphere indicated a partial recovery by the environmental stimulation on HI animals. Concluding, environmental enrichment was effective in recovery behavioral impairment and dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons, consequent to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in rats.

L'étude et la compréhension du comportement des flammes de diffusion sont nécessaires et ceci à cause de leur présence dans diverses applications industrielles. Dans la présente étude, cette flamme de diffusion laminaire est issue d'un jet circulaire de méthane et d'un jet coaxial d'air. Deux moyens sont proposés afin d'influencer cette flamme: l'application d'un champ magnétique non-homogène et l'enrichissement du jet d'air coaxial en oxygène. L'effet de ces deux facteurs est étudié au niveau des caractéristiques de la flamme hauteur de décrochage ou lift et la longueur de la flamme), son comportement, sa stabilité et les instabilités d'écoulement en amont de la flamme, de front de flamme et de sommet de la flamme (flickering). L'effet du champ magnétique dépend du signe de son gradient, et cet effet est dû à la génération d'une force magnétique et de la modification des courants de convection. L'enrichissement de l'air en oxygène a un effet stabilisant sur la flamme, une meilleure efficacité énergétique est remarquée. Le champ magnétique et l'enrichissement en oxygène modifient l'amplitude et la fréquence des instabilités évoquées. Un avantage majeur de ces moyens de contrôle pourrait être une stabilisation de la flamme décrochée a la sortie du brûleur. / Studying and understanding the behavior of diffusion flames becomes of great importance becauseof their presence in different industrial applications. In this study, the laminar diffusion flame isissued from a circular jet of methane and a coaxial jet of air. Two ways are proposed to influencethis flame: the application of a non-homogeneous magnetic field and enrichment of air with oxygen.The effect of these two factors is studied on the flame characteristics (lift-off height and flamelength), its behavior, stability and the instabilities of the upstream flow, the flame base and theflame top (flickering). The effect of the magnetic field depends on the sign of its gradient, and it'sdue to the generation of a magnetic force and the influence on the convection motion. Enrichmentof air with oxygen is having a stabilizing effect on the flame. Magnetic field and oxygen enrichmentcan modify the amplitude and the frequency of different kind of instabilities. The major advantageconsists in the stabilization of the flame on the burner rim.

CAMPÊLO, Wilma Félix. Efeito da adição de ferro e ácido nas características da qualidade do bolo. 2004. 115 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2004 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-05T12:27:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_wfcampelo.pdf: 386220 bytes, checksum: a4941650d97ffd9074219f51b3ba4a51 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-05T12:28:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_wfcampelo.pdf: 386220 bytes, checksum: a4941650d97ffd9074219f51b3ba4a51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T12:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_wfcampelo.pdf: 386220 bytes, checksum: a4941650d97ffd9074219f51b3ba4a51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that the needs of certain nutrients are not fulfilled by alimentation. Therefore, it is very important that the basic daily aliments be enriched in order to compensate the nutritional loss occurred in the industrialization process. Hence, this study aims to analyze the effect of the enrichment of two types (ferrous sulphate - FS and Ferrochel® amino acid chelate - FQ) and three levels (30, 40, and 50% of Dietary Reference Intakes - DRI) of iron and folic acid in the characteristics of the cake quality. Every 100g of buckwheat flour was enriched with 4.8, 6.4, and 8.0 mg of iron, which is equivalent to 30, 40, and 50% of the DRI, respectively, and with 150μg of folic acid. Sensorial, physical, physical-chemical and chemical analyses were conducted in the cakes made with the enriched flour. The enriched cakes did not present statistical difference in the following sensorial parameters: overall appearance, smoothness, and sweetness. In the parameter crust color, the cake control presented mean of satisfaction statistically higher than that of FQ 50% enriched cake only. In the analysis of texture, difference in the means was found only in the 40% enriched cakes, where the FQ enriched cake presented a mean higher than that of the FS enriched cake. The mean intensity of the crust color was higher in the control cake than in the FS 30% and FQ 40% enriched cakes. Statistical differences in the intensity of the color of the crumb were found in the 40% enriched cakes only, where the mean of the FS cakes was higher than that of the FQ cakes. In the physical, physic-chemical and chemical, analyses, no differences were found in the analyses of proteins and pH. Humidity and lipids were different between the cake control and flour (type of iron)/enrichment combinations and among the enrichments. Differences in the ash and in the carbohydrates were found between the cake control and flour/enrichment combinations, and the iron presented difference among the flours, among the enrichments, in the interaction flour x enrichment and the cake control with the flour/enrichment combinations. It was concluded that the enrichment of the cakes with iron sulfate and iron amino acid chelates of 30, 40, and 50% of the IDR kept acceptable the level of sensorial quality stated by the consumers, and therefore can be a feasible technological alternative of aliments enriching / Estudos epidemiológicos e clínicos comprovaram que as necessidades de determinados nutrientes importantes não são supridas pela alimentação. Desse modo, é importante que os alimentos básicos da dieta sejam fortificados para suprir as perdas ocorridas no processo de industrialização. Assim, este trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito da adição de dois tipos (sulfato ferroso – SF e ferro aminoácido quelato Ferrochel® – FQ) e três níveis (30%, 40% e 50% da Ingestão Diária Recomendada – IDR) de ferro e ácido fólico nas características da qualidade do bolo em comparação ao controle (sem adição de ferro). Adicionou-se em cada 100g de farinha de trigo, 4,8, 6,4 e 8mg de ferro, equivalendo, respectivamente, a 30%, 40% e 50% da IDR e 150μg de ácido fólico. A partir da farinha fortificada, produziram-se bolos que foram caracterizados através de análises sensoriais, físicas, físico– químicas e químicas. Os bolos fortificados não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas nos seguintes parâmetros sensoriais: aparência global, cor do miolo, aroma, sabor, aceitação geral, atitude de compra, intensidade da maciez e intensidade da doçura. No parâmetro cor da crosta, o bolo controle somente apresentou aceitação superior ao do bolo fortificado com FQ a 50% de adição. Na análise da textura, só houve diferença na fortificação 40%, onde o bolo fortificado com FQ apresentou melhor aceitação do que o fortificado com SF. Com relação às médias de intensidade da cor da crosta, o bolo controle apresentou média superior aos bolos SF 30% e FQ 40%. Na intensidade da cor do miolo, só houve diferença nas médias na fortificação 40%, onde o bolo fortificado com SF apresentou média superior ao fortificado com FQ. Nas análises físicas, físico-químicas e químicas, proteínas e pH não diferiram, enquanto umidade e lipídios apresentaram diferenças significativas do bolo controle com as combinações de farinha (tipo de ferro) /fortificação (nível de ferro) e entre as fortificações. Cinzas e carboidratos apresentaram diferenças do bolo controle com as combinações de farinha/fortificação e o teor de ferro apresentou diferença entre as farinhas, entre as fortificações, na interação de farinha x fortificação e do bolo controle com as combinações de farinha /fortificação. Concluiu-se que o processo de fortificação de bolos com sulfato ferroso e ferro aminoácido quelato nos níveis de 30%, 40% e 50% da IDR manteve aceitável a qualidade sensorial do produto percebida pelos consumidores, portanto pode ser recomendado como uma alternativa tecnológica viável na fortificação de alimentos.

Amphibians are declining worldwide in response to pressures that are too numerous, difficult and rapid to ameliorate in the wild before some taxa become extinct. Ex situ conservation, whereby animals are maintained in captivity until threats in the wild have been resolved, is the only means of saving up to five hundred amphibian species. Amongst political, financial and practical hurdles, the most fundamental problem for these programmes is lack of knowledge about how to maintain species successfully in captivity. Captive populations have failed to survive or reproduce and, furthermore, captive husbandry may produce animals unsuitable for reintroduction through intra or inter-generational changes. These problems entirely undermine initiatives and if ex situ programs are to succeed, evidence based captive husbandry is needed to support captive breeding programs. In this thesis, I quantify our ignorance of amphibian requirements in captivity. Furthermore, I present investigations into fundamental areas ofamphibian husbandry, about which we currently know very little. I investigate the relationship between amphibians and Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and examine the relationship between UVB provision and calcium provision and evaluate routes of dietary calcium supplementation. I also present data on the effects of enrichment and rearing environment on the growth, fitness, behaviour and dermal bacterial communities of captive amphibians. These results, from a range of areas of amphibian husbandry, together demonstrate the power of the captive environment to influence the phenotype and therefore the fitness of amphibians, even within single generations. Additionally, I provide some of the first data addressing key areas of amphibian husbandry that until now have been led mostly or entirely by anecdote and hearsay.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-11-06T11:40:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANO FERNANDES MONTEIRO - TESE (PPGEP) 2012.pdf: 1345638 bytes, checksum: 56948a137db5ba5ecb07f475b625a828 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T11:40:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANO FERNANDES MONTEIRO - TESE (PPGEP) 2012.pdf: 1345638 bytes, checksum: 56948a137db5ba5ecb07f475b625a828 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-11 / Capes / As indústrias de processamento de frutas geram grandes quantidades de resíduos e em geral estes resíduos são descartados no ambiente, misturando os oriundos das diferentes frutas. Um aproveitamento racional e eficiente desses resíduos como substrato para a produção de proteínas microbianas poderá dar resultados satisfatórios na produção de suplementos para rações, contribuindo também para minimizar os problemas de deposição dos resíduos e agregar valor aos resíduos em forma de suplemento proteico. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo geral de viabilizar o processo de obtenção de enriquecidos proteicos para ração animal a partir de mistura dos resíduos agroindustriais do processamento de frutas, com estudos de casos com os resíduos do abacaxi, pedúnculo do caju e maracujá visando a produção de suplemento proteico animal, a logística de distribuição e a minimização dos custos do produto final através de análise econômica. Foi realizada a caracterização físicoquímica da mistura dos resíduos in natura e enriquecidos. O estudo do enriquecimento proteico foi realizado por fermentação semisólida (FSS) utilizando a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae como inóculo e mistura de resíduos de abacaxi, caju e maracujá como substrato. O enriquecimento foi realizado em estufa com circulação de ar e em câmara climática com umidade relativa do ar controlada. As condições de operação foram: percentagem de leveduras entre 3 e 8%, temperatura de 33 e 35 ºC e umidade relativa do ar de 60, 70 e 80%. Foi observado que a mistura de resíduos, mesmo em condições diversas das recomendadas, apresentou índice de enriquecimento proteico compatível com os relatados na literatura para os resíduos individuais, obtendo-se um produto com 20% de proteína bruta (b.s.). As melhores condições foram T = 35 ºC, inóculo de 3% de levedura e 80% de umidade relativa. Nestas condições o consumo de açúcares redutores foi de 3,422% e a umidade final dos resíduos enriquecidos de 78,24%. Foi realizado levantamento para identificação dos fornecedores de resíduos e de seus potenciais produtores na Região Nordeste, especificamente nos estados de Alagoas-AL, Ceará-CE, Paraíba-PB, Pernambuco-PE, Rio Grande do Norte-RN e Sergipe-SE. Mediante estudo de caso, através do método do centro de gravidade a localização recomendada para uma unidade produtora no estado de Sergipe foi o município de Estância. A análise preliminar de custos aponta para a viabilidade de produção, com preço final aproximado de R$ 0,47 por quilograma de suplemento proteico produzido, o que indica um valor muito competitivo em relação às alternativas tradicionais. / The fruit processing industries generate large quantities of wastes and the mixing of residuals from different fruits are usually disposed in the environment. A rational and efficient use of these wastes as a substrate for microbial protein enrichment may give satisfactory results in the production of supplements to diets obtaining products with value added. This use of residuals also contributes to minimize waste disposal problems. This work was carried out to optimize the overall process of obtaining enriched protein supplements for animal feed using the mixture of agro industrial wastes from processed fruits. Case studies with pineapple shell, cashew-apple bagasse and passion fruit shell and albedo aimed a better storage, distribution logistics and minimizing the costs of the final product through economic analysis. Fresh and enriched residuals mixture was characterized by their physicochemical properties. The study of protein enrichment was performed by solid state fermentation (SSF) using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as inoculum and a 1:1:1 mixture of pineapple shells, passion fruit shells and albedo and cashew apple bagasse as substrate. The enrichment was carried out in an oven with air circulation and in a climatic chamber with controlled relative humidity. The operating conditions were: yeast percentage between 3 and 8%, temperature 33ºC and 35 ° C and relative humidity between 60 and 80%. It was found that the mixture of wastes, even when processed out of the optimal conditions recommended for each one, presented protein enrichment index compatible with those reported in literature for the individual waste , obtaining a product with 20% crude protein (b.s). In the studied range it was found that the best conditions were T = 35 ° C, 3% of yeast inoculum and 80% relative humidity. Under these conditions the consumption of reducing sugars was 3.422% and the final moisture content of enriched waste 78.24%. Survey was conducted to identify the suppliers of waste and its potential producers in the Northeast of Brazil, specifically at the States: AL, CE, PB, PE, RN and SE. Through case study, by the method of center of gravity it was found that the neighbors of Estancia is the recommended location for a production unit in the State of Sergipe. A preliminary cost analysis indicates the feasibility of production, with the final price of approximately R$ 0.47 per kilogram of protein supplement produced, which indicates a very competitive value compared to traditional alternatives.