En facilitant la pratique des activités physiques (AP) dès le plus jeune âge, l'éducation physique et sportive (EPS) joue un rôle central dans la promotion de la santé. Pourtant des études montrent qu'une minorité de professeurs des écoles respecte le temps d'enseignement de cette matière prescrit par les instructions officielles. Par ailleurs, si une quantité minimale d'EPS s'avère nécessaire pour espérer recueillir les bénéfices de cette discipline, la qualité des expériences vécues par les élèves durant cet enseignement est cruciale pour leur engagement soutenu et durable dans les AP. Selon la théorie de l'autodétermination (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 2002) – cadre théorique de référence de ce travail doctoral – le style motivationnel des enseignants (soutenant vs. menaçant les besoins psychologiques fondamentaux des élèves) est le levier principal du climat psychologique de la classe et des expériences des élèves. Dans le cadre de cette réflexion sur la quantité et la qualité de l'enseignement de l'EPS à l'école primaire, ce travail doctoral a cherché à répondre à deux questions de recherche : quels sont les facteurs prédisant le temps d'enseignement et le style motivationnel des professeurs des écoles en EPS ? Comment les aider à enseigner plus et mieux l'EPS dans une perspective de promotion de l'AP ? Pour répondre à ces questions une première étude corrélationnelle avait pour objectif d'identifier les antécédents et les médiateurs du temps et du style d'enseignement de l'EPS à l'école primaire. Les résultats ont mis en lumière le rôle prédicteur de la motivation autonome, du sentiment d'auto-efficacité ainsi que des pressions ressenties par les professeurs des écoles sur ces deux variables. Dans une seconde étude adoptant un devis randomisé contrôlé, l'ambition était de tester l'efficacité d'une formation des enseignants au soutien des besoins psychologiques des élèves en EPS, sur le style motivationnel adopté par les enseignants et l'AP des élèves durant les cours d'EPS. Les résultats montrent que comparativement aux enseignants du groupe contrôle, ceux du groupe expérimental ont modifié leur style motivationnel dans le sens d'un soutien plus important des besoins des élèves. Si l'AP des élèves des deux groupes a été peu impactée par la formation, une différence significative est néanmoins ressortie pour le cycle d'enseignement durant lequel les différences au niveau du soutien des besoins étaient les plus importantes entre les deux conditions. Ce travail doctoral met en lumière l'intérêt de prendre en considération les pressions ressenties et les variables motivationnelles pour comprendre les choix des PE concernant la quantité et la qualité de l'enseignement de l'EPS. Il suggère également des pistes d'interventions pour promouvoir une EPS de qualité par l'intermédiaire d'une formation des enseignants focalisée sur les composants d'un style motivationnel adaptatif. / Physical education (PE) plays a central role to promote students' health through physical activity (PA). However, many primary school teachers avoid teaching PE. While an important amount of PE is required to reach benefits from this compulsory subject, the quality of students' experiences during PE is essential to favor students' sustainable commitment to PA. According to self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2002), theoretical setting used in this doctoral work, by supporting and/or by undermining students' psychological needs through his/her motivating style, teacher may influence these experiences. This doctoral work investigated this line of research about quantity and quality of PE in primary school. Our ambition was to answer two questions : What are the factors predicting PE duration and primary school teachers' motivational style ? And, how to help them to teach PE more and better in order to promote PA ? To answer these questions our first study (cross-sectional) aimed to identify determinants and mediators of PE duration and of the quality of teaching in PE in primary school. Results highlighted the predictive role of autonomous motivation, self-efficacy, and pressures on quantity and quality of PE. The purpose of our second study (randomized controlled) was to test the effectiveness of a PE training to help primary school teachers to better support their students' psychological needs on teachers' motivating style and students' PA during PE. Results revealed a positive effect of the training on the teachers in the experimental group. The latter, compared to control group, better supported their students' psychological needs. Finally, the results showed that PE training had a little impact on students' PA. Nevertheless PA in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group when the differences between both conditions, on the dimensions of need support were the most important. This doctoral work highlights the interest to take into account pressures and motivational variables to understand teachers' choices about PE duration and motivating style in PE. It also suggests the importance of PE training to modify primary school teacher motivating style toward need support and to promote the quality of PE.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-31T15:37:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao Julierme Araujo _ Versão Final_Biblioteca Central.pdf: 5689636 bytes, checksum: 17f1c9468e867914d378e2fef1626269 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T15:37:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao Julierme Araujo _ Versão Final_Biblioteca Central.pdf: 5689636 bytes, checksum: 17f1c9468e867914d378e2fef1626269 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-12 / Vários fatores interligados ou isolados podem desencadear graves anormalidades no Sistema Elétrico de Potência (SEP). Dentre estes fatores, um de fundamental importância é o humano. Os operadores (OP) são aqueles que estão constantemente em contato com os equipamentos das instalações (presencialmente ou remotamente) e desempenham papel vital na correta operação do SEP. Um das principais atividades do OP é a execução de manobras em tempo real, seguindo o estabelecido pelo documento de plano de manobras (PM). No entanto, devido à natureza repetitiva destas atividades os OPs estão sujeitos a cometerem falhas operacionais. Tais eventos podem ocorrer através de uma mera desatenção na execução dos PMs ou na total negligência destes. Operações em equipamentos a partir de manobras mal elaboradas, bem como softwares que não favoreçam a elaboração e a validação de tais manobras, também são fatores que promovem a ocorrência de falhas humanas e anormalidades no processo. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma arquitetura para implementação de um conceito de sistema baseado em software, hardware e sensibilidade a contexto. Em simulações referentes às operações sobre manobras, foi possível observar o sistema atuando de forma preventiva ao alertar o usuário sobre possíveis atividades inconsistentes. A execução de manobras em subestações ocorreu através de uma versão do sistema para dispositivos móveis. Essa abordagem promoveu vários benefícios como, por exemplo, a eliminação de falhas oriundas de atividades repetitivas, o estabelecimento de um mecanismo de confirmação da execução da manobra e o aperfeiçoamento do processo de interação entre os operadores de sistemas e operadores de subestações. Tendo como referência resultados que apontam uma redução de 47% da taxa de anormalidades geradas pelos processos de elaboração e validação de manobras operativas, chegou-se a conclusão que o conceito de sistema apresentado neste trabalho promoveu uma considerável diminuição nas deficiências oriundas desses processos e aumentou a qualidade e a segurança no processo de execução de manobras. / Several factors, interconnected or isolated, may be the cause of abnormalities on the Electric Power Systems (EPS). Among such factors, human factors play a fundamental role. Operators (OPs) are the staff responsible to deal with installations equipment, operated both presently or remotely, playing a vital part to the correct operation of the EPS. One of OP’s main activities is executing maneuvers in real time, following what was established by the maneuvers plan (MP) establishes. However, due to the repetitive nature of these activities, OPs are subject to commit operational failures. These events may occur through a mere inattention in the execution of the MPs or in their total neglect. Equipment operations from poorly elaborated maneuvers, as well as softwares that do not favor the elaboration and validation of those maneuvers are also factors that promote the occurrence of human failure and abnormalities in the process. Herein this work we present a hardware - software architecture sensible to context. In simulations related to operations on maneuvers it was possible to observe the system’s prototype acting preventively when it alerts the user about possible inconsistent activities. The maneuvering in substations occurred through a system version for mobile devices. This approach promoted several benefits such as the correction of the faults originated from repetitive activities, the establishment of a mechanism for confirmation of the maneuvering and the improvement of the interaction process between system and substation operators. Having as reference results which show a reduction of 47% in the rate of abnormalities generated by the drafting and validation of operational maneuvers, we concluded that the concept of system presented in this paper promoted a considerable decrease in deficiencies originated from these processes and increased the quality and safety maneuvers in the process.

V této práci je prezentován a popsán FlexRay komunikační protokol se sběrnicí. Je představeno několik matematických modelů vozidel pro simulaci a pro vývoj řídících systémů. Dále je popsána tvorba signálové brány pro testovací vozidlo. Software pro úpravu signálu je implementován a odzkoušen v testovacím vozidle. Matematick0 modely byli parametrizovány aby odpovídali skutečnému vozidlu. Vyvinuté řídící systémy pro ovládání vozidla skrze losí test byli implementovány do automobilu a jejich vlastnosti byli otestovány. Závěrem jsou prezentovány výsledky testů jednotlivých řídících systémů.

The diploma thesis deals with the proposal of a new guesthouse with a restaurant. The building is located in a slightly sloping terrain in the cadastral area of the village Vlasatice Brno-venkov in the South Moravian Region in the Czech Republic. The ground-plan shape of the building is mostly rectangular with folded facade parts. It is a partially basement building, to a lesser extent, recessed below ground level with three above-ground floors. The pension has a total of 22 rooms with a total capacity of 46 persons for short-term accommodation. Four rooms on the first floor are designed as wheelchair accessible. For the proper operation of the pension there is a reception on the first floor and an office with the appropriate meeting room on the second floor. One-storey part of the building consists of a restaurant with a capacity of 76 persons, which is designed as a frame skeleton with intensive vegetation single-skin flat roof. The preparation and meals and service of the restaurant is ensured by the kitchen together with its operations and respective warehouses located on the first floor. The basement is used primarily for the operation of the guesthouse, which is located air-conditioning engine room, utility room, workshop or warehouse. The building is for the most part bricked and the peripheral, internal bearing or partition walls are made of polished ceramic blocks porotherm. External walls are insulated with contact insulation system ETICS of gray EPS polystyrene. The glazed Schüco façade is used as the shell of the skeleton structure. The construction of the ceiling is composed of filigree ceiling panels and a singlelayer flat roof with a slope of 3% is used for roofing the building. The thesis contains project documentation for the realization of the construction.

The aim of this thesis is acquaintance with the EPS system of LTE and IMS subsystem. The thesis is aimed on analysis of the control procedures related to operations between the terminal and the packet core network of the fourth generation such as logging into the system, user authentication, change the viewing area, handover and disconnection from the network.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of a low energy house in two structural variants, namely wooden frame construction and massive brick construction. The object is designed on a specific plot with two above-ground floors. The house meets the requirements of a three-member family. Both objects will be compared in terms of energy intensity and energy prices. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part of the thesis there is a description of how the basic wooden constructions are divided. There are also basic characteristics of some wooden frame structures and solid brick structures made of lime sand bricks, including their positive and negative properties. Basic energy balance and categorization of buildings in terms of energy intensity follows, including descriptions of the individual categories. The second part of the thesis deals with the design of the wooden structure itself. The text part contains the accompanying and the summarizing technical reports to the designed object. The perimeter structures of the wooden structure and the perimeter structures of the massive brick structure in contact with the exterior are assessed in terms of thermal technical requirements for the perimeter shells. At the end of the work the timber and brick structure are compared in terms of heat losses and energy demands. In addition, the individual alternatives for heating and water heating are compared in terms of fuel consumption costs and price comparability of 1 m2 of perimeter structures of brickwork and wooden structures. The drawing part contains a study of frame wood and brick structures. The building permit documentation is prepared for the wooden building. Part of the project documentation is calculation of heat losses, energy performance certificate, calculation of the energy intensity of the building, energy label of the building envelope and 3D visualization of the proposed building.

Satellite power management systems play a crucial role in ensuring the operational success andlongevity of satellite missions. As satellites operate in the harsh environment of space, efficient powermanagement is essential to maximize energy utilization, maintain stability, and extend mission lifespans.Within the framework of the Avionics department, CNES has acquired the Power Conditioning andDistribution Unit (PCDU) GOMSPACE P60, in order to demonstrate the reliability of Commercial Offthe Shelf (COTS) products and viability of a low-cost satellite architecture. In this thesis, the integrationand characterization of the GOMSPACE P60 PCDU is presented. This internship consisted of mainlythree objectives. The development of the software needed to control the equipment, the development ofa graphics unit interface (GUI) for housekeeping data visualisation and the preparation, carrying out andreporting of different performance tests. Some of the main characteristics of the system assessed, includethe high adaptability that it has based on the mission requirements. The equipment appeared to notprovide easy access to the design after delivery, but it functions nominally upon delivery. It is robust inlow or high temperatures as well as in harsh (electromagnetic interference) EMI perturbations. Thiselectrical power system (EPS) allows for high control of its board parameters and observability of thetelemetry data. However, this command control is hard to integrate based on the supplied C libraries andthere were occasional unexpected behaviours from the system. Based on the assessment done duringthis internship, it could replace previously used PCDUs that have lesser performance and higher cost infuture nanosatellites low cost missions such as student or proof of concept missions. However, thelimited information and details provided in the data package by the distributor, makes the equipmentinsufficient for larger missions. Higher level of analysis and qualification is required for this scope,based on the common requirements and standards followed by the agency.

The surface gliding motility of Myxococcus xanthus is required for a multicellular developmental process initiated by unfavorable growth conditions. One form of the M. xanthus surface motility, social (S) gliding, is mediated by the extension and retraction of polarly localized type IV pili (Tfp). Besides Tfp, exopolysaccharides (EPS), another cell surface associated component, are also required for M. xanthus S motility. Previous studies demonstrated that the Dif chemotaxis-like signal transduction pathway is central to the regulation of EPS production in M. xanthus. Specifically, difA, difC and difE mutants were found to be defective in EPS production and S motility. DifA, DifC and DifE, homologous to methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs), CheW and CheA, respectively, are therefore positive regulators of EPS. This study, undertaken to better understand the regulation of EPS production, led to a few major findings. First, DifD and DifG, homologous to CheY and CheC, respectively, were found to be negative regulators of EPS production. Both DifD and DifG likely function upstream of the DifE kinase in EPS regulation. DifB, which has no homology to known chemotaxis proteins, was found not to be involved in EPS production. Secondly, this study led to the recognition that Tfp likely function upstream of the Dif pathway in the regulation of EPS production. Extracellular complementation experiments suggest that Tfp may act as sensors instead of signals for the Dif chemotaxis-like pathway. We propose a regulatory feedback loop that couples EPS production with Tfp function through the Dif signaling proteins. Lastly, we sought to identify additional genes involved in EPS production. Our efforts identified a mutation in a separate chemotaxis gene cluster as a suppressor of difA mutations, suggesting potential cross-talks among the multiple chemotaxis-like pathways in M. xanthus. In addition, we identified twenty-five previously uncharacterized genes that are predicted to be involved in M. xanthus EPS production. These genes appear to encode additional EPS regulators and proteins with biosynthetic function. / Ph. D.

The Myxococcus xanthus Dif and Frz chemosensory pathways play important roles in the regulation of gliding motility. The Dif system regulates the production of exopolysaccheride (EPS), which is essential for social motility and fruiting body formation. The Frz pathway controls reversal frequency, which is fundamental for directed movement by this surface-gliding bacterium. In addition, both pathways are involved in the chemotactic response towards several phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) species such that the Dif pathway is required for excitation while the Frz pathway is essential for adaptation. In this study we addressed three crucial questions regarding the signal processing of these two chemosensory pathways by focusing on DifA and FrzCD, the MCP homologs from their respective pathways. First, the receptor protein in the Dif pathway, DifA, lacks a perisplasmic domain, the typical signal-sensing structure. To examine whether DifA shares similar transmembrane signaling mechanism with typical transmembrane sensor proteins (MCPs and sensor kinases), we constructed a chimeric protein that is composed of the N-terminus of NarX (nitrate sensor kinase) and the C-terminus of DifA. This NarX-DifA chimera restores the DifA functionality (EPS production, agglutination, S-motility and development) to a "difA mutant in a nitrate-dependent manner, suggesting DifA shares a similar transmembrane signaling mechanism with typical MCPs and sensor kinases despite its unorthodox structure. Second, the M. xanthus chemotaxis is still controversial. It has been argued that the taxis-like response in this slowly gliding bacterium could result from physiological effects of certain chemicals. To study motility regulation by the Frz pathway, we constructed two chimeras between the N-terminus of NarX and C-terminus of FrzCD, which is the receptor protein of the Frz pathway. The two chimeras, NazDF and NazDR, are identical except that NazDR contains a G51R mutation in the otherwise wild-type NarX sensory module. This G51R mutation was shown to reverse the signaling output of a NarX-Tar chimera to nitrate. We discovered that nitrate specifically decreased the reversal frequency of NazDF-expressing cells and increased that of NazDR-expressing cells. These results show that directional motility in M. xanthus can be regulated independently of cellular metabolism and physiology. Surprisingly, the NazDR strain failed to adapt to nitrate in temporal assays, as did the wild type to known repellents. Therefore, the lack of temporal adaptation to negative stimuli is an intrinsic property in M. xanthus motility regulation. Third, the Dif and Frz pathways are both involved in the chemotactic response towards certain PE molecules such that the Dif pathway is required for excitation and while the Frz system is essential for adaptation. In addition, 12:0 PE, known to be sensed by DifA, results in increased FrzCD methylation. These findings suggested that in the regulation of PE response, two pathways communicate with each other to mediate adaptation. Here we provided evidence to indicate that DifA does not undergo methylation during EPS regulation and PE chemotaxis. On the other hand, using mutants expressing the NarX-DifA chimera, it was found that signal transduction through DifA, DifC (CheW-like) and DifE (CheA-like) modulates FrzCD methylation. Surprisingly, the attractant 12:0 PE can modulate FrzCD methylation in two ways distinguishable by the dependency on DifA, DifC and DifE. The DifACE-independent mechanism, which may result from specific sensing of 12:0 PE by FrzCD, increases FrzCD methylation as expected. Unexpectedly, 12:0 PE decreases FrzCD methylation with the DifACE-dependent mechanism. This "opposite" FrzCD methylation by DifACE-dependent signaling was supported by results from NafA-expressing mutants because nitrate, which acts as a repellent, increases FrzCD methylation. Based on these findings, we proposed a model for chemotaxis toward 12:0 PE (and 16:1 PE). In this model, DifA and FrzCD both sense the same signal and activate the pathways of excitation (Dif) and adaptation (Frz) independently. The two pathways communicate with each other via methylation crosstalk between DifACE and FrzCD in such a way that processes of excitation and adaptation can be coordinated. / Ph. D.

Para a certificação de um procedimento de soldagem, quer seja de alta responsabilidade na soldagem de oleodutos e gasodutos em tubulações de aço carbono ou para um uso rotineiro e diário em fábricas e oficinas, deve ser realizada uma análise profunda dos fenômenos ocorridos no material de base (MB), no metal de adição (MA) e na zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC). Por meio desta análise criteriosa na qualificação de um procedimento de soldagem, o procedimento é liberado para ser utilizado, seja qual for o objetivo final da soldagem. Apenas com a Especificação do Procedimento de Soldagem (EPS) qualificada em mãos é possível iniciar os trabalhos de soldagem, e caso esta seja seguida integralmente, o sucesso do processo está a um passo de se concretizar. Para demonstração desta interação existente entre qualificação, análise dos resultados, aprovação dos ensaios e aprovação da especificação, foi desenvolvido este trabalho utilizando o material de base na forma tubular API 5L Gr. B soldado com os processos eletrodo revestido (SMAW) e arame tubular autoprotegido (FCAW-S). Foi utilizada uma junta tubular como exemplo de estudo e qualificação de um procedimento de soldagem baseado na documentação contida na norma da Petrobrás N-2301 e em outros códigos e normas, que regem a qualificação do processo de soldagem utilizado em refinarias e plantas de produção brasileiras. Foram estudados em conjunto os resultados obtidos por meio de ensaios mecânicos, ensaios não destrutivos e microestruturais. Ambas as Especificações dos Procedimentos de Soldagem preliminares (pEPS), estabelecidas antes do início da soldagem dos dois processos de soldagem, foram aprovadas e qualificadas, satisfazendo as características macro e microscópicas, metalúrgicas e mecânicas da junta soldada. / A comprehensive analysis of the phenomena occurring in the base metal (MB), filler metal (FM) and the heat affected zone (HAZ) should be conducted to provide the qualification of the welding procedure, either in high-demand carbon steel oil & gas pipelines or standard factory & workshop daily, usual operation. By means of this thorough welding procedure qualification, the process will be released, whatever the ultimate goal of welding. Only after the welding procedure specification (WPS) is qualified, is possible to start any welding work, and being the norm fully observed, the process is nearly to start successfully. The present work has been elaborated to demonstrate the interaction of qualification, result analysis, tests and specification approval, by applying the following elements: tubular base metal API 5L grade B welded with Shielded Metal Arc Welding process (SMAW) and self-shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding process (FCAW-S). A tubular joint was used as sample for a welding procedure qualification studies based on technical documentation specified on Petrobras N-2301, a Brazilian standard, and any others codes and standards that rule welding qualification on refineries & production plants of this company. The results obtained through mechanical testing, non-destructive testing and microstructure were studied together. Both preliminary welding procedure specifications (pWPS) established before the welding of these two welding processes, have been approved and qualified. The support given by welding qualification record (WQR) allows the joints to be welded in production, and result in reliable weld bead that satisfy the macro & microscopic, metallurgical and mechanical characteristics.