The still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has thrown a wrench into the works of conventional classroom teaching. Efforts taken to limit the spread of the virus have consequently led to school closures, moving lessons from a physical environment to an online equivalent. The present study investigates how and to what extent three English teachers in the Swedish upper secondary school perceive the effect of emergency remote teaching (ERT) has had on their pupils, with the aim to gain insight as to which motivational factors may have been impacted as a result of teaching moving online. Further, the study also aims to explore how the teachers’ approaches to motivating students had changed with the introduction of a sudden online learning environment, as well as how the teachers’ own motivation was impacted by teaching ERT. The topic was explored through qualitative interviews with participants using the three central aspects of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as the main analytical tool. The results demonstrated that teachers perceived that their learners’ motivation had been impacted during ERT due to lack of autonomy that had possibly been reinforced over time due to development and use of digital tools. In addition, competence may have been affected due to teachers implementing a high degree of structure in their lessons, and relatedness had been negatively impacted due to a lack of social interaction between students. Moreover, the approach for motivating students had changed for two of the three teachers, and that teachers’ own motivation has also been impacted in different ways by teaching remotely. In summary, this study concludes that schools and governing bodies alike need to review and implement new strategies for digital education in the future and must utilise previous experiences to evaluate and subsequently determine how to work with approaches that more productively considers student motivation and wellbeing. As such, this study could be useful to schools, teachers and educators when developing digital strategies in the future.

This thesis presents ten interviews with French language teachers regarding their experience of emergency remote teaching (ERT) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Their responses are analysed through the lens of professional didactics (Pastré, 1999), and by looking at models that have been created to describe the adoption of technology. The interviews are placed in the context of similar studies done before or during the pandemic. The instructors in this study were asked to describe their experiences from the sudden switch to online teaching during the pandemic and for the first eighteen months of it, including how they coped, what new digital competencies they developed and how, their perception as online teachers. and the digital practices they would like to carry forward. The models to describe technology integration are revisited in the context of ERT. Recommendations are made for stakeholders for language instructors’ professional development in the case of future ERT scenarios.

Time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (TL-ERT) enables an accurate characterization of the heterogeneity of flow through the unsaturated zone especially when compared to point measurements taken within the same survey area. The most powerful tool for understanding the unsaturated zone is a combination of several techniques. Many models of unsaturated zone flow assume a uniform wetting front even though the existence of preferential flow paths is well-documented in the literature. TL-ERT surveys were collected perpendicular to a stream at the Stroud Water Research Center in Chester County, PA to provide continuous measurement of unsaturated flow during two natural infiltration events. Dielectric sensors were installed along this transect to collect soil moisture data during these events. Additionally, slug tests and infiltrometer tests were collected along the transect to characterize the subsurface at the study site. TL-ERT successfully located sections with preferential flow, and these results were reproducible three months later. Other methods of measuring soil moisture content or infiltration rates were less successful at identifying preferential flow. The rates determined from point measurements often did not match where the TL-ERT identified zones of preferential flow. This comparison reveals that slow-infiltration points can exist within preferential pathways and exemplifies the importance of large-scale measurements in the unsaturated zone. Any scientific study looking at infiltration should consider utilizing TL-ERT to map where preferential flow may be occurring. / Geology

​​Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) are imaging techniques reconstructing the internal conductivity distribution image of an object based on voltage measurements at the periphery of the object with a given applied current. ERT uses a direct current (DC), while EIT uses an alternating current (AC). However, for low frequencies both ERT and EIT have the same governing equation, which is often referred to as a non-linear and ill-posed inverse problem. Both methods have diverse applications in biology, biomedicine, and industry. ​This master’s degree project aims to create a low-cost imaging system for the ERT, which is the main focus, as well as for the EIT. The project includes three main components: 1) Simulations and reconstructions using EIDORS (Electrical Impedance Tomography and Diffuse Optical Tomography Reconstruction Software), 2) Developing an experimental workbench (a measurement system), and 3) developing a machine learning model for the ERT. ​EIDORS was used to simulate and reconstruct ERT and EIT images. It was also used to generate training data for the machine learning model to be developed. ​The measurement system includes a circular water tank with electrodes, power supplies, and measurement units. Tanks with 8 and 16 electrodes were designed using 3D printers. Initially, aluminium electrodes provided inconsistent measurements due to magnetization and electrolysis, later replaced by graphite electrodes, offering better but not yet accurate enough results. ​After implementing reconstruction algorithms in EIDORS, a machine learning model was developed for ERT. It involved: 1) generating a training set, containing over 5000 simulated data points, 2) preprocessing the generated data set which included PCA dimensionality reduction, 3) and lastly a linear regression model developed. The model struggled with small object detection and occasional inconclusive results, likely due to limited training dataset diversity. Additionally, images of two cases were reconstructed using EIT and comparing it to ERT it can be concluded that EIT performs better than ERT. ​

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la recherche géophysique de la proche sub-surface appliquée aux objets et structures archéologiques. L'objectif est de définir une méthodologie d'étude géophysique de sites archéologiques dans un contexte Méditerranéen : en France et en Tunisie, ainsi que " l'empreinte géophysique " des principaux objets archéologiques. La méthode géophysique principale utilisée est la méthode magnétique. Les cartographies magnétiques obtenues sont couplées aux cartographies et mesures électromagnétiques et aux tomographies électriques (ERT) et sismiques. Ce volet de prospection sur le terrain est corrélé aux mesures magnétiques de laboratoire, permettant une meilleure contrainte des modélisations directes et synthétiques proposées pour les différents objets étudiés. Dans une première partie, la thèse se concentre sur les structures et objets archéologiques de combustion. Cette partie précise la signature magnétique de ces objets et souligne son rehaussement dû à l'effet du feu. Dans un second temps, la thèse fait porter l'analyse sur l'empreinte géophysiques des structures d'aménagement et sa variation reliée aux différents matériaux et techniques utilisés ainsi qu'aux propriétés du terrain encaissant. D'autres objets sont par la suite étudiés pour une meilleure compréhension des anomalies magnétiques potentiellement produites. La diminution de la qualité du signal magnétique et donc du rapport signal sur bruit est traité vers la fin. / This dissertation deals with the applied geophysics to archaeological objects and structures in the close subsurface. The aims are to define a geophysical methodology for the study of archeological sites in a Mediterranean context : in France and in Tunisia, and also the geophysical signature of the main archaeological features. The main geophysical method used is the magnetic method. The obtained magnetic mappings are coupled with the electromagnetic cartographies and measurements, and with the electrical tomographies (ERT) and the seismic surveys. This ground prospecting is correlated with the magnetic measurements of laboratory, allowing a better constraint of the forward and synthetic modelling, proposed for the various studied features. First, the thesis concentrates on the study of the archaeological structures of combustion. This part specifies the magnetic signature of these objects and underlines the raising owed to the effect of the fire. Secondly, this work analyzes the geophysical imprint of the building structures and its variation connected with the various materials and techniques used as well as the surrounding ground properties. Other objects are afterward studied for a better understanding of the potentially produced magnetic anomalies. Last but not least, the decrease of the quality of the magnetic signal and thus the signal-to-noise ratio, is handled.

Nesta Pesquisa foi empregada a metodologia de Inversão Conjunta 2D de dados de caminhamento elétrico (CE) e caminhamento eletromagnético no domínio do tempo (CTDEM) num estudo hidrogeológico da Bacia de Taubaté. A área de estudo localiza-se na cidade de Taubaté/SP, onde o Aquífero Taubaté é uma importante fonte alternativa de água frente à recente crise hídrica. O Grupo Taubaté é o principal pacote sedimentar da bacia, sendo formado principalmente por folhelhos, que formam aquicludes, e arenitos, que formam o aquífero. Foram identificados 40 poços de exploração de água subterrânea na cidade, cadastrados no banco de dados do SIAGAS-CPRM, os quais forneceram informações importantes para a interpretação dos resultados. O objetivo principal da pesquisa é caracterizar a estratigrafia geoelétrica da subsuperfície para localizar o contato entre os sedimentos Quaternários e Terciários e mapear o aquífero. Os dados de CE permitem o reconhecimento das camadas mais rasas, da ordem de dezenas de metros, e os dados de CTDEM investigam as camadas mais profundas, numa ordem de centenas de metros, portanto, fornecem informações complementares. Os resultados das inversões conjuntas de CE/CTDEM permitiram mapear as camadas sedimentares mais rasas resistivas até aproximadamente 30 m de profundidade, uma camada sedimentar condutiva intermediária entre 30 m e 50 m de profundidade, e uma camada condutiva referente ao Grupo Taubaté entre 50 m e 300 m de profundidade. O topo do embasamento da bacia foi inferido em ~300 m de profundidade com base nas informações de poços e de geologia da bacia, por outro lado, também é possível que essa interface represente uma variação faciológica do Grupo Taubaté, portanto, mais estudos são necessários. / In this research, a 2D Joint Inversion of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) data was applied to a hydrogeological study of the Taubaté basin. The study area is in Taubaté city, São Paulo State, Brazil, where the Taubaté aquifer is an important alternative water source due to the recent water crisis. The Taubaté Group is the main sedimentary package of the basin, which is formed mainly by shales, that form aquicludes, and sandstones that form the aquifer. 40 groundwater exploration wells were identified in the city, registered in SIAGAS-CPRM database, which provided important information for the results interpretation. The main objective of this research is to characterize the geoelectrical stratigraphy of the subsurface to locate the contact between the Quaternary and Tertiary sediments and to map the aquifer. The ERT is used for shallow investigations (tens of meters) and the TDEM can reach a great investigation depth (hundreds of meters), therefore, they provide complementary information. The 2D ERT/TDEM joint inversion results permitted to map the shallower resistive layers down to 30 m depth, an intermediate conductive layer between 30 m and 50 m depth, and the Taubate Group between 50 m and 300 m depth, which is very conductive. The top of the basement was inferred at ~300 m depth based on the well information and the basin geology, on the other hand, it is also possible that this interface represents a faciological variation of the Taubaté Group, therefore, more studies are needed.

Nesta Pesquisa foi empregada a metodologia de Inversão Conjunta 2D de dados de caminhamento elétrico (CE) e caminhamento eletromagnético no domínio do tempo (CTDEM) num estudo hidrogeológico da Bacia de Taubaté. A área de estudo localiza-se na cidade de Taubaté/SP, onde o Aquífero Taubaté é uma importante fonte alternativa de água frente à recente crise hídrica. O Grupo Taubaté é o principal pacote sedimentar da bacia, sendo formado principalmente por folhelhos, que formam aquicludes, e arenitos, que formam o aquífero. Foram identificados 40 poços de exploração de água subterrânea na cidade, cadastrados no banco de dados do SIAGAS-CPRM, os quais forneceram informações importantes para a interpretação dos resultados. O objetivo principal da pesquisa é caracterizar a estratigrafia geoelétrica da subsuperfície para localizar o contato entre os sedimentos Quaternários e Terciários e mapear o aquífero. Os dados de CE permitem o reconhecimento das camadas mais rasas, da ordem de dezenas de metros, e os dados de CTDEM investigam as camadas mais profundas, numa ordem de centenas de metros, portanto, fornecem informações complementares. Os resultados das inversões conjuntas de CE/CTDEM permitiram mapear as camadas sedimentares mais rasas resistivas até aproximadamente 30 m de profundidade, uma camada sedimentar condutiva intermediária entre 30 m e 50 m de profundidade, e uma camada condutiva referente ao Grupo Taubaté entre 50 m e 300 m de profundidade. O topo do embasamento da bacia foi inferido em ~300 m de profundidade com base nas informações de poços e de geologia da bacia, por outro lado, também é possível que essa interface represente uma variação faciológica do Grupo Taubaté, portanto, mais estudos são necessários. / In this research, a 2D Joint Inversion of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) data was applied to a hydrogeological study of the Taubaté basin. The study area is in Taubaté city, São Paulo State, Brazil, where the Taubaté aquifer is an important alternative water source due to the recent water crisis. The Taubaté Group is the main sedimentary package of the basin, which is formed mainly by shales, that form aquicludes, and sandstones that form the aquifer. 40 groundwater exploration wells were identified in the city, registered in SIAGAS-CPRM database, which provided important information for the results interpretation. The main objective of this research is to characterize the geoelectrical stratigraphy of the subsurface to locate the contact between the Quaternary and Tertiary sediments and to map the aquifer. The ERT is used for shallow investigations (tens of meters) and the TDEM can reach a great investigation depth (hundreds of meters), therefore, they provide complementary information. The 2D ERT/TDEM joint inversion results permitted to map the shallower resistive layers down to 30 m depth, an intermediate conductive layer between 30 m and 50 m depth, and the Taubate Group between 50 m and 300 m depth, which is very conductive. The top of the basement was inferred at ~300 m depth based on the well information and the basin geology, on the other hand, it is also possible that this interface represents a faciological variation of the Taubaté Group, therefore, more studies are needed.

L’objectif premier de ce travail est l’étude puis la modélisation numérique 3D du fonctionnement hydrogéologique et salin actuel d’une partie de l’aquifère superficiel de la Moyenne Camargue afin de l’utiliser, dans un second temps, pour la prévision qualitative des modifications induites par le changement climatique. La caractérisation de l’aquifère a été mené selon deux approches : une étude structurale, en utilisant des sondages à la tarière et différentes techniques géophysiques (ERT, ES et cartographie EM), et une étude hydrogéologique, intégrée par plusieurs campagnes de pompages, suivi piézométrique et des prélèvements de l’eau souterraine. Cette méthodologie a servi pour caractériser la géométrie de l’aquifère superficiel ainsi que son fonctionnement actuel et les processus qui l’affectent. Divers phénomènes environnementaux ont été identifiés, tels que : un lessivage du sol grâce à l’action de l’irrigation, un endoréisme observé dans les zones basses produit par l’effet de l’évaporation, et la reproduction des fluctuations de l’étang de Vaccarès dans la piézométrie, jusqu’au moins 30 m de la rive. Le modèle numérique construit à partir des observations du terrain reproduit les principaux processus observés. Il met en évidence un possible flux sortant vers le Vaccarès et le rôle important du marais dans l’hydrodynamique et le comportement hydrosalin du système. Les résultats du modèle face aux différents scénarios de prédiction montrent une intrusion d’eau du Vaccarès et, donc, une salinisation du système induit par la remontée du niveau marin, ainsi que la présence de l’irrigation et le marais comme facteurs essentiels dans la neutralisation de cette salinisation. / The main objective in this investigation is to construct a representative 3D numerical groundwater flow model of a local superficial aquifer in the Medium Camargue plain to simulate the actual hydrogeological and salt behavior. The 3D model will be used, in a second time, to simulate modifications of the system behavior provide by climate changes. The characterization of the aquifer was carried out by two approaches: a structural survey, using auger drilling technique and some geophysics techniques (EM mapping ERT, ES and), and a hydrogeological survey composed by several pumping tests, piezometric monitoring and groundwater samples. The methodological approach used allowed characterizing the geometry, behavior of the system and the process governing performance of the superficial aquifer. Several environmental phenomena were been identified, such as: a soil’s leaching; an endorheic phenomenon at the lower elevation areas; and the reproduction of the Vaccares pond’s fluctuations at the water table, until 30 m from shore. The numerical model, which has been constructed through field observations, reproduces principal process of the aquifer. This model highlights a possible outflow from the aquifer to the Vaccares pond and the important role of marsh in the hydrodynamic and hydrosaline behavior of the system. The results of the prediction scenarios tested with the numerical model highlights a possible intrusion from Vaccares water and, therefore, a salinization of the system produced by increase of sea level rise. The important presence of the irrigation and the marsh to neutralize a future salinization has been exposed.

Práce pojednává o využití support vector machines v detekci řečové aktivity. V první části jsou zkoumány různé druhy příznaků, jejich extrakce a zpracování a je nalezena jejich optimální kombinace, která podává nejlepší výsledky. Druhá část představuje samotný systém pro detekci řečové aktivity a ladění jeho parametrů. Nakonec jsou výsledky porovnány s dvěma dalšími systémy, založenými na odlišných principech. Pro testování a ladění byla použita ERT broadcast news databáze. Porovnání mezi systémy bylo pak provedeno na databázi z NIST06 Rich Test Evaluations.

The main topic of this thesis is the functioning of the public service media, especially public service television broadcasters. After general definitions of the basic terms associated with this topic, the thesis highlights the differences between the media in the private and the public sectors, and characterizes the public service media in the previously selected European countries: the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and the Czech Republic. The choice of these particular states was based on their different economic, political and media systems. The history, the development and the crisis of the Greek public service media are subjected to a thorough analysis. Regarding the inclusion of the historical context the thesis moves onto the crisis which occurred in June 2013 due to inconsistent government interferences in the media field, which led to a suspension of the transmission of the Greek public broadcaster ERT. The practical part is dedicated to a detailed analysis of the viewership of the Greek television, focusing on the period before, during and after the crisis had occurred. The main objective of the thesis is to point out whether the government interferences had influenced the viewership of the Greek television.