本研究使用眼動儀器與神經科學的分析方式，探討網站設計時運用虛擬替身與個人化推薦而設計出不同的個人化購物網站，是否會影響使用者對網站親密度與產品購買意願上有不同感受。研究問題共有三個：1.網站個人化設計對網站親密度的影響程度。2.網站個人化設計對於產品購買意願的影響程度。3.使用者是否會注意到網站的個人化設計。研究結果發現個人化推薦會對網站親密度及購買意願產生正向影響，而虛擬替身則只會對親密感產生正面的影響。虛擬替身及個人化推薦都會提高消費者的對該區域的首次瀏覽時間。 / The purpose of this study is to use eye tracking analysis to investigate whether different designs of shopping websites using personalization and avatar will influence users’ website intimacy and product buying attention. First, we want to know the relationship between personalized design and website intimacy. Second, we want to know the relationship between personalized design and product buying attention. The last one is whether users pay attention to personalized designs on websites. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of personalized recommendation and avatar. The results indicate that personalization had positive impacts on users’ perceived intimacy, and users’ total gaze duration has positive effects on both website intimacy and product buying attention.

Background Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been reported to show socio-communicative impairments which are associated with impaired face perception and atypical gaze behaviour. Attending to faces and interpreting the important socio-communicative cues presented allows us to understand other’s cognitive states, emotions, wants and desires. This information enables successful social encounters and interactions to take place. Children with ASD not attending to these important social cues on the face may cause some of the socio-communicative impairments observed within this population. Examining how children with ASD attend to faces will enhance our understanding of their communicative impairments. Aim The present thesis therefore aimed to use eye-tracking methodology to examine attention allocation to faces for communicative cues in children with ASD. Method The first line of enquiry examined how children with ASD (n = 21; age = 13y7m) attended to faces presented within their picture communication systems compared to typically developing children matched on chronological age, verbal ability age and visuo-spatial ability age. The next investigation was conducted on the same group of children and examined how children with ASD attended to faces of different familiarity including, familiar, unfamiliar and the child’s own face. These faces were also presented with direct gaze or averted gaze to investigate how this would impact on the children’s allocation of attention. The final exploration highlighted how children with ASD (n = 20; age = 12y3m) attended to socially salient information (faces) and non-socially salient information (objects) presented within social scenes of varying complexity, compared to typically developing controls. Again groups were matched based on chronological age, verbal ability age, and visuo-spatial ability age. Results Children with ASD were shown to allocate attention to faces presented within their picture communication symbols similarly compared to their typically developing counterparts. All children were shown to fixate significantly longer on the face images compared to the object images. The children with ASD fixated for similar amounts of time to the eye and mouth regions regardless of familiarity and gaze direction compared to their controlled matches. All groups looked significantly longer at the eye areas compared to the mouth areas of the faces across all familiarity types. The children also fixated longer on the eye and mouth regions of direct gazing faces compared to the regions presented on the averted gazing faces. The children with ASD fixated on the faces and objects presented within social scenes similar to their typically developing counterparts across all complexity conditions. The children were shown to fixate significantly longer on the objects compared to the faces. Conclusions Children with ASD showed typical allocation of attention to faces. This suggests that faces are not aversive to them and they are able to attend to the relevant areas such as eye and mouth regions. This may have been influenced by the inclusion of high functioning children with ASD. However these results may also suggest that attention allocation and gaze behaviour are not the only factors which contribute to the socio-communicative impairments observed in ASD.

Šiuo tyrimu siekiama išanalizuoti populiariausių vartotojo sąsajos tyrimų metodus ir įvertinti juos įvairiais aspektais bei nustatyti jų taikymo atvejus. Taip pat suprojektuoti eksperimentinę erdvę ir atlikti tyrimą su vienu iš vartotojo sąsajos tyrimo metodu. Išanalizuoti rezultatus ir juos palyginti su panašiu vartotojo sąsajos tyrimo metodu. Galiausiai ieškosime būdų pagerinti šio metodo tikslumui. Analizės metu buvo įvertinta 15 vartotojo sąsajos metodų. Remiantis žiniomis įgautomis atliekant literatūros analizę apie vartotojo sąsajos tyrimų atlikimo eigą ir vertinimo parametrus buvo atliktas eksperimentas, kurio tikslas ištirti pelės sekimo tikslumą lyginant su akių sekimo metodo tikslumu. Išaiškinus priežastis lemiančias pelės sekimo metodo tikslumą, jas pašalinome ir pakartojome eksperimentą. Atlikus eksperimentus paaiškėjo, kad pagrindinis veiksnys lemiantis pelės sekimo metodo tikslumą yra dalyvių pasyvumas, o dalyvius informavus apie pelės judinimo būtinybę kartu su akių judesiais, užfiksuotas šio metodo tikslumo padidėjimas iki 47% - 77%. / In this research we are going to analyze most popular user interface research methods and evaluate them in different aspects and determinate their use of cases. In addition, create experimental space for one of the user interface methods research. Analyze results and compare with similar method. Lastly, we will look for solutions to increase its accuracy. 15 user interface research methods were evaluated in analyze stage. From gathered knowledge about user interface research methods and evaluation parameters, experiment was performed. His purpose was to evaluate mouse tracking accuracy as user interface method and compare it with eye tracking method. After causes for its accuracy were found, they were removed and repeated the experiment. After conducting the experiment we found out that the main factor in mouse tracking accuracy is user's inability to move mouse actively. After asking experiment participants to sync their eyes movement with mouse movements we witnessed 47% - 77% accuracy comparing with eye tracking method.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

When viewing ambiguous figures, individuals can exert selective attentional control over their perceptual reversibility behaviour (e.g., Strüber & Stadler, 1999). In the current study, we replicated this finding but we also found that ambiguous figures containing faces are processed quite differently from those containing objects. Furthermore, inverting an ambiguous figure containing faces (i.e., Rubin’s vase-face) resulted in an “inversion effect”. These findings highlight the importance of considering how we attend to faces in addition to how we perceive and process faces. Describing the perceptual reversal patterns of individuals in the general population allowed us to draw comparisons to behaviours exhibited by individuals with Asperger Syndrome (AS). The group data suggested that these individuals were less affected by figure type or stimulus inversion. Examination of individual scores, moreover, revealed that the majority of participants with AS showed an atypical reversal pattern, particularly with ambiguous figures containing faces, and an atypical inversion effect. Together, our results show that ambiguous figures can be a very valuable tool for examining face processing mechanisms in the general population and other distinct groups of individuals, particularly those diagnosed with AS.

The goal of our studies was to test the effect of segmentation, cueing, and 2D/3D presentations to foster complex animation rocessing. The material was an upright mechanical piano system. We used an eye tracking system which provides information about learners' attention direction during the animation processing. We analyzed the effect of the format presentations and the eye movements during learning. Based on animation and multimedia research background, four experiments were conducted. In the first experiment the effect of the presentation of simplified external representations on learning from complex animation was investigated. Experiment two and three aimed at studying the cognitive processes involved in learning to complex mechanism system with new cueing techniques with spatial-temporal colored tokens. In the fourth experiment, 2D and 3D presentation of the same animated content were compared. Results of these experiments showed that (1) the use of a dual format presentation is better for developing a dynamic mental model from the animation than a single format, (2) the signaling strategies using cued tokens of dual format can guide efficiently learner's building of mental model and can enhance learner's comprehension of complex system, (3) a sequential format presentation followed by an animation format presentation helps the learner to understand the key stages of a dynamic process and to create a high quality mental model, (4) 3D animation presentation is better than 2D animation presentation to direct attention on relevant component of the animation. For depth processing, comprehension with 3D animation presentation is better than 2D animation format. Eye tracking measures provided insights into how people understood and learned complex systems. The analysis of eye tracking also contributed to the understanding of the subject's perceptual processing during learning. Overall, results provide a significant contribution in the field of learning with complex animation. Recommendations in the ergonomics area for the design of animations are proposed.

This study has researched how user click heatmaps and eye tracking can be utilized in usability testing. We have used the tools SessionCam and Tobii. We designed a website for a small clothing store and conducted usability tests, in order to evaluate the users clicks and eye movements in relation to design choices on the website. The aim of this study was to research how these tools can be integrated in usability testing and how results from the tests can be used to improve usability. We were able to use the recordings of clicks and eye movements and make design changes based on the findings. Some of the findings were that the users look more at the top of the page than at the bottom. They also look more at icons and images rather than longer text blocks. From the tracking of user clicks we found that the users primarily clicked on links in order to navigate the page but also that they sometimes clicked on texts when they were reading.

When viewing ambiguous figures, individuals can exert selective attentional control over their perceptual reversibility behaviour (e.g., Strüber & Stadler, 1999). In the current study, we replicated this finding but we also found that ambiguous figures containing faces are processed quite differently from those containing objects. Furthermore, inverting an ambiguous figure containing faces (i.e., Rubin’s vase-face) resulted in an “inversion effect”. These findings highlight the importance of considering how we attend to faces in addition to how we perceive and process faces. Describing the perceptual reversal patterns of individuals in the general population allowed us to draw comparisons to behaviours exhibited by individuals with Asperger Syndrome (AS). The group data suggested that these individuals were less affected by figure type or stimulus inversion. Examination of individual scores, moreover, revealed that the majority of participants with AS showed an atypical reversal pattern, particularly with ambiguous figures containing faces, and an atypical inversion effect. Together, our results show that ambiguous figures can be a very valuable tool for examining face processing mechanisms in the general population and other distinct groups of individuals, particularly those diagnosed with AS.

abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of visual cues and different types of self-explanation prompts on learning, cognitive load and intrinsic motivation, as well as the potential interaction between the two factors in a multimedia environment that was designed to deliver a computer-based lesson about the human cardiovascular system. A total of 126 college students were randomly assigned in equal numbers (N = 21) to one of the six experimental conditions in a 2 X 3 factorial design with visual cueing (visual cues vs. no cues) and type of self-explanation prompts (prediction prompts vs. reflection prompts vs. no prompts) as the between-subjects factors. They completed a pretest, subjective cognitive load questions, intrinsic motivation questions, and a posttest during the course of the experience. A subsample (49 out of 126) of the participants' eye movements were tracked by an eye tracker. The results revealed that (a) participants presented with visually cued animations had significantly higher learning outcome scores than their peers who viewed uncued animations; and (b) cognitive load and intrinsic motivation had different impacts on learning in multimedia due to the moderation effect of visual cueing. There were no other significant findings in terms of learning outcomes, cognitive load, intrinsic motivation, and eye movements. Limitations, implications and future directions are discussed within the framework of cognitive load theory, cognitive theory of multimedia learning and cognitive-affective theory of learning with media. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Educational Technology 2011

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No. of bitstreams: 1 sanchez_fa_me_mar.pdf: 5721319 bytes, checksum: cc182af24a14e2950a2a14c6b0b8516e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O aumento exponencial da produção de dados e informações científicas está diretamente associado à evolução das tecnologias digitais de informação e comunicação e, diante desse cenário, percebe-se a necessidade de implementação pelas instituições de ambientes informacionais digitais que possam reuni-los, organizá-los, disseminá-los e preservá-los. Os repositórios institucionais, objetos de estudo dessa pesquisa, são ambientes potenciais para tais ações; sua implementação, entretanto, deve atender as necessidades informacionais de seu público-alvo, tornando-se necessária a aplicação de métodos, técnicas e atributos que promovam a encontrabilidade da informação científica. Com o objetivo de verificar se os repositórios institucionais têm sido implementados a partir de atributos que viabilizem a encontrabilidade da informação pelos sujeitos informacionais, este estudo utiliza como referência os repositórios institucionais das três universidades estaduais do estado de São Paulo – USP, UNESP e UNICAMP. Para viabilizar o cumprimento dos objetivos da pesquisa, é utilizado o método quadripolar que permite dinamicidade e flexibilidade para o desenvolvimento do estudo por meio de seus quatro polos: epistemológico, teórico, técnico e morfológico. O polo epistemológico abordou o paradigma pós-custodial da Ciência da Informação e a Pós-Fenomenologia para fundamentar o estudo, epistemologicamente. O polo teórico permitiu buscar aportes relacionados às temáticas que permeiam o objeto de pesquisa, quais sejam: Repositórios Digitais, com ênfase nos Repositórios Institucionais, o DSpace como tecnologia para implementação, e a Encontrabilidade da Informação. O polo técnico evidencia os procedimentos metodológicos para a realização do estudo: pesquisa bibliográfica e revisão de literatura para abordar os fundamentos epistemológicos e teóricos mencionados, além de pesquisa aplicada, que ocorreu em duas fases, sendo a primeira a aplicação do “Checklist para avaliação da Encontrabilidade da Informação em Repositórios Institucionais” nos repositórios institucionais da USP, UNESP e UNICAMP, por meio da técnica de observação, e a segunda se refere à aplicação de tarefas junto aos mestrados dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Educação e Fonoaudiologia da UNESP de Marília, a partir da tecnologia de eye-tracking (rastreamento ocular), nos três repositórios, sendo executada, juntamente com a técnica de protocolo verbal e, posteriormente, entrevistas. O polo morfológico se destina à apresentação dos resultados da pesquisa, bem como à proposta de recomendações para os repositórios institucionais analisados. A partir da avaliação com o checklist, os resultados revelaram problemáticas referentes aos atributos Folksonomia, Descoberta de Informação e Acessibilidade e Usabilidade, nos três repositórios. Em ao menos um deles, foram observadas problemáticas com os atributos Taxonomias navegacionais, Mediação dos Profissionais da Informação e Mobilidade, Convergência e Ubiquidade. Considerando as limitações desta técnica de coleta de dados, não foi possível avaliar os atributos Instrumentos de controle terminológico, Intencionalidade e Mediação dos informáticos. Em um segundo momento, foi possível avaliar o atributo de Descoberta de Informação com a tecnologia de eye-tracking. Após as avaliações realizadas, foram geradas dez recomendações de encontrabilidade da informação para repositórios institucionais. / The exponential increase in the production of scientific data and information is directly associated with the evolution of digital information and communication technologies and, in view of this scenario, it is noticed the need for institutions to implement digital information environments that can bring them together, organize them, disseminate and preserve them. Institutional repositories, objects of study of this research, are potential environments for such actions; its implementation, however, must meet the information needs of its target audience, making it necessary to apply methods, techniques and attributes that promote the finding of scientific information. With the objective of verifying that institutional repositories have been implemented based on attributes that enable information to be found by information subjects, this study uses as reference the institutional repositories of the three state universities of the state of São Paulo - USP, UNESP and UNICAMP. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the four-pole method is used, which allows dynamicity and flexibility for the development of the study through its four poles: epistemological, theoretical, technical and morphological. The epistemological pole addressed the post-custodial paradigm of Information Science and Post-Phenomenology to support the study, epistemologically. The theoretical pole allowed the search for contributions related to the themes that permeate the research object, namely: Digital Repositories, with emphasis on Institutional Repositories, DSpace as technology for implementation, and Information Findability. The technical pole evidences the methodological procedures for carrying out the study: bibliographical research and literature review to address the epistemological and theoretical foundations mentioned, as well as applied research, which occurred in two phases, the first being the application of the "Checklist for evaluation of Information Finding in Institutional Repositories "in the institutional repositories of USP, UNESP and UNICAMP, through the observation technique, and the second refers to the application of tasks to the masters of the Graduate Programs in Education and Speech-Language Pathology of UNESP of Marília, from the eye-tracking technology, in the three repositories, being executed, along with the technique of verbal protocol and, later, interviews. The morphological pole is intended to present the results of the research, as well as to the proposed recommendations for the institutional repositories analyzed. From the evaluation with the checklist, the results revealed problems related to the attributes Folksonomy, Information Discovery and Accessibility and Usability, in the three repositories. In at least one of them, problems were observed with the attributes: Navigational Taxonomies, Mediation of Information Professionals and Mobility, Convergence and Ubiquity. Considering the limitations of this technique of data collection, it was not possible to evaluate the attributes of terminological control instruments, intentionality and mediation of computer scientists. In a second moment, it was possible to evaluate the attribute of Information Discovery with eye-tracking technology. After the evaluations, ten information retrieval recommendations were generated for institutional repositories. / CAPES: 1660180