A sobrevivência de uma organização no mundo de hoje é alcançada através da busca por oportunidades e os projetos são lançados com o propósito de tirar vantagens destas oportunidades. De acordo com Smith e Merritt (2002), em relação a outros tipos de projetos, os de desenvolvimento de produto trazem elementos de risco adicionais, pois a estes está associado um grande teor de inovação. O gerenciamento de riscos é um componente fundamental para se obter êxito no gerenciamento de projetos. \"[...] Sem um tratamento adequado, riscos podem introduzir o caos e o fracasso ao projeto, por mais que este tenha sido inicialmente bem planejado e gerenciado [...]\" (ROYER, 2000, p. 6, tradução nossa). Este trabalho apresenta, com base em uma revisão bibliográfica, os processos, conceitos e ferramentas de gerenciamento de riscos e, através de um estudo de caso, explora sua aplicação em um projeto da Embraer para desenvolvimento de um novo produto, que utilizando um gerenciamento de riscos baseado na mensuração e controle sistemático do valor da exposição aos riscos, entregou todos os produtos finais contratados dentro do prazo e custos previstos e em conformidade com todos os requisitos técnicos especificados. O mesmo desempenho não foi verificado em um projeto predecessor, também da Embraer, similar em escopo e tecnologia envolvida, e que teve o seu gerenciamento de riscos implementado somente alguns anos após a sua ativação. Este projeto predecessor conseguiu entregar para o cliente todos os produtos contratados, porém com prazos e custos muito além das previsões iniciais. / Nowadays, the survival of an organization is reached through the search for opportunities and projects are launched in order to take advantage of these opportunities. According to Smith and Merritt (2002), product development projects, compared with other types of projects, have additional risk elements due to the high level of innovation associated to them. The risk management is a vital component for achieving the success in project management. \"[...] without mitigation, risks will introduce chaos and failure into an otherwise well-planned and managed project [...]\" (ROYER, 2000, p. 6). This dissertation presents the risk management processes, concepts and tools based on literature review and explores, using the methodology of case study, its application in an Embraer\'s project for the development of a new product that, through a risk management based on the systematic measurement and control of the risk exposure value, delivered all the contracted final deliveries within foreseen dates and costs, and in conformity with the specified technical requirements. The same performance was not noticed in a previous project, from Embraer as well, similar in scope and technology involved that had its risk management implanted only some years after its beginning. This previous project managed to deliver all contracted products to customer, however with dates and costs far beyond the initial forecasting.

Despite the use of earned value management (EVM) techniques to track development progress, federal information (IT) software programs continue to fail by not meeting identified business requirements. The purpose of this logistic regression study was to examine, using IT software data from federal agencies from 2011 to 2014, whether a relationship between schedule variance (SV), cost variance (CV), and actual cost (AC) could predict the success of IT software program, as operationalized by meeting the identified business requirements. The population of interest was 132 IT software programs developed between 2011 and 2014 for federal agencies. The sample source was an archival database located at ITdashboard.gov. The theoretical framework for the study was earned value (EV) project management theory. The EV project management theory is a project performance measurement system that involves integrating cost, schedule, and performance elements for planning and control. EVM contributes to project success by providing early warnings when programs deviate from cost and schedule plans. This study found that only SV was significant (SV days, p = .002). The null hypothesis was rejected, suggesting that a relationship exists between IT program success and the SV, CV, and AC. This study may contribute to social change by increasing the program managers' understanding of EV in federal project management and by decreasing federal spending through successful programs and more cost-efficient use of taxpayers' money.

Accurate and frequent construction progress tracking provides critical input data for project systems such as cost and schedule control as well as billing. Unfortunately, conventional progress tracking is labor intensive, sometimes subject to negotiation, and often driven by arcane rules. Attempts to improve progress tracking have recently focused mainly on automation, using technologies such as 3D imaging, Global Positioning System (GPS), Ultra Wide Band (UWB) indoor locating, hand-held computers, voice recognition, wireless networks, and other technologies in various combinations. Three dimensional (3D) imaging technologies, such as 3D laser scanners (LADARs) and photogrammetry have shown great potential for saving time and cost for recording project 3D status and thus to support some categories of progress tracking. Although laser scanners in particular and 3D imaging in general are being investigated and used in multiple applications in the construction industry, their full potential has not yet been achieved. The reason may be that commercial software packages are still too complicated and time consuming for processing scanned data. Methods have however been developed for the automated, efficient and effective recognition of project 3D BIM objects in site laser scans. This thesis presents a novel system that combines 3D object recognition technology with schedule information into a combined 4D object based construction progress tracking system. The performance of the system is investigated on a comprehensive field database acquired during the construction of a steel reinforced concrete structure, Engineering V Building at the University of Waterloo. It demonstrates a degree of accuracy that meets or exceeds typical manual performance. However, the earned value tracking is the most commonly used method in the industry. That is why the object based automated progress tracking system is further explored, and combined with earned value theory into an earned value based automated progress tracking system. Nevertheless, both of these systems are focused on permanent structure objects only, not secondary or temporary. In the last part of the thesis, several approaches are proposed for concrete construction secondary and temporary object tracking. It is concluded that accurate tracking of structural building project progress is possible by combining a-priori 4D project models with 3D object recognition using the algorithms developed and presented in this thesis.

Accurate and frequent construction progress tracking provides critical input data for project systems such as cost and schedule control as well as billing. Unfortunately, conventional progress tracking is labor intensive, sometimes subject to negotiation, and often driven by arcane rules. Attempts to improve progress tracking have recently focused mainly on automation, using technologies such as 3D imaging, Global Positioning System (GPS), Ultra Wide Band (UWB) indoor locating, hand-held computers, voice recognition, wireless networks, and other technologies in various combinations. Three dimensional (3D) imaging technologies, such as 3D laser scanners (LADARs) and photogrammetry have shown great potential for saving time and cost for recording project 3D status and thus to support some categories of progress tracking. Although laser scanners in particular and 3D imaging in general are being investigated and used in multiple applications in the construction industry, their full potential has not yet been achieved. The reason may be that commercial software packages are still too complicated and time consuming for processing scanned data. Methods have however been developed for the automated, efficient and effective recognition of project 3D BIM objects in site laser scans. This thesis presents a novel system that combines 3D object recognition technology with schedule information into a combined 4D object based construction progress tracking system. The performance of the system is investigated on a comprehensive field database acquired during the construction of a steel reinforced concrete structure, Engineering V Building at the University of Waterloo. It demonstrates a degree of accuracy that meets or exceeds typical manual performance. However, the earned value tracking is the most commonly used method in the industry. That is why the object based automated progress tracking system is further explored, and combined with earned value theory into an earned value based automated progress tracking system. Nevertheless, both of these systems are focused on permanent structure objects only, not secondary or temporary. In the last part of the thesis, several approaches are proposed for concrete construction secondary and temporary object tracking. It is concluded that accurate tracking of structural building project progress is possible by combining a-priori 4D project models with 3D object recognition using the algorithms developed and presented in this thesis.

Organisationer med komplexa projekt som sträcker sig över ett flertal år finner svårigheter att förhålla sig till projektens fördefinierade parametrar tid, kostnad och omfattning. Skenande kostnader och förseningar är vanligt förekommande i dessa typer av projekt, då projekten omfattar ett samspel av ett flertal aktiviteter och där projektets omfattning ofta förändras. Det finns metoder som verksamheter kan tillämpa för att kontrollera ovannämnda parametrar och i ett tidigt skede kunna identifiera när någon av parametrar tenderar att överskridas. En metod som styrker prestationsmätningar är Earned Value Mangament, EVM. Syftet med studien var att identifiera vart organisationer brister gentemot branschstandarden inom EVM, ANSI/EIA-748. Standarden innehåller viktiga steg för att kunna utföra en korrekt prestationsmätning tillsammans med teorin från Earned Value Management. Resultat studien presentera indikerar på att organisationer måste skapa tydliga riktlinjer hur ANSI/EIA-748 skall tillämpas. Till exempel att alla bryter ner arbetet och fördelar sina budgetar på samma sätt. Studiens resultat antyder också att Rolling Wave är ett lämpligt verktyg för komplexa och långa projekt. Av den anledningen att projektledare inte planerar för mycket i onödan eftersom projektets omfattning ständigt förändras.

A sobrevivência de uma organização no mundo de hoje é alcançada através da busca por oportunidades e os projetos são lançados com o propósito de tirar vantagens destas oportunidades. De acordo com Smith e Merritt (2002), em relação a outros tipos de projetos, os de desenvolvimento de produto trazem elementos de risco adicionais, pois a estes está associado um grande teor de inovação. O gerenciamento de riscos é um componente fundamental para se obter êxito no gerenciamento de projetos. \"[...] Sem um tratamento adequado, riscos podem introduzir o caos e o fracasso ao projeto, por mais que este tenha sido inicialmente bem planejado e gerenciado [...]\" (ROYER, 2000, p. 6, tradução nossa). Este trabalho apresenta, com base em uma revisão bibliográfica, os processos, conceitos e ferramentas de gerenciamento de riscos e, através de um estudo de caso, explora sua aplicação em um projeto da Embraer para desenvolvimento de um novo produto, que utilizando um gerenciamento de riscos baseado na mensuração e controle sistemático do valor da exposição aos riscos, entregou todos os produtos finais contratados dentro do prazo e custos previstos e em conformidade com todos os requisitos técnicos especificados. O mesmo desempenho não foi verificado em um projeto predecessor, também da Embraer, similar em escopo e tecnologia envolvida, e que teve o seu gerenciamento de riscos implementado somente alguns anos após a sua ativação. Este projeto predecessor conseguiu entregar para o cliente todos os produtos contratados, porém com prazos e custos muito além das previsões iniciais. / Nowadays, the survival of an organization is reached through the search for opportunities and projects are launched in order to take advantage of these opportunities. According to Smith and Merritt (2002), product development projects, compared with other types of projects, have additional risk elements due to the high level of innovation associated to them. The risk management is a vital component for achieving the success in project management. \"[...] without mitigation, risks will introduce chaos and failure into an otherwise well-planned and managed project [...]\" (ROYER, 2000, p. 6). This dissertation presents the risk management processes, concepts and tools based on literature review and explores, using the methodology of case study, its application in an Embraer\'s project for the development of a new product that, through a risk management based on the systematic measurement and control of the risk exposure value, delivered all the contracted final deliveries within foreseen dates and costs, and in conformity with the specified technical requirements. The same performance was not noticed in a previous project, from Embraer as well, similar in scope and technology involved that had its risk management implanted only some years after its beginning. This previous project managed to deliver all contracted products to customer, however with dates and costs far beyond the initial forecasting.

Nesta dissertação é realizada a aplicação do método do valor agregado no monitoramento e controle da execução de obras de loteamentos urbanos residenciais. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a aplicação do método e sobre os métodos e teorias de gestão mais usuais no controle de obras da construção civil. Como não foi identificada nenhuma bibliografia com a aplicação do método do valor agregado nesse tipo de obras, foi realizada a aplicação em trinta e quatro empreendimentos de uma empresa do setor, a fim de verificar sua efetividade no monitoramento e controle das obras. Essa aplicação foi descrita detalhadamente para possível aplicação em ferramenta de monitoramento e controle de outras obras de loteamentos urbanos residenciais, que compreende obras de infraestrutura urbana, edificações e paisagismo. Para verificação da efetividade da aplicação do método do valor agregado, foi analisado o seu resultado em relação ao custo real final das obras e realizada a comparação entre as projeções de prazo e custo obtidas com a aplicação e as projeções do método atual de monitoramento e controle da empresa. Dessa forma, verificou-se que a aplicação do método do valor agregado para projeção de custos de obras é efetiva, porém não apresenta os mesmos resultados em relação à projeção de prazo de finalização. / This dissertation performs the application of the earned value analysis (EVA) in the execution\'s monitoring and controlling of residential urban development projects. Initially, it was done a bibliographic review about the application of EVA and about the most recognized methods and theories of management and construction work\'s controlling. How it wasn\'t found bibliography about the application of the earned value analysis in this type of projects, it was applied in thirty-four projects of a company of the sector, in order to verify its effectiveness in the work\'s monitoring and controlling. This application was described in detail for future application in a monitoring and controlling\'s tool for other residential urban development works, which includes urban infrastructure works, buildings and landscaping. In order to verify the effectiveness of the method\'s application, the result was analyzed in relation of final real cost of works and a comparison was done between the projections of time and cost obtained with the application of EVA with the projections obtained with the current method of monitoring and controlling of the company under study. Therefore, it was verified that the application of the earned value analysis for the projection of construction costs is effective, but it doesn\'t show the same results about the projection of the work\'s completion period.

El estudio, de tipo correlacional, se realizó al proyecto Centro Comercial Sur Sector Cuatro, de la empresa JE Construcciones SA; ubicada en la ciudad de Lima y parte de aplicar los lineamientos de la guía del PMBOK en la gestión del tiempo, costo y calidad; analizando y evaluando, la problemática generada en la obra durante la etapa de ejecución del periodo 15-03-15 al 15-05-15, hito importante en el proyecto. El análisis parte de dos escenarios: “Primer escenario”, representa el avance real en obra y “Segundo escenario”, representa el avance con el cronograma propuesto, calculándose el valor ganado del primer escenario que fue de S./115,342,840.09 y del segundo escenario que fue de S./153,008,434.03; que refleja la ejecución de obra sin retrasos y pérdidas económicas respecto al tiempo. La gestión de los costos, analiza las valorizaciones quincenales en la curva S para ambos escenarios, obteniéndose los indicadores que determinan el desempeño global de la obra. Para el primer escenario, la estimación a la conclusión (EAC) es S/. 216, 393,289.13 respecto al costo directo (BAC). La gestión de la calidad, implicó la aplicación del diagrama de Ishikawa y el diagrama de Pareto, evaluándose el impacto en el tiempo por los reprocesos del periodo en estudio, denotando una duración total de 76 días y el costo de S. / 86,067.90 que representa el 1.11% del periodo en estudio, conllevando a proponer el plan de calidad, protocolos para mejorar la calidad en los procesos. The study, of type correlational, was realized to the project “Centro Comercial Sur” sector four, of the company JE Constructions SA; located in the city of Lima and part of applying the alignments of guide of the PMBOK in the management of the time, cost and quality; analyzing and evaluating, the problematics generated in the work during the stage of execution of the period 15-03-15 to 15-05-15, important event in the project. The analysis departs from two scenarios: "The First scene", represents the real advance in work and "The Second scene", represents the advance with the proposed chronogram, there being calculated the earned value of the first scene that was S./115,342,840.09 and the second scene that was S./153,008,434.03; that reflects the execution of work without delays and economic losses with regard to the time. The management costs, analyzes the fortnightly valuations in the S curve for both scenarios, obtaining the indicators that determine the overall performance of the work. For the first scenario, the estimate at completion (EAC) is S /. 216, 393,289.13 regarding the direct cost (BAC). The quality management, involved the application of Ishikawa diagram and Pareto chart, evaluating the impact in time to rework the study period, implying a total duration of 76 days and the cost of S / 86,067.90 representing 1.11% of the study period, leading to propose the quality plan, protocols to improve process quality.

This diploma thesis analyzes the current state of development projets at company in therms of planning and monitoring of progression with using project management according to the principles PMBOK. Its aim is to design improvements that would help streamline the functioning of department.

El objetivo de esta tesis es presentar la planificación del proyecto "Comisionado de Componentes Mecánicos, Eléctricos e Instrumentación del Proyecto Minero Las Canarias ", incluyendo la simulación de una solicitud de cambio y su impacto en el proyecto. El proyecto ejecutado por C-MARA incluye componentes mecánicos, eléctricos e instrumentación. Las áreas de ejecución de las pruebas son chancado, molienda, flotación, filtros, pebbles y espesadores. En el inicio del proyecto se desarrolla la descripción general del proyecto. Para la definición de alcance fueron importantes las especificaciones técnicas incluidas en el contrato. Para la gestión de los costos del proyecto se consideró la reserva de contingencia y la reserva de gestión. La gestión de riesgos se realizó en base a la definición del proyecto, contando con la participación de los interesados claves. La gestión de las adquisiciones e interesados, se desarrolló de acuerdo a los requerimientos y la experiencia proporcionada por C-MARA. La gestión del valor ganado fue usada para la evaluación del estado del proyecto. El cierre del proyecto puso en práctica lo planificado para la transferencia al área de operaciones del cliente, incluyendo la recopilación de las lecciones aprendidas. Finalmente, se concluye que la tesis presenta un plan efectivo y real, incluyendo la simulación de un cambio importante. / The objective of this thesis is to present the planning of the project "Commissioning of Mechanical, Electrical and Instrumentation Components of the Las Canarias Mining Project", including the simulation of one application of change and its impact on the project. The project executed by C-MARA, it includes components Mechanical, Electrical and Instrumentation. The areas of execution of the tests are: crushed, grinding, floating, filters, pebbles and thickeners. In the initiation of the project will develop the description generally of the project. For the definition of scope, the technical specifications included in the contract were important. For the management of the cost of the project is considered the reserve of contingency and the reserve of management. The management of risks is made, on the basis of the definition of the project, with the participation of key stakeholders. The management of the Procurement and Stakeholders, is developed in accordance to the requirements and the experience provided by C-MARA. The Earned Value Management was used for the assessment of the status of the project. The Close of the project put in practice as planned for the transfer to the area of operations of the customer including recompilation of the lessons learned. Finally, it is concluded that the thesis presents an effective and real plan, including the simulation of an important change. / Trabajo de investigación