Master of Science / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / Mitchell L. Neilsen / The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is currently researching the effectiveness of various earth dam designs and their ability to prevent erosion. This report utilizes experimental results from the USDA experimental hydraulic engineering research unit to develop computational fluid dynamics models using OpenFOAM. Several variations of smooth and stepped dam models are created and analyzed with OpenFOAM on multiple cores using Message Passing Interface. In this report, seven dam designs are analyzed to extract flow velocities and pressures and animations. This data and OpenFOAM models are helpful for determining potential erosion conditions.

nÃo hà / A evoluÃÃo das anÃlises de estabilidade de taludes na Engenharia GeotÃcnica segue de perto o desenvolvimento da MecÃnica dos Solos. Escorregamentos de taludes sÃo uma das formas mais frequentes de movimento de massa. No caso de barragens de terra, trÃs dificuldades sÃo encontradas quando se analisa a estabilidade de taludes: a) a variabilidade dos parÃmetros de resistÃncia do solo; b) dificuldades de se prever as condiÃÃes de fluxo de Ãgua e as pressÃes piezomÃtricas resultantes, e c) dificuldade de antecipaÃÃo das formas mais provÃveis de ruptura, as superfÃcies potenciais a elas associadas e os mecanismos de ruptura envolvidos. Essas dificuldades refletem diretamente no nÃmero de falhas em barragens de terra, que responde por 66% dos acidentes em barragens em todo o mundo. Dados da AgÃncia Nacional de Ãguas apontam que entre 2002 e 2010 foram registrados 800 incidentes com barragens. Como acidentes de grandes proporÃÃes, cita-se a ruptura da barragem de rejeitos de Cataguazes (MG), em marÃo de 2003, que deixou milhÃes de pessoas por semanas sem abastecimento, em razÃo do lanÃamento de soda cÃustica no rio ParaÃba do Sul, bem como o rompimento da barragem de AlgodÃes, em maio de 2009, no PiauÃ. Dessa forma, em razÃo das inÃmeras incertezas nos projetos das barragens, à necessÃria a utilizaÃÃo de metodologia que leve em consideraÃÃo a variabilidade dos componentes envolvidos nas anÃlises de estabilidade de taludes, uma vez que essas incertezas nÃo sÃo consideradas nos mÃtodos determinÃsticos. A anÃlise probabilÃstica de estabilidade de taludes, utilizando o mÃtodo de Monte Carlo, torna-se uma importante ferramenta durante a construÃÃo, enchimento e operaÃÃo de barragens de terra. PropÃe este trabalho uma metodologia simplificada para estimar os parÃmetros hidrÃulicos do solo mediante a retroanÃlise das condiÃÃes de fluxo, comparando as cargas piezomÃtricas medidas no maciÃo, com as calculadas por um programa de computaÃÃo comercial, para, em seguida, estimar a probabilidade de falha nos taludes da barragem de terra. A probabilidade de falha do talude de jusante, anÃlise na condiÃÃo de cheia mÃxima e anÃlise de estabilidade do talude de montante na condiÃÃo de rebaixamento rÃpido, foram realizadas para o caso da barragem Olho dâÃgua, no Estado do CearÃ. / The evolution of slope stability analysis in geotechnical engineering has followed closely the development of soil mechanics . Slope landslides are one of the most frequent forms of mass movement . In the case of earth dams, three difficulties are encountered when analyzing the slope stability: a) the variability of soil strength parameters, b) difficulty of predicting the conditions of water flow and resulting piezometric pressures, and c) difficulty in predicting the most probable forms of rupture, the potential surfaces associated to them, and the rupture mechanisms involved . These difficulties reflect directly on the number of failures recorded with dams, which accounts for 66 % of accidents in dams around the world. Data from the National Water Agency of Brazil show that between 2002 and 2010, 800 incidents were recorded dams. As major accidents, the rupture of tailings in Cataguazes dam in the state of Minas Gerais in March 2003, which left millions of people without water for weeks , due to leakage of caustic soda in the ParaÃba do Sul river , as well as the failure in the AlgodÃo Dam, in May 2009, in Piauà state in northeastern Brazil may be mentioned . Thus, because of the many uncertainties in the projects of dams, the use of a methodology that takes into account the variability of the components involved in the analysis of slope stability of dams is necessary, since these uncertainties are not considered in deterministic methods. The probabilistic analysis of slope stability using the Monte Carlo method, turns out to be an important evaluating tool during construction, filling and operation of earth dams. This work proposes a simplified methodology for estimating soil hydraulic parameters, by means of back-analysis of seepage conditions, comparing the pressure heads measured by standpipe piezometer in the dam, together with those calculated by commercial computing program to, then, estimate the dam slopes probability of failures. The reliability analysis of the downstream slope of the dam in the high level of water condition was done, such as the backslope stability analysis during rapid drawdown of the Olho dâÃgua dam in the State of CearÃ, Brazil.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18569号 / 工博第3930号 / 新制||工||1604(附属図書館) / 31469 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 清野 純史, 教授 三村 衛, 准教授 古川 愛子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

An earth dam and a dike is one kind of hydraulic construction, which is built with highly compacted earth and can be used for the purpose of containing water in a reservoir to secure the water supply, and in flood control. Earth dam and dike can be a safety issue, as it can experience catastrophic destruction due to the slope failure caused by various factors, such as construction materials, vegetation, atmospheric conditions and so on. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the saturation degree (or water content) on the stability of earth dam and dikes under the consideration of precipitation and vegetation with the program PCSiWaPro® (developed at the Technical University of Dresden, Institute of Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment). The preliminary tests on a physical model have shown that the security and stability has been already severely compromised in the partially saturated region, i.e. the area above the seepage line was in great danger and it came quickly to landslides on the air side. Before the stability analysis could be done for those unsaturated zones, water flow processes and water saturation in the saturated and partially saturated soil area were simulated using the simulation program PCSiWaPro® under transient boundary conditions. The integration of a weather generator into PCSiWaPro® allows a transient water flow calculation with respect to atmospheric conditions (precipitation, evaporation, daily mean temperature and sunshine duration) and removal of water by plant roots and leaves. Finally, with the Program PCSiWaPro® and Gmsh, a 2D dynamic model of water content distribution in the earth dam could be built, incorporating information of not only climate parameters and vegetation but also geometry, soil properties, geohydraulic conditions and time-dependent boundary conditions. The simulation results of several scenarios both in the laboratory and in the field of China and Germany clearly demonstrated that the accordance between measured values and calculated values for water content using the simulation program PCSiWaPro® was very good. In addition, two kinds of stability analysis models (the Infinite Slope Model and the BISHOP’S Model, one kind of the limit equilibrium method), which were both developed from the old Mohr-Coulomb Model, have been improved with the additional consideration of root reinforcement in the upper layer of the slope and soil water in the earth slope. The Infinite Slope Model has been proved to be mainly applied for the surficial landslide; while the BISHOP’S Model is more responsible for the deeper slip landslide forecasting. Then based on the PCSiWaPro® simulation result of water content in the unsaturated slope in the earth bodies from two study sites, Fs (safety of factor) calculation for those earth slopes was derived providing a sufficient forecasting system for the slope-failure-flood. The results have been compared with the calculated Fs values from the old models (without consideration of the influence of water content change on the slope stability) to study how significantly water content increased the risk of slope landslides.

[pt] Itaipu Binacional é uma usina hidrelétrica localizada no Rio Paraná, entre Brasil e Paraguai. A barragem que forma o reservatório é composta por estruturas de concreto, enrocamento e terra. Após o enchimento do reservatório, em 1984, o nível do lago se manteve com variação média de 1,5 m, entre as cotas 219 m e 220,5 m, cotas de operação da usina, apenas em poucas ocasiões foi reduzido abaixo da cota 219 m. Entre os anos de 2012 e 2015, devido à crise hídrica no sudeste do país, Itaipu passou a operar de maneira atípica a fim de suprir a queda na produção energética de outras usinas, isso fez com que a variação do nível do reservatório aumentasse para 4 m e permanecesse mais tempo em cotas abaixo do nível normal. Nesse mesmo período a instrumentação apontou um recalque de aproximadamente 5 cm em um trecho da Barragem de Terra da Margem Esquerda (BTME). Esse recalque está abaixo dos limites previstos, porém foi considerado atípico já que, desde a construção, os recalques medidos variam de 1 a 2 cm. Neste trabalho foram realizadas simulações para análises de fluxo, estabilidade e recalques no referido trecho, considerando a variação do nível do reservatório no período atípico. As análises permitiram observar o comportamento das poropressões no maciço compactado e fundação, determinar os fatores de segurança críticos para o período nos taludes de montante e jusante e em que momento eles acontecem. As simulações também mostraram que o recalque detectado pela instrumentação não é atribuído ao adensamento primário devido à variação do nível do reservatório. / [en] Itaipu Binacional is a hydroelectric plant located on the Parana River,between Brazil and Paraguay. The dam that forms the reservoir is made up of concrete, rock and earth-filled structures. After the reservoir was filled in 1984, the level of the lake remained with an average variation of 1,5 m, between 219 m and 220,5 m (the operating elevation of the plant). The reduction below elevation 219 m only happened in very few occasions. Between the years of 2012 and 2015, due to the water crisis in the southeast of the country, Itaipu began to operate in an unprecedented manner, in order to compensate for the decrease in other energy production plants. Such operation not only caused the reservoir variation level to increase to 4 m, but also made the water level remain below the average readings. In the same period, the instrumentation indicated, in a specific region, a 5 cm settlement of the Left Earth Dam. This fact was considered atypical, because, since the construction, the measured recharges had varied 1 or 2 cm at most. In this work, flow, stability and recharge simulations were performed to analyze the abovementioned region considering the variation of the reservoir level in this uncharacteristic period. With these analyzes it was possible to observe how the porepressures behave in the dam and foundation; what the critical safety factors for the period in the upstream and downstream slopes are; and when they occur. The simulations also showed that the settlement detected by the instrumentation isn t attributed to consolidation due to the variation of the reservoir level.

Dispersive soils are prevalent in many areas of South Africa and the presence of these soils has not only posed a problem in earth dam construction but has led to problems with a number of road projects. The use of dispersive soils in roadway embankments and structures can lead to serious engineering problems if the soils are not accurately identified before use and appropriate mitigation measures taken. Although the causes and consequences of soil dispersion are well understood, the consistent and positive identification of dispersive soils still remains a problem. Many identification methods have been proposed but none has been completely successful. The current tests used for identification include the pinhole, double hydrometer, crumb and chemical tests, which are generally used in combination to obtain the most reliable outcome. These laboratory tests, however, have not always been entirely consistent, either when used in combination or individually, and it is possible that the reason lies in the actual testing procedures. Recent investigations have shown that in many cases the identification and classification problems appear to be related to inconsistencies in the test methods and testing protocols. This has been highlighted recently at various conferences and presentations in South Africa, with a recommendation that the problem be investigated fully. The main objective of this project was thus to carry out a detailed investigation into the current methods used for the testing and identification of dispersive soils. The test methods were thoroughly analysed and shortcomings identified. The differences in results and interpretation resulting from different test techniques are examined and solutions to overcome the problems proposed. A further objective of this study is the assessment of the interpretation of results obtained from dispersive soil chemical analysis. A pilot study was first carried out, which recognized deficiencies in the identification process resulting from problems with the test methods. The pilot study allowed for the identification of these shortcomings in the test methods and their modification. The modified methods were used in the full study to obtain more consistent and reliable results. The study found the pinhole test as well as the Gerber and Harmse (1987) ESP versus CEC chart to be highly unreliable. The double hydrometer and crumb tests are good indicators of dispersivity if carried out accurately and repeatably using a standard test method. The chemical analysis of the soils should be carried out using the standard methods employed by the Soil Science Society of South Africa. Final rating systems were also found to be unreliable since they put a great deal of weight on the poorly reproducible pinhole test. Emphasis is thus put on the test methods being as simple and unambiguous as possible to promote repeatability and reproducibility of the results. Recommendations are finally made proposing a suite of tests as well as a decision process which should be followed when faced with a potentially dispersive soil. This investigation was aimed solely at the evaluation of test protocols and not the suitability or specification of limits for any rating systems. This should now be assessed using the standard test methods proposed in this thesis. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Geology / unrestricted

An earth dam and a dike is one kind of hydraulic construction, which is built with highly compacted earth and can be used for the purpose of containing water in a reservoir to secure the water supply, and in flood control. Earth dam and dike can be a safety issue, as it can experience catastrophic destruction due to the slope failure caused by various factors, such as construction materials, vegetation, atmospheric conditions and so on. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the saturation degree (or water content) on the stability of earth dam and dikes under the consideration of precipitation and vegetation with the program PCSiWaPro® (developed at the Technical University of Dresden, Institute of Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment). The preliminary tests on a physical model have shown that the security and stability has been already severely compromised in the partially saturated region, i.e. the area above the seepage line was in great danger and it came quickly to landslides on the air side. Before the stability analysis could be done for those unsaturated zones, water flow processes and water saturation in the saturated and partially saturated soil area were simulated using the simulation program PCSiWaPro® under transient boundary conditions. The integration of a weather generator into PCSiWaPro® allows a transient water flow calculation with respect to atmospheric conditions (precipitation, evaporation, daily mean temperature and sunshine duration) and removal of water by plant roots and leaves. Finally, with the Program PCSiWaPro® and Gmsh, a 2D dynamic model of water content distribution in the earth dam could be built, incorporating information of not only climate parameters and vegetation but also geometry, soil properties, geohydraulic conditions and time-dependent boundary conditions. The simulation results of several scenarios both in the laboratory and in the field of China and Germany clearly demonstrated that the accordance between measured values and calculated values for water content using the simulation program PCSiWaPro® was very good. In addition, two kinds of stability analysis models (the Infinite Slope Model and the BISHOP’S Model, one kind of the limit equilibrium method), which were both developed from the old Mohr-Coulomb Model, have been improved with the additional consideration of root reinforcement in the upper layer of the slope and soil water in the earth slope. The Infinite Slope Model has been proved to be mainly applied for the surficial landslide; while the BISHOP’S Model is more responsible for the deeper slip landslide forecasting. Then based on the PCSiWaPro® simulation result of water content in the unsaturated slope in the earth bodies from two study sites, Fs (safety of factor) calculation for those earth slopes was derived providing a sufficient forecasting system for the slope-failure-flood. The results have been compared with the calculated Fs values from the old models (without consideration of the influence of water content change on the slope stability) to study how significantly water content increased the risk of slope landslides.

[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta a implementação computacional pelo método dos elementos finitos de procedimentos para análise de problemas de escavação e de fluxo permanente bidimensional, não confinado, para solos saturados. Tais procedimentos, particularmente indicados para investigação do comportamento mecânico/hidráulico de barragens de terra, vem completar o trabalho iniciado por Parra (1996) para análise do comportamento de barragens sob carregamentos estático e sísmico. Foram implementadas duas técnicas para simulação de escavações, obtendo-se, em ambas, resultados numéricos praticamente idênticos. O procedimento para análise de fluxo permanente foi baseado na proposição de Bathe e Khoshgoftarr (1979), a qual considera a situação de fluxo não-confinado como problema não linear, porém conservando a configuração original da malha de elementos finitos. Os resultados numéricos obtidos neste trabalho foram detalhadamente comparados com os valores publicados na literatura, numéricos ou analíticos, como forma de assegurar a confiabilidade das implementações computacionais. A previsão do comportamento da barragem de terra Macusani, a ser construída no Peru, foi estudada neste trabalho, nos aspectos referentes às fases de escavação, construção, primeiro enchimento do reservatório e determinação da superficie de infiltração de fluxo permanente. Os resultados assim obtidos podem ser eventualmente úteis no detalhamento do projeto final da obra. / [en] This work presents a computer implementation for finite element analysis of excavation problems and unconfined steady state flow through saturated soils. These computer routines are particularly useful for the study of earth dams and they were written with the aim to pursue the development of a numerical model (Parra, 1996) devised to investigate the behavior of earth dams under static and seismic loading. Two techniques were implemented for excavation simulations, with both yielding the some numerical results. For the unconfined fluid flow problem the technique proposed by Bathe and Khoshgoftaar (1979) was adopted, which recasts the problem in a non-linear form but keeps the same basic finite element mesh. The results computed in this research were compared with other analytical and numerical values published in the literature, in order to ensure, as much as possible, the feasibility and efficiency of the computer implementations. The behavior prediction of the Macusani earth dam, to be built in Peru, was also studied in this research, focusing on several aspects related to its planned construction: the excavation, the construction itself and the first reservoir filling. This results may eventually be useful for the final engineering design of the Macusani dam. / [es] El presente trabajo presenta la implementación computacional de procedimentos para análisis de problemas de excavación y de flujo permanente bidimensional, para suelos saturados utilizando el método de elementos finitos. Tales procedimentos, particularmente indicados para la investigación del comportamiento mecánico/hidráulico de represas, completa el trabajo iniciado por Parra(1996) para análisis del comportamiento de represas bajo sobrecarga estática y sísmica. Se implementaron dos técnicas para simulación de excavaciones, obteniendo, en ambas, resultados numéricos prácticamente idénticos. El procedimento para análisis de flujo permanente tubo como base la propuesta de Bathe y Khoshgoftarr (1979), que considera la situación de flujo no confinado como problema no lineal, pero conservando la configuración original de la malla de elementos finitos. Los resultados numéricos obtenidos em este trabajo fueron detalladamente comparados con los valores publicados en la literatura, numéricos o analíticos, para asegurar la confiabilidad de las implementaciones computacionales. La previsión del comportamiento de la represa de Macusani, que será construida en Perú, fue estudiada en este trabajo, especifícamente los aspectos vinculados a las fases de excavación, construcción y determinación de la superficie de infiltración de flujo permanente. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser eventualmente útiles en el proyecto final de la obra.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T19:48:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WashingtonLET_TESE.pdf: 9876489 bytes, checksum: b0b53c16cdf88ab9e63cb1b22c08ab0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-17 / The monitoring of Earth dam makes use of visual inspection and instrumentation to identify and characterize the deterioration that compromises the security of earth dams and associated structures. The visual inspection is subjective and can lead to misinterpretation or omission of important information and, some problems are detected too late. The instrumentation are efficient but certain technical or operational issues can cause restrictions. Thereby, visual inspections and instrumentation can lead to a lack of information. Geophysics offers consolidated, low-cost methods that are non-invasive, non-destructive and low cost. They have a strong potential and can be used assisting instrumentation. In the case that a visual inspection and strumentation does not provide all the necessary information, geophysical methods would provide more complete and relevant information. In order to test these theories, geophysical acquisitions were performed using Georadar (GPR), Electric resistivity, Seismic refraction, and Refraction Microtremor (ReMi) on the dike of the dam in Sant Lloren? de Montgai, located in the province of Lleida, 145 km from Barcelona, Catalonia. The results confirmed that the geophysical methods used each responded satisfactorily to the conditions of the earth dike, the anomalies present and the geological features found, such as alluvium and carbonate and evaporite rocks. It has also been confirmed that these methods, when used in an integrated manner, are able to reduce the ambiguities in individual interpretations. They facilitate improved imaging of the interior dikes and of major geological features, thus inspecting the massif and its foundation. Consequently, the results obtained in this study demonstrated that these geophysical methods are sufficiently effective for inspecting earth dams and they are an important tool in the instrumentation and visual inspection of the security of the dams / O monitoramento do comportamento de barragens de terra faz uso da inspe??o visual e da instrumenta??o para identificar e caracterizar danos no barramento ou estruturas auxiliares. A primeira ? subjetiva possibilitando erros de interpreta??o ou omiss?o, mesmo assim, alguns problemas s? podem ser detectados tardiamente. A instrumenta??o tem se mostrado satisfat?ria, mas pode apresentar restri??es por quest?es t?cnicas ou operacionais. Assim, pode existir defici?ncia nas informa??es produzidas pela inspe??o visual e pela instrumenta??o. A Geof?sica disp?e de m?todos consolidados, n?o invasivos, n?o destrutivos, e de baixo custo, com forte potencial para atuar auxiliando a instrumenta??o convencional, podendo, no caso de inexist?ncia ou falha geral desta, fornecer informa??es mais completas e relevantes que a inspe??o visual. Para fundamentar essas afirma??es, foram realizadas aquisi??es geof?sicas de Resistividade El?trica, Georadar (GPR), S?smica de refra??o, e Refraction Microtremor (ReMi) no dique da barragem de Sant Lloren? de Montgai, localizada na prov?ncia de Lleida, a 145 Km de Barcelona Catalunha. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram que os m?todos geof?sicos utilizados respondem individualmente de forma satisfat?ria ?s condi??es construtivas do dique de terra, ?s anomalias presentes, e ? geologia encontrada (aluvi?o, rochas carbon?ticas e evapor?ticas). Pode se afirmar ainda que esses m?todos, quando utilizados de forma integrada, s?o capazes de diminuir as ambiguidades nas interpreta??es individuais e permitem o imageamento satisfat?rio do interior do dique e das principais fei??es geol?gicas e dessa forma inspecionar o maci?o e sua funda??o. Dessa forma, os resultados apresentados por essa pesquisa demonstram que os m?todos geof?sicos constituem uma importante ferramenta que pode ser utilizada na verifica??o das condi??es do maci?o de uma barragem de terra

[pt] Construção de barragens de terra é uma atividade milenar, empregada com o objetivo de atender às mais diversas necessidades humanas como o armazenamento de água, irrigação, regularização de cursos d água, geração de enregia elétrica, etc. Ao longo da história, o projeto destas obras de terra passou de conceito simples, baseados em técnicas empíricas e regras intuitivas, para as análises modernas que consideram o comportamento da barragem em suas diversas fases de vidas (construção, enchimento do reservatório, regime de plena operação), sob carregados estáticos e sísmicos, condições de contorno complexas e sofisticadas relações constitutivas dos materiais da estrutura e do maciço de fundação. Nesta trabalho a construção, primeiro enchimento do reservatório e a resposta sísmica da barragem de terra de Pomacocha, Peru, são analisados pelo método dos elementos finitos, utilizando o software ABAQUS (versus 6.3). Os campos de tensão e de deslocamentos para diversos estágios de aplicação dos carregamentos estático e sísmico são apresentados, incluindo-se histórias de deformação e de tensão para determinados pontos do corpo da barragem e do solo de fundação. / [en] Dam construction is a millenary activity, carried out with the objective of fulfilling human necessities as water supply, land irrigation, water flow regularization, electric power generation, etc. Along the history, the design of these earthworks evolved from simple concepts, based on empirical techniques and rules of thumb, to modern analyses that consider all phases of a dam s life (construction, first reservoir filling, full operation) understatic and seismic loads, as well as complex boundary conditions and sophisticated constitutive relationships for the structure itself and the foundation mass. In this work, the construction, first reservoir filling and the seismic response of the Pomacocha Dam, located in Peru, are analyzed by the finite element method using the software ABAQUS (version 6.2). At several loading stages the corresponding stress and displacement are presented as well as, for some specific points in the dam body and in the foundation soil, the characteristic stress and strain histories during the static and seismic loads.