L’utilisation des bois pour des usages structuraux en ingénierie mécanique, sous forme de bois massifs ou éléments reconstitués, suppose une bonne connaissance des propriétés des composants bois élémentaires utilisés. Faute de cela, les bois restent exclus du monde moderne de la conception mécanique.En Languedoc-Roussillon, les pins constituent la ressource forestière principale (30 % des bois sur pieds). La valorisation de cette ressource est un enjeu majeur pour l’interprofession de la filière bois. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’examiner la possibilité de prédire les propriétés de base des bois de pin « sans défauts », à partir de mesures non destructives disponibles. L’étude a été réalisée sur quatre des espèces de pins les plus présentes : pin sylvestre, pin à crochets, pin laricio et pin maritime.Les indicateurs de base retenus sont la densité (obtenue par mesure de masse et de volume), le module spécifique (obtenu par mesure vibratoire) et des indicateurs issus de la spectroscopie proche infrarouge (NIRS). Les propriétés technologiques étudiées sont les neuf constantes de la matrice élastique (obtenues par mesures ultrasonores sur une éprouvette unique), les coefficients de retrait et retraits totaux ainsi que la résistance en rupture en compression axiale (obtenus par les essais normalisés).L’analyse des données permet de construire des modèles prédictifs des propriétés de base, uniques pour l’ensemble des pins étudiés, à partir des indicateurs mesurés sur chaque échantillon de bois « sans défauts ».Il est alors possible d’associer à une pièce de bois donnée, une fiche technique des propriétés utiles à la conception mécanique. Les indicateurs choisis étant facilement mesurables dans le milieu industriel, le transfert de la méthode est envisageable. Chaque pièce de bois d’intérêt (i.e. avec peu de défauts) pourrait être rapidement caractérisée. Associé à une bonne traçabilité (par code barre par exemple) cette démarche permettrait d’identifier clairement chaque pièce et ses propriétés, donnant ainsi la possibilité au concepteur de sélectionner les matériaux les mieux adaptés à ses besoins. / Using wood for mechanical engineering as solid wood or glued solid timber (or glued laminated timber) requires a good knowledge of the properties of each elementary piece. Due to this lack of knowledge, woods are still not used in modern mechanical design.In the Languedoc-Roussillon French region, pines are the dominant forest resource (approx. 30 % of standing wood). The development of this resource is a major interest for the inter-branch organisation. The aim of this PhD work is to examine the possibility to predict basic useful properties of pine clear wood, based on available non-destructive methods. The study has been made on four of the most present species: Laricio black pine, Maritime pine, Mountain pine and Scots pine.Basic relevant indicators are the density (obtained by mass and volume measurements), the specific modulus of elasticity (obtained by vibrational measurements) and indicators from Near Infrared Resonance Spectroscopy (NIRS). Technological properties are the nine components of the elastic matrix (obtained by resonant ultrasonic measurements on a single specimen), hygroscopic dilatations and compressive breaking strength along the fibres (obtained in standard testing conditions).Data analysis allows to build some predictive models, unique for the whole pine selection, of basic properties, from indicators measured on each specimen of clear wood.Therefore it is possible to associate to a given piece of wood, a technical specification sheet of useful properties for mechanical design. Selected indicators are common measurements in industry and knowledge transfer is conceivable. Each interesting piece of wood (i.e. with few defects) could be rapidly characterized. Related to a good traceability this process could lead to identify clearly each piece and its properties, giving the possibility to the designer to select the best materials to his or her needs.

Esta dissertação demonstra a possibilidade de aplicação dos princípios ecológicos no design de jóias com o objetivo de contribuir para a sistematização do conhecimento sobre o ecodesign de jóias. Num primeiro momento, a fundamentação teórica foi realizada por meio de pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, apoiada pela revisão e discussão da literatura técnica e científica sobre jóia, design de jóias e ecodesign de produtos. Essa etapa forneceu os subsídios para o desenvolvimento das jóias ecológicas realizadas pelo autor entre 2007 e 2009 e constituintes dos três casos estudados. A revisão da literatura, contraposta à experiência do autor como designer de jóias, possibilitou a construção do instrumento de análise ecológica de produtos joalheiros. Após a descrição dos casos, passou-se a analisá-los sob a ótica do conhecimento teórico sobre o ecodesign de jóias, através da aplicação do instrumento de análise construído, a fim de verificar a pontuação ecológica e os limites e vantagens ambientais constatados no desenvolvimento dos produtos, bem como os níveis de eficácia, eficiência e ecoeficiência das jóias, comprovando a possibilidade real do ecodesign de jóias. Como resultados, a pesquisa obteve: três conjuntos diferentes de jóias ecológicas, realizados com metais advindos de reciclagem e de resíduos sólidos industriais; uma proposta de conceito de jóia na sociedade contemporânea; a análise do ciclo de vida específico do produto joalheiro e a sistematização do design de jóias em relação ao perfil do profissional, às especificidades do projeto, aos meios de produção e aos impactos ambientais envolvidos. A pesquisa indicou caminhos possíveis para o desenvolvimento de jóias ecológicas, especificando os critérios e requisitos que o projeto de produto joalheiro ecologicamente correto deve satisfazer. / This dissertation demonstrates the possibility of application of ecological principles on the jewelry design of with the aim to contribute to knowledge systematization about jewelry eco-design. Initially, the theoretical foundation came from exploratory and descriptive research, supported by review and discussion of technical and scientific literature on jewelry, jewelry design and product eco-design. This step provided subsidies for the development of ecological jewels made by the author between 2007 and 2009, constituting the three cases studied. A review of the literature, as opposed to the author experience on jewelry design, drove the construction of the instrument to ecological analysis on jewelry products. After a description of the cases, they were analysed from the perspective of theoretical knowledge on eco-design jewelry, by applying the analysis tool built in order to check the score and the ecological limits and environmental benefits observed in the development products, beyond the level of effectiveness, efficiency and ecoefficiency of jewelry, proving the real possibility of jewelry eco-design. As a result, the research found three different sets of ecological jewels, processed with recycled metal and industrial solid waste; a proposed concept of jewelry in contemporary society; the analysis of specific life cycle of jewelry product and systematic knowledge about jewelry design in relation to the professional profile, the design specificities, the means of production and environmental impacts involved. Research has indicated possible ways to develop ecological jewels, specifying the criteria and requirements that the jewelry product eco-friendly design must meet.

L'éco-conception est un processus permettant aux entreprises industrielles d'assumer leur responsabilité relative aux impacts générés par leurs produits. Les contraintes liées aux impacts environnementaux sont intégrées dans les stades avancés de la conception. Du fait de ses spécificités, tant au niveau de la structure du produit que de la complexité des processus de conception, l'industrie microélectronique s'est trouvée jusqu'alors en marge de considérations avancées sur l'impact de ses produits. L'objectif du travail de recherche est de définir une méthodologie d'éco-conception dédiée à la microélectronique permettant d'identifier les méthodes, outils et indicateurs susceptibles d'être déployés dans les départements de R&D. La stratégie associée vise à accroître la sensibilité environnementale des concepteurs et à les conduire à trouver des alternatives influant positivement sur l'environnement. Notre méthodologie repose sur une plateforme méthodologique intégrant plusieurs outils, chacun dédié à une activité indépendante de la conception de produits microélectroniques. L'évaluation environnementale est basée sur l'analyse de cycle de vie (ACV). Dans les phases préliminaires de conception, la connaissance du produit (structure, propriétés et performances) est limitée, alors la modélisation de son cycle de vie est réalisée à l'aide « d'ACV-simplifiée » : cela consiste à prédire l'impact d'un produit en développement grâce à des mécanismes d'adaptation par analogie basés sur l'étude des générations précédentes. En plus de solutions techniques appropriées, l'intégration de l'éco-conception dans une entreprise nécessite certains changements organisationnels : une modification du processus de conception a été proposée ainsi que des recommandations pour l'intégration d'un système de gestion de l'environnement orienté sur les produits. / Eco-design represents a natural process for industries wishing to fulfil their role in safeguarding environment and resources. The constraint linked to impacts becomes a decisive factor which can be systematically integrated in the early stages of products development. Because of chips specificities, both in structure and complexity of design process, microelectronic industry has been up to now out of advanced considerations related to chips environnemental performances. Our target was to define an eco-design methodology dedicated to microelectronic sector including the identification of methods, tools and indicators which have the highest chance to be deployed in R&D departments. The strategy aims to increase designers' environmental consciousness and drive them to explore innovative opportunities that can positively impact the environment during design phase. Our methodology relies on a platform integrating three tools, each one of them dedicated to a part of chip design. Environmental analysis is based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In the preliminary stages of design, knowledge on product (structure, properties and performances) is limited so the evaluation is assessed using “Quick LCA”: it consists in predicting the environmental footprint of an under-development product thanks to adaptive mechanism based on the evaluation of previous generations. In addition to technical solutions, an optimized integration of an innovative process such as eco-design requires organizational changes into the company: a proposal for internal design process modification was done including recommendations for integration of a product-oriented management system.

Esta dissertação demonstra a possibilidade de aplicação dos princípios ecológicos no design de jóias com o objetivo de contribuir para a sistematização do conhecimento sobre o ecodesign de jóias. Num primeiro momento, a fundamentação teórica foi realizada por meio de pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, apoiada pela revisão e discussão da literatura técnica e científica sobre jóia, design de jóias e ecodesign de produtos. Essa etapa forneceu os subsídios para o desenvolvimento das jóias ecológicas realizadas pelo autor entre 2007 e 2009 e constituintes dos três casos estudados. A revisão da literatura, contraposta à experiência do autor como designer de jóias, possibilitou a construção do instrumento de análise ecológica de produtos joalheiros. Após a descrição dos casos, passou-se a analisá-los sob a ótica do conhecimento teórico sobre o ecodesign de jóias, através da aplicação do instrumento de análise construído, a fim de verificar a pontuação ecológica e os limites e vantagens ambientais constatados no desenvolvimento dos produtos, bem como os níveis de eficácia, eficiência e ecoeficiência das jóias, comprovando a possibilidade real do ecodesign de jóias. Como resultados, a pesquisa obteve: três conjuntos diferentes de jóias ecológicas, realizados com metais advindos de reciclagem e de resíduos sólidos industriais; uma proposta de conceito de jóia na sociedade contemporânea; a análise do ciclo de vida específico do produto joalheiro e a sistematização do design de jóias em relação ao perfil do profissional, às especificidades do projeto, aos meios de produção e aos impactos ambientais envolvidos. A pesquisa indicou caminhos possíveis para o desenvolvimento de jóias ecológicas, especificando os critérios e requisitos que o projeto de produto joalheiro ecologicamente correto deve satisfazer. / This dissertation demonstrates the possibility of application of ecological principles on the jewelry design of with the aim to contribute to knowledge systematization about jewelry eco-design. Initially, the theoretical foundation came from exploratory and descriptive research, supported by review and discussion of technical and scientific literature on jewelry, jewelry design and product eco-design. This step provided subsidies for the development of ecological jewels made by the author between 2007 and 2009, constituting the three cases studied. A review of the literature, as opposed to the author experience on jewelry design, drove the construction of the instrument to ecological analysis on jewelry products. After a description of the cases, they were analysed from the perspective of theoretical knowledge on eco-design jewelry, by applying the analysis tool built in order to check the score and the ecological limits and environmental benefits observed in the development products, beyond the level of effectiveness, efficiency and ecoefficiency of jewelry, proving the real possibility of jewelry eco-design. As a result, the research found three different sets of ecological jewels, processed with recycled metal and industrial solid waste; a proposed concept of jewelry in contemporary society; the analysis of specific life cycle of jewelry product and systematic knowledge about jewelry design in relation to the professional profile, the design specificities, the means of production and environmental impacts involved. Research has indicated possible ways to develop ecological jewels, specifying the criteria and requirements that the jewelry product eco-friendly design must meet.

This diploma thesis deals with the problem of ecological design and optimization of electrical products. The theoretical part describes the ecodesign legislation and assessment tools. The practical part is deals with created software for evaluation and comparison of electrical products. I analyzed three flash drives, which are commonly used. In these flash drives analyze packages and these packages were evaluated and compared with software. The last section describes the problems of availability of the necessary information.

No description available.

Interest in environmental issues has increased enormouslyover the last few decades and environmental problems areperceived to be on the increase. Due to the fact that thenumber of products on the market increases enormously, it isevident that we face a great challenge to overcome the problemconcerning our consumer society. An increasing barrage oflegislation accompanied by the public’s awareness of, andconcern for, the environment forcing the industry to respond.Products and their environmental impact have moved to thecentre stage and it is widely believed that designers have akey role in adapting products to a sustainable society. Threekey issues are identified in this development scenario: (a) theimportance of adapting products to a more sustainable society,(b) the specific situation facing the designer, especially inearly design phases, and (c) balancing environmental impactswith functional preferences. Research in this thesis presents a theoretical framework fordescribing environmental issues and the role of the designer inproduct development, as well as functional characteristics ofproducts in the early phases of design. Based on anengineering-design science foundation, theoretical models andconcepts have been developed describing how both functional andenvironmental preferences can be visualised in design forenvironment and product development. Case studies andinterviews have been performed and integrated into a coherenttheoretical model for identifying and evaluating functional andenvironmental preferences within ecodesign approach andreasoning. The overall concept proposed in this thesis is called theeco functional matrix, based on two parts: functional profileand environmental profile. The functional profile represent thefunctional characteristics and environmental profile theenvironmental characteristics respectively of a product in theearly phases of design. One of the objectives behind theconcept is to highlight the importance of balancing functionalrequirements and environmental impacts, presenting both theadvantages and disadvantages of the product. The basic idea isto account for user and societal preferences as well asenvironmental impact when assessing alternative productconcepts at early design stages. Balancing both the functionalrequirements and the negative environmental impacts of productsis the road to sustainable development. <b>KEYWORDS</b>Design for environment, life-cycle design,eco-design, eco-design methods, product environmentalcharacteristics, product functional characteristics, customerbenefit, value analysis, functional profile, environmentalprofile, eco functional matrix, product properties.

<p>Interest in environmental issues has increased enormouslyover the last few decades and environmental problems areperceived to be on the increase. Due to the fact that thenumber of products on the market increases enormously, it isevident that we face a great challenge to overcome the problemconcerning our consumer society. An increasing barrage oflegislation accompanied by the public’s awareness of, andconcern for, the environment forcing the industry to respond.Products and their environmental impact have moved to thecentre stage and it is widely believed that designers have akey role in adapting products to a sustainable society. Threekey issues are identified in this development scenario: (a) theimportance of adapting products to a more sustainable society,(b) the specific situation facing the designer, especially inearly design phases, and (c) balancing environmental impactswith functional preferences.</p><p>Research in this thesis presents a theoretical framework fordescribing environmental issues and the role of the designer inproduct development, as well as functional characteristics ofproducts in the early phases of design. Based on anengineering-design science foundation, theoretical models andconcepts have been developed describing how both functional andenvironmental preferences can be visualised in design forenvironment and product development. Case studies andinterviews have been performed and integrated into a coherenttheoretical model for identifying and evaluating functional andenvironmental preferences within ecodesign approach andreasoning.</p><p>The overall concept proposed in this thesis is called theeco functional matrix, based on two parts: functional profileand environmental profile. The functional profile represent thefunctional characteristics and environmental profile theenvironmental characteristics respectively of a product in theearly phases of design. One of the objectives behind theconcept is to highlight the importance of balancing functionalrequirements and environmental impacts, presenting both theadvantages and disadvantages of the product. The basic idea isto account for user and societal preferences as well asenvironmental impact when assessing alternative productconcepts at early design stages. Balancing both the functionalrequirements and the negative environmental impacts of productsis the road to sustainable development.</p><p><b>KEYWORDS</b>Design for environment, life-cycle design,eco-design, eco-design methods, product environmentalcharacteristics, product functional characteristics, customerbenefit, value analysis, functional profile, environmentalprofile, eco functional matrix, product properties.</p>

Examensarbetet har genomförts vid Högskolan i Skövde i samverkan med Nobia AB. Målet var att implementera ekodesignmetoder i Nobias befintliga designprocess och att genomföra en fallstudie på en kökslucka. Fallstudien genomfördes för att verifiera ekodesignprocessen och för att föreslå ett lämpligt material till en kökslucka. Under litteraturstudien undersöktes begrepp såsom hållbar utveckling, ekodesign och livscykel. Intervjuer genomfördes för att undersöka Nobias designprocess och för att identifiera aktiviteterna i varje fas i processen. Faserna var Idégenerering, Konceptutveckling, Produktutveckling och Industrialisering. Flera alternativa ekodesignmetoder studerades för att undersöka om de var lämpliga att implementera i Nobias befintliga designprocess, bland annat Statusanalys och olika Checklistor. De förväntade egenskaperna för ekodesignprocessen sammanställdes i en kravspecifikation. Ekodesignmetoderna som implementerades i Nobias befintliga designprocess resulterade i en ekodesignprocess, som bestod av Ekostrategihjul, Philips five fast, Jämförelsematris, Ekodesignportfolio, Miljöriskanalys och Scorecard. Fallstudien inleddes med skapandet av en kravspecifikation beträffande materialets förväntade egenskaper. De mest intressanta materialen var Medium Density Fibreboard, bambu och gran. Genom en analys av olika material ansågs gran vara det bästa materialet, eftersom det medförde minst utsläpp vid transport, tillgången är god samt är lokalt producerat. Det framkom att tillämpningen av ekodesign inom produktutveckling medför många fördelar, som till exempel en trivsam arbetsplats, motiverade medarbetare och en mer hållbar designprocess. En hållbar designprocess bidrar till att utveckla hållbara produkter, vilket bidrar till en bättre miljö. / The bachelor project has been carried out at the University of Skövde in collaboration with Nobia AB. The purpose of the project was to implement eco-design methods into the company’s existing design process and to accomplish a case study of a cabinet door. The purpose of the case study was to verify the proposed eco-design process and suggest a material for a cabinet door. Sustainable development, eco-design and lifecycle were studied during the literature study. Interviews were carried out to study the design process at Nobia and to identify the different activities in every phase of the process. The phases were Idea Generation, Concept Development, Product Development and Industrialization. Several eco-design methods were studied to assess their potential to be implemented into Nobia’s existing design process, for example Status Analysis and various Checklists. The expected characteristics of the eco-design process were compiled into a requirement specification. The methods which were implemented into Nobia’s existing design process resulted in an Eco-design process which consisted of Ekostrategihjul, Philips five fast, Jämförelsematris, Eco-design portfolio, Environmental Failure Mode and Effect Analysis and Scorecard. The case study was initiated by compiling a requirement specification. The most promising materials were Medium Density Fibreboard, bamboo and fir. Through analysis of various materials fir was considered as the best material because of low levels of pollution during transportation, good access to the raw material and it is also locally manufactured. The results show that the use of eco-design within product development entails many advantages, such as, a pleasant place of work, motivated staff, and a more sustainable design process. A sustainable design process will contribute to the development of sustainable products, which entails a better environment.

Bakgrund: För att underlätta organisationers ansvarstagande gällande miljöpåverkan har standarder införts med syfte att ge stöd i utformning av miljöledningssystem. Ett vida använt verktyg är ISO 14001 vilken framhåller ständiga förbättringar i förhållande till den enskilda organisationens satta miljömål. På grund av standardens generella utformning är det upp till den enskilda organisationen att implementera denna på ett sätt som bäst passar verksamheten. Forskning pekar på att ISO 14001 innehar en ledande roll då det kommer till tillverkande företags miljöengagemang. Dock påvisar forskare att standarden inte är tillräcklig när det kommer till kommersiella produkters miljöpåverkan, men att företag som varit ISO 14001-certifierade en längre tid ändå i stor utsträckning arbetar systematiskt med denna aspekt. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur miljöhänsyn utformas och implementeras i ISO 14001-certifierade företags produktutveckling då man utifrån tidigare forskning kan anta att detta innebär organisationsspecifika varianter. Metod: För att uppfylla studiens syfte har fallstudier i fyra svenska företag genomförts. Dessa företag har representerats av personer vilka besitter ansvar gällande miljöaspekter i produktutvecklingsprocessen. Vidare har studien baserats på sekundärkällor. Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen består av forskning kring miljöledningssystem, ISO 14001 och design med miljöhänsyn samt Røviks översättningsteori. Slutsats: Studien visar på att företag har utvecklade system kring tillämpning av miljöhänsyn i produktutveckling. Dessa stammar från rutiner härledda från de miljömål som formulerats enligt ISO 14001. Vidare engageras personal som arbetar i anslutning till produktutveckling genom utbildningar i miljöfrågor och det enskilda företagets miljöpåverkan. / Background: To facilitate environmental responsibility among organisations, standards with the purpose to provide support in the implementation of environmental management systems have been introduced. A widely used tool is the ISO 14001-standard which highlights continual improvements in relation to the environmental goals of the specific organisation. Due to the generic design of the standard it is up to the organisation to implement it in a way that is most appropriate. Research shows that ISO 14001 makes a difference when it comes to the engagement for the environment of producing companies. However, scholars stress that the standard is not sufficient regarding commercial products, but also highlights findings which suggest that companies that have been ISO 14001-certified during a longer period of time in a greater extent have conducted systems that manage these aspects. Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate how environmental responsibility is designed and implemented in the product development of ISO 14001-certified companies since one due to previous research can assume that this implies individual variances of the specific organization. Method: Case studies of four Swedish companies have been conducted in order to fulfill the aim of the study. These companies have been represented by individuals that possess positions concerning environmental aspects in the product development process. Additionally the study has been based on secondary sources. Theories: Research regarding environmental management systems, ISO 14001 and eco-design together with translation theory according to Røvik. Conclusion: The study shows that companies have developed systems regarding implementation of environmental aspects in their product development. These aspects derive from routines based on environmental goals formulated according to ISO 14001. Further, employees connected to the product development are educated in environmental aspects and the environmental impact of the individual company which accordingly affects the product development processes.