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Por favor, corrija as informações e realize uma nova submissão Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-08-24T12:29:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marco Antonio Paula Pinheiro null (marcoppinheiro@gmail.com) on 2017-08-28T20:45:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_MES_MARCO.pdf: 2722547 bytes, checksum: ae4fdc9bcfee0d0cd239a8018faaedec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-08-29T12:51:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pinheiro_map_me_bauru.pdf: 2722547 bytes, checksum: ae4fdc9bcfee0d0cd239a8018faaedec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T12:51:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pinheiro_map_me_bauru.pdf: 2722547 bytes, checksum: ae4fdc9bcfee0d0cd239a8018faaedec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-03 / Apesar de muitos estudos abordarem gestão de portfólio de produtos e ecodesign, são poucos o que tratam desses temas de maneira integrada. Além disso, algumas pesquisas recentes têm sinalizado a importância de se iniciarem investigações que integrem essas áreas. Diante disso, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo propor framework que integra práticas do ecodesign na gestão de portfólio de produtos, seguido pela avaliação deste framework em empresas brasileiras que desenvolvem produtos baseados na biodiversidade. A pesquisa foi composta por duas fases complementares: a primeira constituiu-se de um estudo teórico que visou levantar os principais trabalhos pertinentes aos temas gestão de portfólio de produtos e ecodesign, o qual serviu como base para a elaboração de framework teórico de integração do ecodesign à gestão de portfólio de produtos. Na segunda fase foram realizados workshops de avaliação do framework com times de desenvolvimento de produtos de duas empresas de biodiversidade e que possuem diferentes níveis de maturidade em termos de implementação de questões ambientais no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos. Considerando os resultados da pesquisa, foi possível identificar e analisar dimensões e agrupamentos de atividades que podem compor a integração do ecodesign à gestão de portfólio de produtos, compreendendo as práticas de ecodesign que podem ser aplicadas neste contexto e, ainda, avaliar a aplicabilidade do framework proposto, do ponto de vista de duas empresas de biodiversidade em estágios distintos do desenvolvimento de produtos verdes. Os agrupamentos de atividades que mais se destacaram na literatura e se mostraram relevantes no ambiente corporativo foram a aplicação de checklist de avaliação, pontuação e ranqueamento dos projetos, a integração com stakeholders e, também, a preocupação de se inserir portfólio de produtos verdes no planejamento estratégico das firmas. Conclui-se que para as firmas em estágios menos maduros de gestão ambiental possam obter melhor desempenho no desenvolvimento de produtos verdes, estas devem adotar formalmente a gestão de portfólio de produtos alinhada às dimensões gerenciais e agrupamentos de atividades, adotando métodos e ferramentas de ecodesign de simples aplicação, além de atividades relacionadas à estratégia e estrutura organizacional, presentes no framework aqui proposto. / Although many studies address the product portfolio management and ecodesign, few are dealing with issues in an integrated way. In addition, some recent research has shown the importance of initiating investigations that integrate these areas. The goal of this research was to propose a framework that integrates ecodesign practices in portfolio management, followed by evaluation of the framework in Brazilian companies that develop products based on biodiversity. The research was composed of two complementary phases: a first one consisted of a theoretical study that aimed to collect the main relevant works of product portfolio management and ecodesign, which serves as basis for the elaboration of the theoretical framework of ecodesign integration on product portfolio management. In the second phase, it was conducted framework evaluation workshops with product development teams of two biodiversity companies in different levels of maturity in terms of implementing environmental issues in the product development process. Regarding the results of this research, it was possible to identify and analyze dimensions and clusters of activities that can compose the integration of ecodesign on the product portfolio management, including practices that can be applied and also an evaluation of the applicability of the proposed framework, from the point of view of two biodiversity companies at different stages in sustainable development. The clusters of activities highlighted in the literature and that have shown relevant in a corporate environment are the application of evaluation checklist, project punctuation and ranking, integration with stakeholders and also a concern to insert a green portfolio products in the strategic planning of firms. It is concluded that for firms in less mature stages of environmental management to obtain better performance in green development products, they must formally adopt product portfolio management aligned with managerial dimensions and groupings of activities, adopting simple ecodesign methods and tools application, in addition to activities related to the strategy and organizational structure, present in the proposed framework.

O presente trabalho buscou verificar aspectos relacionados ao (re)aproveitamento e agregação de valor, analisando a viabilidade técnica e de investimento em processos de coloração artificial do “basalto carijó” (riodacito) utilizando efluentes dos processos de tingimento inorgânico vermelho de ágata. Para isto foram inicialmente buscadas e descritas informações acerca das cadeias produtivas da ágata e do basalto e processos de beneficiamento destas, bem como de processos de impregnação industrialmente utilizados. A partir das informações obtidas foi iniciado o ciclo de ensaios e análises, dividido em três fases. Todos os ensaios realizados tiveram como objetivo, além do tingimento da rocha, o desenvolvimento de processos ambientalmente sustentáveis. Na primeira fase, dada a falta de informações sobre processos de impregnação em rochas ou materiais idênticos, foram utilizados processos de simples imersão, sob vácuo e/ou pressão. O primeiro ensaio foi estabelecido aleatoriamente e os subsequentes programados a partir da análise visual dos resultados obtidos nos anteriores. Na segunda fase, considerando a baixa influência verificada pelas cargas de pressão e vácuo utilizadas anteriormente, optou-se pela utilização de aquecimento de 90ºC durante os ensaios – processo baseado nos utilizados para o tingimento da ágata – tendo, diferentemente da primeira fase, todos os ensaios seus parâmetros de execução previamente estabelecidos. Nestes, foram obtidos resultados mais ágeis e melhores no que tange a alteração de cor. Após a realização dos processos de tingimento, as amostras foram serradas, para a verificação da possível impregnação do efluente, e, posteriormente, uma das metades de cada amostra levada à queima em forno sob temperatura de 200ºC durante 8 horas – processo também baseado nos utilizados para o tingimento da ágata. Na terceira fase, buscando a minimização da possibilidade de volatilização do efluente e da impregnação deste na rocha – não verificada nas amostras serradas na segunda fase de ensaios – foi reduzida para 40ºC a temperatura de aquecimento utilizada durante os processos e aumentados os tempos de exposição das amostras ao pigmentante. Também nesta fase foram utilizados efluentes provenientes de lotes com diferentes concentrações de Fe para a verificação da influência desta nos resultados. Ao final, também foram serradas e queimadas as amostras. Os resultados obtidos em cada ensaio foram digitalmente registrados para análise quantitativa utilizando padrão H (matiz), S (saturação) e B (brilho). Tecnicamente, após a análise quantitativa, foram verificados melhores resultados nos processos desenvolvidos na fasedois (sob 90ºC) sendo, a partir destes desenvolvida análise de investimento para ambas as indústrias envolvidas – ágata e basalto. Bons resultados foram obtidos na análise de investimento para a indústria de beneficiamento de ágata a partir dos valores de mercado utilizados como parâmetros. Já para a indústria de beneficiamento do basalto o impacto do custo de contratação dos serviços de tingimento junto à indústria da ágata determinou a inviabilidade de investimento no processo. / This study aimed to verify aspects concerning to (re)use and appreciation, analyzing the technical and the investment feasibility in artificial processes to dye "Basalto Carijó" (rhyodacite) using effluent from dyeing processes of inorganic red agate. Initially are described and sought information about supply chains and beneficiation processes of production chains agate and basalt, as well as impregnation processes industrially used. From the information obtained was started the three stages of experimentation and analysis. All trials were designed, to beyond the dyeing of the rocks, to advance in environmentally sustainable processes. In the first stage, given the lack of information about impregnation process on rocks or identical materials, simple immersion processes were used under vacuum and / or pressure. The first trial was randomly established and the subsequent programmes was starting from the visual analysis of the results obtained in the precedents. In the second stage, considering the low influence verified by loads of pressure and vacuum used previously, we opted for the use of heating of 90 ° C during the trials - based process used in for dyeing agate - having, unlike the first phase, all trials was previously established. Better, with respect to color change, and more agile results were obtained in these experiments. After completion of the dyeing process, the samples were sawn, to check the possible impregnation of the effluent, and subsequently one half of each sample was burned oven at a temperature of 200 ° C for 8 hours - process also based in used to dyeing agate. In the third phase, seeking to minimize the possibility of volatilization of the wastewater and soak this in the rock - not observed in samples sawn in the second phase of trials - was reduced to 40 ° C heating temperature used during the procedure and was increased the time of exposure the samples to the colorant. Also at this stage effluents from batches with different concentrations of Fe to verify the influence of the results were used. At the end, were also burnt the halves of the sawn samples. The results obtained in each experiment were digitally recorded for quantitative analysis using H (hue), S (saturation) and B (brightness) standard colours. Technically, after the quantitative analysis, the best results on the processes developed in phase two (under 90) being developed from these investment analysis for both industries involved have been checked. Good results were obtained in the analysis of investment industry for beneficiation agate from the market values used as parameters. As for the processing industry Basalt the impact of the cost of hiring the services of dyeing with the agate industry determined the impracticability of investment in the process.

Le développement durable est la conceptualisation de la transition imposée de la Société humaine vers un modede développement soutenable pour la planète, pour trouver une solution de sortie à la crise de l’Environnement. Acet égard, l’écoconception est l’une des solutions que le monde industriel et entrepreneurial se propose de mettreen application. Elle consiste à prendre en compte les impacts environnementaux sur l’ensemble du cycle de vied’un produit (bien ou service) lors de la conception de celui-ci. L’intégration de la dimension Environnementsoulève une triple complexité : (i) celle liée à la nature multicritère de la dimension Environnement, (ii) celle liéeà la compréhension de la dimension Environnement par les acteurs de la conception de produits dont la résistancepeut être un frein à une bonne intégration, et (iii) celle liée au processus de conception et d’innovation d’un produit,spécialement dans le cas des produits complexes. Or malgré la multitude d’outils d’écoconception qui a étédéveloppée, peu de sujets de recherche s’intéressent à la prise en compte à la fois des aspects techniques etorganisationnels, lors de l’intégration de la dimension Environnement en phase d’innovation d’un produitcomplexe. Cette thèse vise donc à expérimenter, chez un constructeur d’automobiles, une stratégie d’intégrationde l’évaluation environnementale d’innovations incrémentales nommée E3PICS (Methodology of an Evolutiveintegration of the Evaluation of the Environmental Performances of Innovative Complex Sub-systems). Mise enforme par des contraintes à la fois techniques et organisationnelles, la stratégie E3PICS emploie une démarcheprogressive d’intégration d’un référentiel évolutif d’écoconception dans les processus d’ingénierie avancéed’éléments innovants qui seront raccordés à des projets de développement des véhicules. La première étape estcelle de la conception itérative du référentiel évolutif d’écoconception avec l’équipe écoconception (au sein duservice Environnement) et les pilotes d’innovations, permettant ainsi un apprentissage croisé. La deuxième étapeest celle de l’accompagnement de l’ensemble des pilotes d’innovations dans l’utilisation systématique duréférentiel d’écoconception. La troisième étape consiste à développer un outil analytique d’évaluation de l’impactd’innovations sur la recyclabilité en fin de vie des véhicules. Elle nécessite la création de modèles de véhiculesafin de contourner le manque de données sur le système complet en cours de conception et de faire une projectioncet impact. La quatrième et dernière étape concerne le développement d’un deuxième outil analytique pourl’évaluation de l’impact d’innovations sur la performance environnementale sur le cycle de vie des véhicules. Dela même manière, cet outil nécessite une méthode de développement de modèles environnementaux de véhicules ;cependant, pour les impacts environnementaux calculés sur le cycle de vie, contrairement à la recyclabilité qui estcalculée sur le véhicule en fin de vie, ces modèles sont basés sur le traitement par classification ascendantehiérarchique de résultats d’analyse de cycle de vie de véhicules. Les expérimentations ont été réalisées chez PSAPeugeot Citroën. La stratégie E3PICS a permis d’intégrer dans les processus d’innovation, l’utilisation duréférentiel d’écoconception et de systématiser son utilisation, dans l’optique d’une amélioration continue pérennedes véhicules du constructeur. / Sustainable development is the conceptualization of transition imposed from human society towards a sustainableway of development for the world to find a solution to the crisis of the Environment. In this regard, ecodesign isone of the solutions that the industrial and business world proposes to implement. It consists of taking into accountthe environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a product (good or service) in the design of it. Integratingthe Environment dimension raises a triple complexity: (i) the one related to the multi-criteria nature of theEnvironment dimension, (ii) the one related to understanding the Environment dimension by actors designingproducts who may resist and be a barrier to successful integration, and (iii) the one related to process design andinnovation of a product, especially in the case of complex products. But despite the multitude of ecodesign toolsthat has been developed, few research topics are interested in taking into account both technical and organizationalaspects, while integrating environment in the innovation phase of a complex product. Therefore this thesis aims toexperiment, by a car manufacturer, an integration strategy of the environmental evaluation of incrementalinnovations, named E3PICS (Methodology of an Evolutive integration of the Evaluation of the EnvironmentalPerformances of Innovative Complex Sub-systems). Framed by constraints on the technical and organizationalconstraints, E3PICS strategy employs a progressive approach to integrate a scalable ecodesign repository inadvanced process engineering of innovative features that are connected to development projects vehicles. The firststep is the iterative design of the scalable ecodesign repository with the ecodesign team (in the EnvironmentDepartment) and innovation leaders, allowing cross learning. The second step is to accompany all the innovationleaders in the systematic use of the ecodesign repository. The third step is to develop an analytical tool for assessingthe impact of innovations on the recycling end of life vehicles. It requires the creation of models of vehicles tobypass the lack of data on the complete system under design and project impact. The fourth and final step is thedevelopment of a second analytical tool for assessing the impact of innovations on environmental performanceover the life cycle of vehicles. Similarly, the tool requires a method of developing environmental models ofvehicles; however, for environmental impacts calculated on the life cycle, unlike recyclability which is calculatedon the vehicle end of life, these models are based on the treatment by hierarchical clustering of vehicle life cycleassessment results . The experiments were performed at PSA Peugeot Citroen. The E3PICS strategy has helped tointegrate the processes of innovation using the eco-design repository and systematize its use in the context of asustainable continuous improvement of vehicle manufacturer.

O presente trabalho buscou verificar aspectos relacionados ao (re)aproveitamento e agregação de valor, analisando a viabilidade técnica e de investimento em processos de coloração artificial do “basalto carijó” (riodacito) utilizando efluentes dos processos de tingimento inorgânico vermelho de ágata. Para isto foram inicialmente buscadas e descritas informações acerca das cadeias produtivas da ágata e do basalto e processos de beneficiamento destas, bem como de processos de impregnação industrialmente utilizados. A partir das informações obtidas foi iniciado o ciclo de ensaios e análises, dividido em três fases. Todos os ensaios realizados tiveram como objetivo, além do tingimento da rocha, o desenvolvimento de processos ambientalmente sustentáveis. Na primeira fase, dada a falta de informações sobre processos de impregnação em rochas ou materiais idênticos, foram utilizados processos de simples imersão, sob vácuo e/ou pressão. O primeiro ensaio foi estabelecido aleatoriamente e os subsequentes programados a partir da análise visual dos resultados obtidos nos anteriores. Na segunda fase, considerando a baixa influência verificada pelas cargas de pressão e vácuo utilizadas anteriormente, optou-se pela utilização de aquecimento de 90ºC durante os ensaios – processo baseado nos utilizados para o tingimento da ágata – tendo, diferentemente da primeira fase, todos os ensaios seus parâmetros de execução previamente estabelecidos. Nestes, foram obtidos resultados mais ágeis e melhores no que tange a alteração de cor. Após a realização dos processos de tingimento, as amostras foram serradas, para a verificação da possível impregnação do efluente, e, posteriormente, uma das metades de cada amostra levada à queima em forno sob temperatura de 200ºC durante 8 horas – processo também baseado nos utilizados para o tingimento da ágata. Na terceira fase, buscando a minimização da possibilidade de volatilização do efluente e da impregnação deste na rocha – não verificada nas amostras serradas na segunda fase de ensaios – foi reduzida para 40ºC a temperatura de aquecimento utilizada durante os processos e aumentados os tempos de exposição das amostras ao pigmentante. Também nesta fase foram utilizados efluentes provenientes de lotes com diferentes concentrações de Fe para a verificação da influência desta nos resultados. Ao final, também foram serradas e queimadas as amostras. Os resultados obtidos em cada ensaio foram digitalmente registrados para análise quantitativa utilizando padrão H (matiz), S (saturação) e B (brilho). Tecnicamente, após a análise quantitativa, foram verificados melhores resultados nos processos desenvolvidos na fasedois (sob 90ºC) sendo, a partir destes desenvolvida análise de investimento para ambas as indústrias envolvidas – ágata e basalto. Bons resultados foram obtidos na análise de investimento para a indústria de beneficiamento de ágata a partir dos valores de mercado utilizados como parâmetros. Já para a indústria de beneficiamento do basalto o impacto do custo de contratação dos serviços de tingimento junto à indústria da ágata determinou a inviabilidade de investimento no processo. / This study aimed to verify aspects concerning to (re)use and appreciation, analyzing the technical and the investment feasibility in artificial processes to dye "Basalto Carijó" (rhyodacite) using effluent from dyeing processes of inorganic red agate. Initially are described and sought information about supply chains and beneficiation processes of production chains agate and basalt, as well as impregnation processes industrially used. From the information obtained was started the three stages of experimentation and analysis. All trials were designed, to beyond the dyeing of the rocks, to advance in environmentally sustainable processes. In the first stage, given the lack of information about impregnation process on rocks or identical materials, simple immersion processes were used under vacuum and / or pressure. The first trial was randomly established and the subsequent programmes was starting from the visual analysis of the results obtained in the precedents. In the second stage, considering the low influence verified by loads of pressure and vacuum used previously, we opted for the use of heating of 90 ° C during the trials - based process used in for dyeing agate - having, unlike the first phase, all trials was previously established. Better, with respect to color change, and more agile results were obtained in these experiments. After completion of the dyeing process, the samples were sawn, to check the possible impregnation of the effluent, and subsequently one half of each sample was burned oven at a temperature of 200 ° C for 8 hours - process also based in used to dyeing agate. In the third phase, seeking to minimize the possibility of volatilization of the wastewater and soak this in the rock - not observed in samples sawn in the second phase of trials - was reduced to 40 ° C heating temperature used during the procedure and was increased the time of exposure the samples to the colorant. Also at this stage effluents from batches with different concentrations of Fe to verify the influence of the results were used. At the end, were also burnt the halves of the sawn samples. The results obtained in each experiment were digitally recorded for quantitative analysis using H (hue), S (saturation) and B (brightness) standard colours. Technically, after the quantitative analysis, the best results on the processes developed in phase two (under 90) being developed from these investment analysis for both industries involved have been checked. Good results were obtained in the analysis of investment industry for beneficiation agate from the market values used as parameters. As for the processing industry Basalt the impact of the cost of hiring the services of dyeing with the agate industry determined the impracticability of investment in the process.

La montée en puissance des enjeux environnementaux incite les industriels de la mécanique à intégrer la dimension environnementale dans le processus de conception de leurs produits. Un nouveau contexte de conception émerge : les fournisseurs sont de plus en plus fortement impliqués dans les processus de leurs clients. Ils atteignent, de ce fait, un niveau de responsabilité élevé et peuvent, par leurs actions, fortement influencer la performance environnementale d’un système final. Il devient ainsi nécessaire de favoriser l’intégration de la dimension environnementale au sein des relations entre clients et fournisseurs. Cette intégration se confronte à trois verrous majeurs : (1) un verrou organisationnel qui est lié le déficit d’intégration de l’environnement au sein des différents niveaux hiérarchiques d’une organisation, (2) un verrou opérationnel qui concerne le manque d’expertise environnemental, limitant la pérennité de l’intégration la dimension environnementale dans le processus de conception des entreprises, (3) un verrou relationnel qui est lié à une relation déséquilibrée entre clients et fournisseurs. Nos travaux aboutissent au développement de la méthode GECO (Gestion de L’Environnement dans la relation Client/fOurnisseur). Elle se destine à l’accompagnement des entreprises de la mécanique dans une gestion cohérente, pro-active et sur-mesure de la dimension environnementale avec leurs clients et fournisseurs. D’abord, elle permet d’établir le diagnostic des enjeux environnementaux clients devant être pris en compte à court et à long terme. Le but est de faire apparaître les enjeux nécessitant une montée en compétence rapide afin d’anticiper les futures évolutions sectorielles. La méthode propose, dans un seconde temps, un ensemble d’actions et d’outils d’éco-conception à mette en place afin d’accompagner cette montée en compétence. Enfin, la méthode GECO assiste la formalisation d’une stratégie environnementale adaptée aux profils de maturité des fournisseurs. La méthode a été expérimentée en milieu industriel au cours de deux cas d’étude réalisées, pour l’un, chez un grand systémier du secteur ferroviaire et, pour l’autre, avec le concours d’une petite entreprise du secteur de la défense. La pertinence de la méthode a ainsi été confirmée, notamment en ce qui concerne la partie diagnostic. / The increase of the environmental issues drives to the integration of the environmental dimension in the product design process of companies of the mechanical industry. This process has widely evolved for the last decades, since suppliers are more deeply involved into their clients' process. As they reach a high level of responsibility, they may heavily influence the product environmental performance of a final system. Hence it is required to improve the integration of the environment in the client/supplier relationship. This integration is however limited due to three main issues : (1) an organizational issue linked the low integration of the environment in corporate hierarchical levels, (2) an operational issue which refers to the reduced environmental expertise which limits the long-term integration of the environment in the product design process, (3) a relational issue which concerns the unbalanced relationship between clients and suppliers. Our research work leads to the method GECO (Management of the Environment in the Client/Supplier relationship). It supports mechanical companies though a consistent, pro-active and tailor made approach within the management of the environment with clients and suppliers. First, the method allows companies to visualize the growing clients’ environmental issues they would potentially have to face up in short and long term. Thus it provides strategic information to focus the efforts on the relevant environmental issues. Second, the method provides a roadmap which guides companies with the choice of the relevant methods and tools to respond to the clients’ requirements. Finally, the method GECO supports the elaboration of an environmental strategy adapted to the suppliers' maturity. The method was experimented though two study cases with a large company from the railway industry and a small company of the defense sector. The relevance of the method has been confirmed, especially the diagnosis part.

This work deals with ecological design and appraisal of quality of the electronic devices throughout their life cycle. This area known worldwide as Eco-Design, becomes an integral part of all electro technical productions. This work brings out not only conception of the Eco-Design, but also next related areas with the aim to decrease limitation of negative impact on environment. At the end of the work is compared and summarized the ecological evaluation of the concrete product types.

Procurement in public and non-public organisations has the potential to influence product development towards more environmentally preferable products. In 2003, public procurement in Sweden was 28% of GDP. Different types of approaches can contribute some knowledge and thereby facilitate the choice of environmentally preferable products. The thesis focuses on procurement in Swedish Defence. According to a decision by the Swedish government in 1998, the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) and Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) are required to take environmental consideration in all phases of the acquisition process. The importance of a life cycle perspective is stressed in several SAF and FMV environmental documents. The starting point of this thesis was that environmental consideration should be taken in the Swedish acquisition of defence materiel, considering the whole life cycle of products. The aim was to produce suggestions for how this can be done. In order to make this suggestion some Ecodesign tools were reviewed and evaluated and two methods for simplified Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) were compared. Suggestions of tools and methodology recommendations for environmentally preferable procurement in the Swedish defence are presented. For this purpose qualitative and/or simplified LCAs were suggested. The suggestions have been evaluated through interviews with actors in the process. When a simplified LCA is needed, the MECO assessment is recommended. Methodology recommendations for use of the MECO method in the Swedish Defence are presented. LCA is an appropriate tool for taking environmental consideration into the acquisition process, since it focuses on a product and includes its life cycle. If the environmental work lacks a life cycle perspective, there is a risk that the most significant aspects will not be considered. Four areas for use of LCA in the acquisition process were identified: Learning about environmental aspects of the product; fulfilling requirements from customers; setting environmental requirements; and choosing between alternatives. The actors interviewed were interested in using LCA methods, but there is a need for an initiative by one or several actors if the method is to be used regularly in the process. It is important that the results are communicated within the organisations involved in the procurement process. Environmental consideration should preferably be taken early in the acquisition process and environmental questions should be integrated into other activities of the organisations involved in the procurement process. Such work would be facilitated if there were greater cooperation between the procuring and environmental units, in this case at FMV, SAF and the Swedish Ministry of Defence. / QC 20100616

Patenträtten kan användas för att förhindra tredje man från att sälja vidare, rekonstruera eller kopiera en patenterad produkt. Det starka patentskyddet för patentinnehavare utgör ett ekonomiskt incitament för skapande och gör möjligheten till reparation svårare, och från fall till fall olagliga, eftersom patentlagstiftningen förhindrar rekonstruktion av patenterade produkter. Patenträtten, i relation till rätten till reparation, står inför en avvägning mellan intresset att säkerställa patentinnehavararens ensamrätt att förhindra tillverkning av den patenterade produkten och att fortsätta styra marknaden i riktning mot en cirkulär ekonomi och hållbar produktlivslängd genom reparation. En produkt under patentskydd kan normalt sett repareras inom Europeiska unionen och Sverige utan att det görs intrång i patentet i enlighet med konsumtionsprincipen. Enligt 3 § 3 st. 2 p. Patentlag (1967:837) konsumeras rätten vid förvärv och den patenterade produkten kan säljas vidare eller repareras, om den patenterade produkten har satts på marknaden av eller med tillåtelse från patentinnehavaren. Det är viktigt att skilja på tillverkning och reparation eftersom reparation av en patenterad produkt är tillåtet medan tillverkning fortfarande utgör ett direkt patentintrång.    Gränsdragningen mellan begreppen reparation och rekonstruktion ger ett utrymme för ovisshet för i vilka fall en reparation går över till att utgöra en intrångshandling genom rekonstruktion. Omfattningen av begreppet reparation och vad som avser en lovlig reparation har, i rättsfall inom EU, baserats på om det skett inom den normala livslängden. Om bedömningen sker utifrån marknadens uppfattning av vad som utgör en normal livslängd finns det upphov till oförutsägbarhet. I uppsatsen behandlas problematiken inom ramen för konsumtionsprincipen och de tillhörande begreppen reparation, rekonstruktion samt normal livslängd. Utifrån en utblick i tyska och brittiska rättsfall samt i relation till europeiska patentkonventionen, konstateras i uppsatsen att gränsdragningen mellan begreppen görs avseende: huruvida den tekniska lösningen återspeglas i den ersatta komponenten, handlingen skett under den normala livslängden eller omfattningen av återställandeåtgärden. I utredningen av den föreliggande problematiken föreslås, dels en tydliggjord definition av livslängden under en garanterad minimilivslängd i relation till Ekodesign-direktivet, dels ett särskiljande av begreppen reparation och rekonstruktion i den grundläggande ensamrätten, 3 § Patentlag, samt i det kommande ’Unitary patent convention’ (UPC-avtalet) art. 25(a) för enhetliga EU-patent, utan att motsätta minimikraven fastställt i art. 28(1a) Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. / Patent law can be used to prevent third parties from using, reusing, or copying a patented product. The strong patent protection for patent holders constitutes an economic incentive for creation and makes the possibility of repair more difficult, and from case-to-case illegal, as patent law prevents the reconstruction of patented products. Patent law, in relation to the right to repair, faces a need to balance between the interest in ensuring the patent holder's exclusive right to prevent the manufacture of the patented product and steering the market towards a circular economy and sustainable product life through repair. A product under patent protection can normally be repaired within the European Union and Sweden without infringing the patent, in accordance with the principle of consumption. As stipulated in 3 Sec. 2 Para. Patent Act (1967: 837) the right is consumed upon acquisition and the patented product can be resold or repaired if the patented product has been put on the market by or with permission from the patent holder. It is important to distinguish between manufacturing and repair because repair of a patented product is permissible while manufacturing still constitutes a direct patent infringement.    The demarcation between the concepts of repair and reconstruction leaves room for uncertainty as to in which cases a repair becomes an act of infringement through reconstruction. The scope of the concept of repair and what constitutes a lawful repair has, in legal cases within the EU, been based on whether it took place within the normal lifespan. If the assessment is based on the market's perception of what constitutes a normal life expectancy, this gives rise to unpredictability. In this thesis, the problems within the framework of the consumption principle and the associated concepts of repair, reconstruction and normal service life are discussed. Based on regards to German and British cases and in relation to the European Patent Convention, its concluded in this thesis that the demarcation between the concepts is made on: whether the technical solution is reflected in the replaced component, the action took place during the normal life or the scope of the restoration measure. The investigation of the present problem proposes a clarified definition of service life under a guaranteed minimum service life in relation to the Ecodesign Directive, and a distinction between the concepts of repair and reconstruction in the fundamental exclusive right, Section 3 of the Patent Act, and in the forthcoming 'Unitary patent convention' (UPC agreement) Art. 25(a) for uniform EU patents, without prejudice to the minimum requirements set out in Art. 28(1a) Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.

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Sustainable materials are prevalent within design, but industrial design lacks mass-manufactured product examples. This research explores this gap in knowledge to understand the influences affecting the selection of sustainable materials and how UK industrial designers could be better supported. A comprehensive literature review explores the selection of sustainable materials within the context of industrial design. Existing tools and resources designed to support industrial designers are analysed to understand the support provision and requirements. The research approach explores individual attitudes, and the influences towards and against selecting sustainable materials. Four UK companies were studied to understand how sustainable materials are considered and utilised for mass-manufactured products. Two frameworks were designed to support and facilitate sustainable material selection. The first depicts the overarching support requirements whilst the second presents the considerations and strategies. Both frameworks were evaluated by experts and previous participants. A workshop with designers evaluated the efficacy of the second framework when used as a tool The majority of industrial designers were aware of general issues of sustainability but rarely considered selecting sustainable materials. All four companies had experienced significant changes recently, including increasing resources and internal initiatives towards the use of sustainable materials. The market for sustainable materials is improving, but risks exist, such as fluctuating availability and market instability. A lack of awareness and understanding has meant that, in order to succeed, some companies have designed methods to educate stakeholders whilst designers have requested support to educate clients. Personal interest of the individual is a key driver, creating champions who raise awareness and boost confidence amongst colleagues. There is a need, not only for greater education and support, but also to improve engagement with sustainable material selection amongst industrial designers and others involved in the process.