Цель исследования анализ и оценка экономической эффективности внедрения информационного моделирования в проектную деятельность. Научная новизна исследования состоит в проведении анализа на более позднем этапе применения информационного моделирования в проектировании. В итоге получены результаты оценки экономической эффективности, позволяющие проецировать и давать укрупненный прогноз роста затрат и доходов организаций, планирующих внедрить информационное моделирование в свою проектную деятельность. / The purpose of the study is to analyze and evaluate the economic efficiency of introducing information modeling into project activities. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the analysis at a later stage of the application of information modeling in design. As a result, the results of the economic efficiency assessment were obtained, which allow projecting and giving an enlarged forecast of the growth of costs and incomes of organizations planning to introduce information modeling into their project activities.

Efficient waste management enables the protection of human health, reducing environmental pollution, saving of natural resources, and achieving sustainable and profitable management of energy. In many countries, the general guidelines for waste management are set by national or local waste management plans. Various models provide local authorities with decision-making tools in planning long-term waste management scenarios.This study aims at providing a special model framework for the evaluation of ecological–economic efficiency (ECO-EE) of waste management. This will serve as an information support tool for decision making by actors of a solid waste management (SWM) scheme, primarily at the municipal and regional levels. The objective of this study is to apply the waste management’s efficient decision (WAMED) model along with the company statistical business tool for environmental recovery indicator (COSTBUSTER) model to SWM and municipal solid waste (MSW) schemes in general in order to evaluate and improve their ECO-EE. COSTBUSTER is a mathematical indicator for the size and extent of implementation costs of a certain SWM scheme, compared with the total size of the average financial budget of a SWM actor of a certain kind. In particular, WAMED is proposed for evaluating the suitability to invest in baling technology. Baling of solid waste is an emerging technology which is extensively used worldwide to temporarily store waste for either incineration or recovery of raw materials. The model for efficient use of resources for optimal production economy (the EUROPE model) is for the first time applied to emissions from baling facilities. It has been analysed how cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and full cost accounting (FCA) can facilitate environmental optimisation of SWM schemes. The effort in this work represents a continuation of such ambitions as an enlargement of the research area of CBA based modelling within SWM. In the thesis, certain theoretical and economic aspects of SWM were analysed as case studies. A shift of viewpoints within the field of waste management is presented. This shift is in accordance with the prevailing concept of sustainable development, as commonly understood. It is concluded that in the practical SWM context, the findings of the study point at the possibilities to modify the common CBA- and FCA-based methods by WAMED, COSTBUSTER, and EUROPE. Therefore, it can be said that estimations in a SWM scheme can be carried out by using certain economic model, if properly modified in a logical and plausible way. New principles for cost allocation to SWM residual products are presented in the current work. They imply strong industrial cost saving incentives through promoting the introduction of new and improved processing technologies for rest-waste. Such incentives then strongly promote investments that are likely to improve both the environment and the corporate profitability. Thereby, the occurrence of non-commercialised, and hence not utilized, wastes is reduced. This improves the short term corporate economy through saving raw materials such as solid waste fuel, spending less time for administrating waste flows, and less wear and tear of the plant machinery. Additional environmental advantages which affect the balance sheets in a favourable way are related to the long-term business economy and extended environmental goodwill. This is due to the recently introduced way of considering solid waste as regular goods in financial terms - the equality principle. If waste is seen as goods, and not wasted in landfills, the environment will improve. This, in turn, leads to an improved quality of life. Based on the current study, it is recommended to apply WAMED to SWM schemes in order to evaluate their ECO–EE to justify decision making and investments. Also, it is recommended to apply COSTBUSTER, based on the current WAMED outcome, to SWM schemes to determine their relative size and extent. It is recommended to apply EUROPE to the emissions in case of accidental burning, treatment of leachate, andabatement with odours at any SWM scheme, based on the induced economic incentives, in order to reduce unwanted substances and phenomena.

L’analyse de la jurisprudence de l’Union Européenne a trop longtemps fait l’objet de la seule attention des juristes. Mais, si des analyses jurisprudentielles successives ont jusqu’à présent appréhendé les principes structurant de cette jurisprudence et se sont tentés à des conceptualisations, il sera avancé que ces entreprises n’ont été que partielles. En effet, le principe principal, quoiqu’implicite, de l’évolution de la jurisprudence de l’Union Européenne est le principe d’efficience économique. Cette carence, ne rendant l’effort de conceptualisation de la jurisprudence européenne qu’imparfait, est due à l’absence d’analyse économique méthodique et systémique du droit européen et, plus particulièrement, de la jurisprudence européenne. Cette thèse entend combler cette lacune. Au-delà d’entreprendre une analyse économique approfondie de la jurisprudence européenne permettant une conceptualisation renouvelée et précisée de la figure du juge européen, notre étude permettra de s’inscrire dans le débat de la supériorité alléguée des systèmes de Common Law en termes d’efficience économique. De plus, notre thèse, par une grille d’analyse originale renouvelant l’analyse du droit (européen), mettra en exergue les points de convergence et de divergence entre lignes de jurisprudence. La systématisation de notre analyse jurisprudentielle par la perspective du principe d’efficience économique nous permettra, ainsi, d’élaborer une 10 véritable hypothèse scientifique falsifiable et falsifiée. Nous formulerons une hypothèse de l’efficience économique de la jurisprudence européenne. / For too long, lawyers were the only scholars scrutinizing the ECJ case-law. Consequently, numerous jurisprudential analyses have scarcely portrayed the complexity of the underpinning concepts beneath the ECJ case-law. These approaches to the ECJ case-law have only been partial, it will be argued, due to the neglect of the fundamental principle driving the ECJ case-law’s evolution – meaning, the principle of economic efficiency. This neglect can be explained from the absence of thoroughly in-depth economic analyses of European law, and especially of the ECJ case-law. This thesis aims at filling up this gap. Beyond the economic analysis of the ECJ case-law allowing for an original, updated and renewed perspective of the EU judicial reasoning, this thesis shall pave the way for a better grasping of the academic debate pertaining to the alleged economic efficiency of the Common law over civil law traditions. Moreover, this thesis, from this original viewpoint that is an overtly economic perspective of the EU judicial reasoning, shall draw new conclusions on some specific stances of the EU judges. The systemic approach undertaken here from the perspective of the principle of economic efficiency shall lead us to formulate the scientific hypothesis that is falsifiable and falsified. Indeed, the hypothesis of the economic efficiency of the ECJ case-law shall be advanced.

Esta dissertação investiga a relação entre eficiência econômica e reclamações trabalhistas. Especificamente, neste trabalho desenvolvemos um modelo teórico baseado na Teoria dos Jogos que explica o funcionamento econômico dos casos de reclamações trabalhistas, com ênfase na escolha entre soluções negociadas ou litigiosas para as mesmas. O texto dá atenção especial ao sistema existente no Brasil das Câmaras de Conciliação Prévia. Também testamos empiricamente as conclusões teóricas do modelo, para obter apoio empírico às suas previsões. Com base nas evidências obtidas, sugerimos alguns aperfeiçoamentos para melhorar o funcionamento das regras de solução das reclamações trabalhistas para extrair maior eficiência econômica destes procedimentos. / This dissertation investigates the relationship between economic efficiency and labor complaints. Specifically, this work developed a theoretical model based on Games Theory which explains the economic functioning of labor complaints cases, with emphasis on the choice between negotiated or litigant solutions to them. The text gives special attention to the existing system in Brazil called Câmaras de Conciliação Prévia (Prior Conciliation Boards). Moreover, we also have tested empirically the conclusions of the theoretical model, aiming to find empirical support to its forecasts. Based on the evidence obtained, we suggest some improvements to the functioning of the labor complaints solution rules, in order to extract greater economic efficiency from these procedures.

A firma é o principal agente econômico para a produção e distribuição de bens e serviços. Seu constante investimento em melhorias e o aperfeiçoamento de sua capacidade produtiva, visando tornar-se cada vez mais eficiente, transforma-se em um determinante central do bem estar econômico da sociedade. O processo de medir a ineficiência de firmas baseia-se em análises de fronteiras, onde a ineficiência é medida como a distância entre os pontos observados da variável resposta e a função de produção, custo ou lucro verdadeiras, dependendo do modelo assumido para descrever a variável resposta. Existe uma variedade de formas funcionais para essas funções e algumas vezes é difícil julgar qual delas deve ser escolhida, visto que a forma verdadeira é desconhecida e pode ser somente aproximada. Em geral, na literatura, dados de produção são analisados assumindo-se modelos multiplicativos que impõem a restrição de que a produção é estritamente positiva e utiliza-se a transformação logarítmica para linearizar o modelo. Considera-se que o logaritmo do produto dada a ineficiência técnica tem distribuição contínua, independentemente de os dados serem contínuos ou discretos. A tese divide-se em dois artigos: o primeiro utiliza a inferência bayesiana para estimar a eficiência econômica de firmas utilizando os modelos de fronteira estocástica de custo com forma funcional flexível Fourier, que asseguram um bom ajuste para a fronteira, sendo fundamental para o cálculo da ineficiência econômica; o segundo artigo propõem os modelos generalizados de fronteira estocástica, baseando-se nos modelos lineares generalizados mistos com a abordagem bayesiana, para quantificar a ineficiência técnica de firmas (medida de incerteza) utilizando a variável resposta na escala original e distribuições pertencentes à família exponencial para a variável resposta dada a medida de ineficiência. / The firm is the main economic agent for the production and distribution of goods and services. Its constant investment in improvements and enhancement of its productive capacity to make itself more efficient becomes a central determinant of economic welfare of society. The measure process of inefficiency is based on frontier analysis, where inefficiency is measured as the distance between the observed points from variable response and real production, cost or profit function, depending on chosen model to describe the variable response. There are several functional forms to these functions and sometimes it is very difficult to decide which one has to be chosen because the true form is unknown and it can just be approximate. Generally, in the literature, production data are analyzed assuming multiplicative models that impose the restriction of what the production is strictly positive and use the logarithm transformation to turn the model lineal. It is considerate that the product\'s logarithm given the technical inefficiency has distribution continual, independent if the data are continuous or discrete. The papers presented in this thesis are: the first paper uses the bayesian inference to estimate the economic efficiency of firms in the cost stochastic frontier models using the Fourier flexible cost function, that assure a good settlement to the frontier being essential to calculate the economic inefficiency. The second paper proposes a generalized stochastic frontier models, based on generalized linear mixed models with the Bayesian approach, to quantify the inefficiency technical of the firms (uncertainty measures) by using the response variable in the scale original with distributions belonging on the exponential family to the response variable given the measure of inefficiency.

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / In the semiarid southwestern U.S. where competition for water is fierce between competing users, no regional agency controls water allocation, and as a result, much court litigation ensues. This paper attempts to develop a model for optimal allocation of water resources and to apply the model to a specific case study. In November 1969, the largest farming interest in the Sahuarita-continental area near Tucson filed a court suit seeking first to reduce the amount of groundwater used by 4 nearby copper mines, and then to allocate the water more evenly among various interests in the area. The farming interest maintained that the mines' drawdown on the groundwater table would soon deplete the supply to the point where agriculture would become impossible. The model utilizes the concept of collective utility which postulates the existence of an economic decision maker (edp). To get around the problem of determination of net revenue functions, the theory compares the relative desirability of neighboring economic states. The edp has the power to impose groundwater-use taxes in such a way as to maximize overall growth of collective utility in the Sahuarita-continental area, taking into account the externalities of the resource consumption. The mathematical analysis is presented in detail.

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / The concept of collective utility is applied to a case study of alternative water resource utilization by providing a basis for comparing alternative uses of resources from the viewpoint of aggregate welfare. The exchange of sewage effluent for groundwater used by irrigation farmers, and the exchange of sewage effluent for groundwater used by processing and milling miners in Tucson, Arizona, are given as examples. Reviewed are collective utility concepts, case problems, definitions of problems, formulation of the model, and marginal change of collective utility. The first case has a collective utility of $800,500-g, where g represents unquantifiable factors, such as the reduction in quality of living due to the odor if solid waste exchanges. The second case has a collective utility of $175,000. Since it is likely that g will be on the order of $1 million per year, the first exchange is preferable to the second.

Tirtas labiausiai paplitusių Lietuvoje medžių rūšių (P, E, Ą, U, B, D, J, Bt) grynų medynų auginimo derlingose augavietėse (c, d, f dirvožemio derlingumo ir N, L dirvožemio drėgnumo indeksai) ekonominis efektyvumas. Darbo objektas –ūkinių miškų labiausiai paplitusių medžių rūšių grynų medynų (P išskyrus d, f derlingumus, E, Ą, U, B, J, D, Bt) derlingose augavietėse (c, d, f dirvožemio derlingumo ir N, L dirvožemio drėgnumo indeksai) auginimo ekonominis efektyvumas, išreikštas grynosios dabartinės vertės rodikliais. Šios derlingos augavietės sudaro 44,1 proc. visų Lietuvos miškų. Tyrimų tikslas – palyginti dirbtinai atkuriamų ąžuolynų, uosynų, eglynų bei pušynų ir savaime atželiančių beržynų, juodalksnynų, drebulynų ir baltalksnynų auginimo ekonominį efektyvumą. Darbo metodai - taikytas variantų skaičiavimo metodas. Darbo rezultatai. Taikant įvairius nenukirsto miško kainų variantus ir 3 proc. diskonto normą, nustatyta, kad derlingose augavietėse savaiminis miško atžėlimas minkštųjų lapuočių medžių rūšimis (B, J, D, Bt) yra ekonomiškai efektyvesnis nei ąžuolynų, uosynų, eglynų ar pušynų dirbtinis įveisimas. Nustatyta, kad nenukirsto miško kainos padidėjimas, tiesiogiai veikia medynų auginimo ekonominio vertinimo rodiklius, šiuo atveju GDV. Raktažodžiai: medynų auginimas, technologinė savikaina, ekonominis efektyvumas, grynoji dabartinė vertė, diskonto norma, vidutinė metinė grynoji dabartinė vertė, nenukirsto miško kaina. / The economic efficiency of growing the pure stand of the most common tree species ( pine, spruce, oak, ash tree, birch, aspen, black an dgrey alder) inLithuania‘s fertile site type habitats ( c,d,f – soil fertility and N,L indice of soil moisture) has been studied. Research object: Economic efficiency of growing pure stand of the most common tree species in fertile habitats, expressed by the net present value of the indicators ( soil fertility, soil moisture indice). The fertile sites constitute 44,1 percent of all the forests in Lithuania. Researchaim: To compare the economic efficiency of artificially reforested oak, ash, spruce and pine stands with natural regeneration of birches, black alders, grey alders and aspens. Research methods: Variant calculation method was applied. Research outcomes: By applying diverse price options for uncut forest and 3percent discount rate, it was estimated that self – regeneration of soft deciduous tree species in fertile habitats is more cost effective than artificial afforestation with oaks, ash trees, spruces and pines. The price increase was found to have a direct effect on the economic indicators of forest growing. Keywords: forest growing, technological cost, economic efficiency, net present value, discount rate, the average annual net present value, the price of uncut forest.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloCAL_DISSERT.pdf: 860668 bytes, checksum: add3132fcfe8e08df992b49360b56ea8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this research was to evaluate combinations of coriander cultivars, carrot and arugula under polycultures in fertilized strips with roostertree in the conditions of Mossoró-RN. The experiment was carried out from November 2014 to March 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a factorial 2 x 2 x 2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of two coriander cultivars ('Verdão' and 'Portuguese') with two carrot cultivars ('Brasilia' and 'Esplanada') and two arugula cultivars ('Cultivada' and 'Folha Larga') in strip-intercropping. The characteristics evaluated in coriander and arugula were: plant height, number of stems or leaves per plant, yield of green mass and dry mass of shoots. In the carrot were analyzed: plant height, number of stems per plant, fresh and dry mass of shoot, dry mass of roots, total production of roots, commercial production of roots and productivity of classified roots (long, medium, short and scrap). In the intercropping system was determined the agronomic efficiency indices and economic indicators: land equivalent ratio, productive efficiency index, score of the canonical variable, gross income, net income, rate of return, profit margin, monetary advantage and modified advantage monetary. A univariate analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the characteristics analyzed. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed on the productivity of vegetables crops to obtain the score of the canonical variable Z. The Tukey test was used to compare the average of the factors treatments. There was no significant interaction between cultivars of coriander, carrot and arugula in any of the characteristics evaluated in the carrot. The best associations were those that involved coriander cultivar 'Portuguese', carrot cultivar 'Esplanada' and arugula cultivar 'Cultivada'. The sole crop system was more productive than the intercropping / Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar combinações de cultivares de coentro, cenoura e rúcula sob policultivos em faixas adubados com flor-de-seda nas condições de Mossoró-RN. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de novembro de 2014 a março de 2015. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de duas cultivares de coentro ( Verdão e Português ), com duas cultivares de cenoura ( Brasília e Esplanada ) e duas cultivares de rúcula ( Cultivada e Folha Larga ) em cultivo consorciado em faixas. As características avaliadas no coentro e na rúcula foram: altura de plantas, número de hastes ou folhas por planta, rendimento de massa verde e massa seca da parte aérea. Na cenoura foram analisadas: altura de plantas, número de hastes por planta, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raízes, produção total de raízes, produção comercial de raízes e produtividade classificada de raízes (longas, médias, curtas e refugo). No sistema consorciado determinou-se os índices de eficiência agronômica e indicadores econômicos: índice de uso eficiente da terra, índice de eficiência produtiva, escore da variável canônica, renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno, índice de lucratividade, vantagem monetária e vantagem monetária corrigida. Uma análise de variância univariada foi realizada para avaliar as características analisadas. Uma análise multivariada de variância foi realizada nas produtividades das hortaliças para obtenção do escore da variável canônica Z. O teste de Tukey foi usado para comparar às médias dos níveis dos fatores tratamentos. Não foi observada interação significativa entre as cultivares de coentro, cenoura e rúcula em nenhuma das características avaliadas na cenoura. As melhores associações foram as que envolveram a cultivar de coentro Português , a cultivar de cenoura Esplanada e a cultivar de rúcula Cultivada . O sistema de cultivo solteiro foi mais produtivo que o consorciado

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloCAL_DISSERT.pdf: 860668 bytes, checksum: add3132fcfe8e08df992b49360b56ea8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this research was to evaluate combinations of coriander cultivars, carrot and arugula under polycultures in fertilized strips with roostertree in the conditions of Mossoró-RN. The experiment was carried out from November 2014 to March 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a factorial 2 x 2 x 2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of two coriander cultivars ('Verdão' and 'Portuguese') with two carrot cultivars ('Brasilia' and 'Esplanada') and two arugula cultivars ('Cultivada' and 'Folha Larga') in strip-intercropping. The characteristics evaluated in coriander and arugula were: plant height, number of stems or leaves per plant, yield of green mass and dry mass of shoots. In the carrot were analyzed: plant height, number of stems per plant, fresh and dry mass of shoot, dry mass of roots, total production of roots, commercial production of roots and productivity of classified roots (long, medium, short and scrap). In the intercropping system was determined the agronomic efficiency indices and economic indicators: land equivalent ratio, productive efficiency index, score of the canonical variable, gross income, net income, rate of return, profit margin, monetary advantage and modified advantage monetary. A univariate analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the characteristics analyzed. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed on the productivity of vegetables crops to obtain the score of the canonical variable Z. The Tukey test was used to compare the average of the factors treatments. There was no significant interaction between cultivars of coriander, carrot and arugula in any of the characteristics evaluated in the carrot. The best associations were those that involved coriander cultivar 'Portuguese', carrot cultivar 'Esplanada' and arugula cultivar 'Cultivada'. The sole crop system was more productive than the intercropping / Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar combinações de cultivares de coentro, cenoura e rúcula sob policultivos em faixas adubados com flor-de-seda nas condições de Mossoró-RN. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de novembro de 2014 a março de 2015. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de duas cultivares de coentro ( Verdão e Português ), com duas cultivares de cenoura ( Brasília e Esplanada ) e duas cultivares de rúcula ( Cultivada e Folha Larga ) em cultivo consorciado em faixas. As características avaliadas no coentro e na rúcula foram: altura de plantas, número de hastes ou folhas por planta, rendimento de massa verde e massa seca da parte aérea. Na cenoura foram analisadas: altura de plantas, número de hastes por planta, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raízes, produção total de raízes, produção comercial de raízes e produtividade classificada de raízes (longas, médias, curtas e refugo). No sistema consorciado determinou-se os índices de eficiência agronômica e indicadores econômicos: índice de uso eficiente da terra, índice de eficiência produtiva, escore da variável canônica, renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno, índice de lucratividade, vantagem monetária e vantagem monetária corrigida. Uma análise de variância univariada foi realizada para avaliar as características analisadas. Uma análise multivariada de variância foi realizada nas produtividades das hortaliças para obtenção do escore da variável canônica Z. O teste de Tukey foi usado para comparar às médias dos níveis dos fatores tratamentos. Não foi observada interação significativa entre as cultivares de coentro, cenoura e rúcula em nenhuma das características avaliadas na cenoura. As melhores associações foram as que envolveram a cultivar de coentro Português , a cultivar de cenoura Esplanada e a cultivar de rúcula Cultivada . O sistema de cultivo solteiro foi mais produtivo que o consorciado