NORMA Sweden AB is part of NORMA Group, a global market and technology leader in engineered joining technology. The Swedish business unit, NORMA Sweden, trades with various internal and external customers in different customs territories. In order to facilitate this, the management is considering to attain the Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) certification that allows for customs facilitations. The AEO program consists of the AEO-C and AEO-S certification. Those two certifications can be achieved independently, they have different barriers and create different benefits. The extent to that these general benefits and barriers create benefits and barriers in a specific company varies a lot depending on the individual supply chain settings of the organisation. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the advantage of the AEO-C and the AEO-S certification to NORMA Sweden. In order to achieve a comprehensive result, the benefits and barriers of the AEO certifications to NORMA Sweden are analysed in the context of the company’s strategy and the drivers for the AEO application. A Framework is developed to conduct the examination. It allows to appraise the benefits and barriers of the certification that are combined into different impact areas. This is accomplished by a quantitative analysis that is based on a simplified scale of 0-3. The results are verified by a subsequent qualitative analysis. The Analysis has been conducted under consideration of literature, customs guidelines and empirical information that has been gathered by expert interviews as well as by observations. The results of the quantitative analysis indicate that both certifications are currently not beneficial to NORMA Sweden. Further, it is obvious that the gap between barriers and benefits is smaller for the AEO-C certification as it is for the AEO-S certification. The qualitative analysis reveals that NORMA Sweden should aim for an AEO certification anyway due to the strategy of the parent company and expected future developments. Following the findings of the quantitative and qualitative analysis the company is advised to aim for the AEO-C certification first.

Indirect discrimination against contractors in public tenders ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the legal regulation of public procurement and focuses on the issues of indirect discrimination of contractors in public tenders and the fact that some economic operators cannot participate in procurement procedures due to unjust obstacles to competition laid down by the contracting authorities. One of the main principles of procurement, principle of non-discrimination is described in detail with a use of opinions of stated by the national courts, the Court of Justice of the European Union and in the decisions of the Office for the Protection of Competition in particular. The author of the thesis tries to describe the means of indirect discrimination that occurred in the past procurement procedures within the area of European Union. Discriminatory behavior of the contracting authorities is captured in a comprehensible way and the author shows practical examples to the reader. That all helps to illustrate why the contracting authority's specific behavior was not in compliance with the rules set out in public procurement. It is the analysis of the decision-making practice of the Office for the Protection of Competition, case-law of the national courts and the European Court of Justice that provides an insight into...

O presente trabalho de pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia para gestão dos riscos em empresas que atuam cadeia de suprimentos internacional. Apresenta-se um roteiro de analise qualitativa de conformidade e de avaliação qualitativa dos riscos, atendendo aos requisitos da habilitação para a certificação de Operadores Econômicos Autorizados (OEA). A metodologia de gestão de riscos foi modelada a partir de aspectos pertinentes, com os indicadores que são relevantes para os operadores no comércio exterior brasileiro, cujos riscos vão além das operações nas aduanas. O gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos e o conceito que encerram os seus riscos foram pesquisados na literatura, em busca modelos de gerenciamento adequados às atividades do OEA. O modelo proposto consiste em uma metodologia de analise quantitativa para a gestão dinâmica dos riscos avançando além dos consagrado método qualitativo de gestão de conformidades. É um instrumento que se presta a atender aos mais variados setores das organizações, que estão comprometidas com a gestão dos seus riscos corporativos. / This research presents a methodology for risk management in companies that operate the international supply chain. A roadmap for qualitative analysis of compliance and qualitative risk assessment is presented, taking into account the requirements of the authorization for the certification of Authorized Economic Operators (AEO). The risk management methodology was modeled on pertinent aspects, with the indicators that are relevant for the operators in the Brazilian foreign trade, whose risks go beyond customs operations. Supply chain management and the concept that curtailed its risks were researched in the literature, in search of management models appropriate to AEO activities. The proposed model consists of a methodology of quantitative analysis for the dynamic management of risks, advancing beyond the established qualitative method of compliance management. It is an instrument that serves the most varied sectors of organizations, which are committed to managing their corporate risks.

O presente trabalho de pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia para gestão dos riscos em empresas que atuam cadeia de suprimentos internacional. Apresenta-se um roteiro de analise qualitativa de conformidade e de avaliação qualitativa dos riscos, atendendo aos requisitos da habilitação para a certificação de Operadores Econômicos Autorizados (OEA). A metodologia de gestão de riscos foi modelada a partir de aspectos pertinentes, com os indicadores que são relevantes para os operadores no comércio exterior brasileiro, cujos riscos vão além das operações nas aduanas. O gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos e o conceito que encerram os seus riscos foram pesquisados na literatura, em busca modelos de gerenciamento adequados às atividades do OEA. O modelo proposto consiste em uma metodologia de analise quantitativa para a gestão dinâmica dos riscos avançando além dos consagrado método qualitativo de gestão de conformidades. É um instrumento que se presta a atender aos mais variados setores das organizações, que estão comprometidas com a gestão dos seus riscos corporativos. / This research presents a methodology for risk management in companies that operate the international supply chain. A roadmap for qualitative analysis of compliance and qualitative risk assessment is presented, taking into account the requirements of the authorization for the certification of Authorized Economic Operators (AEO). The risk management methodology was modeled on pertinent aspects, with the indicators that are relevant for the operators in the Brazilian foreign trade, whose risks go beyond customs operations. Supply chain management and the concept that curtailed its risks were researched in the literature, in search of management models appropriate to AEO activities. The proposed model consists of a methodology of quantitative analysis for the dynamic management of risks, advancing beyond the established qualitative method of compliance management. It is an instrument that serves the most varied sectors of organizations, which are committed to managing their corporate risks.

In the diploma work is described single suit of the AEO certification, benefits of this certification and cliffs, which request harmony with European unionś legislative and with particular member statetes of the European union. Further the AEO certificate of the concrete business subjects is able to bring improvement of the reputation and surely helps to reservation so often allude safeness of the trading. Further to the improvement of the reputation is necessary add adequate presentation this kind of the certificate in the face of the public.

The thesis deals with typical decisions made by contracting entities which restrict the competition among economic operators. The thesis analyses the typical mistakes which are made by the contract entities in awarding procedures. The causes of mistakes being made by contracting entities can be summarized into three groups. Into the first group belong conscious mistakes. For these mistakes shall be contracting entities` agents held responsible. Into the second group belong mistakes in planning. Mistakes from the third group are made as a consequence of lack of professional skills. None of these mistakes can be prevented just by an amendment to the Act on Public Contracts. Any proposal of an amendment solving the lack of professional skills shall consider also all connected negative effects; mainly additional time demands, financial costs and the risk of underfinanced praxis turning into formalism. Professionally skilled agents are usually more careful when they apply the Act on Public Contracts because they are aware of legal risks. Considering current limited budget resources it should be decided whether to put stress on cooperation with internal or external experts. The author recommends internal experts because external experts do not do their best if they are aware of the fact being not controlled effectively by internal experts. However the current Act on Public Contracts is not perfect, the duties laid by it are enforced successfully. Considering a new amendment also the legal theory shall be taken into account. The author presumes similarity of preventing of breaches against the Act on Public Contracts and of preventing of crimes. The most important factor preventing from criminality is to be aware that the punishment is inescapable, not its rates. The author points out also the opinion of the general theory of law according to which a new act is to be passed only if there is an objective necessary need. It should not to be passed by a fortuity or because of subjective views. There should be also a time space between the amendments. There was an amendment to Act on Public Contracts approved in 2010 and European Union currently prepares amending of awarding directives. The author therefore prefers improving the praxis of awarding in the Czech Republic by granting additional human resources to the Office for the Protection of Competition to passing of another amendment to the Act on Public Contracts. The scope of the Act on Public Contracts is also not convenient for amending a list of contract clauses which are not allowed to be concluded by contracting entities. There are two reasons. Contracting entities are constituted by various groups of subjects and contracts selling their property are outside the scope of the Act on Public Contracts. Contracting entities should use standard awarding procedure to promote competition among economic operators. They should concentrate on exactness of tender conditions. A good prevention to mistakes in awarding procedure is also good planning and skilled human recourses of contracting entities.

This diploma thesis aims to describe the nature and specifics of product safety, as well as analyze the legal background of toys safety and discuss practical aspects related to the toy market. Based on these findings it aims to vindicate the following hypothesis: "Current toy market trends clearly linked with European integration, globalization and technological progress lead to a need to introduce increasingly stringent legislation that would regulate the negative consequences of these trends." The diploma thesis is divided into three parts. The first part describes the theoretical basis of consumer protection in the Czech Republic and the European Union. Sources of legal regulation of consumer law, basic terminology as well as consumer organizations and institutions active in this area are described. The second part deals with the regulation of product safety, while an analysis of three major legislations affecting the product safety is carried out. The third part of this diploma thesis is crucial, while it characterizes the term "toy", analyzes legislation governing toys safety and contains comparison of the current and already invalid Government Regulation on technical requirements for toys. Specific aspects of the toy industry and its current trends are discussed as well as systematic intervention of responsible bodies in case when a dangerous toy is launched.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo describir el problema que presentan algunas agencias de aduanas para que se certifiquen como Operadores Económicos Autorizados (OEA) Lima y Callao en el periodo de años 2012-2019. La metodología de investigación que se ha utilizado para la presente tesis es la metodología enfoque cualitativo con carácter explicativo, tiene como objetivo comprender el complejo mundo del comercio exterior y la experiencia que viven los agentes de aduanas. El Análisis de resultados es la falta de conocimiento de los beneficios de la certificación OEA, la capacidad estructural y económica para enfrentar las diferentes auditorias y fiscalizaciones de la Sunat, las agencias de aduanas no logran crear procesos adecuados para mejorar su operatividad aduanera. Se recomienda las agencias de aduanas realicen las modificaciones e inversiones en las infraestructuras de sus empresas para garantizar la seguridad de las cargas de sus clientes, así como también por su capital humano. Además, deben estar alineados a los diferentes reglamentos y las exigencias de las leyes laborales peruanas para generar confianza y buena imagen a sus respectivos clientes para que rentabilice la relación comercial entre agencia de aduana y cliente. Por ello, la investigación se ha estructurado en cinco partes para una mejor comprensión del lector. La primera parte es el “Marco teórico”, que presenta los antecedentes a nivel nacional e internacional, las bases teóricas del comercio internacional, de aduanas, de agente de aduanas y los operadores económicos autorizados, así como los beneficios, los requisitos y el impacto de la certificación como operador económico autorizado en el Perú y el mundo. La segunda parte es el “Plan de Investigación”, donde se plantea la problemática, la hipótesis y los objetivos generales y específicos que se pretenden lograr en la presente tesis. En la tercera parte, “Metodología del trabajo” se expone el tipo de investigación utilizada en el presente estudio y para lo cual se han realizado entrevistas exhaustivas a representantes de las agencias de aduanas que no se encuentran certificadas como agente de OEA - Operador Económico Autorizado en Lima y Callao. En la cuarta parte, “Desarrollo de la tesis”, se realiza el análisis de los datos recolectados en las entrevistas, a fin de obtener los resultados y las respuestas más relevantes a las preguntas planteadas, que permitirán cumplir con el objetivo principal de esta investigación y aportar a la teoría existente. En la quinta y última parte, se presenta la “Discusión y Análisis de resultados”, se plasman las conclusiones obtenidas. / The purpose of this investigation is to describe the problem some identify the reasons why Customs agents have in order not to get certified as Authorized Economic Operator Certification (AEO) in Lima and Callao from 2012 until 2019. The methodology used in this investigation has qualitative approach with descriptive and explanatory character and has as an objective to comprehend the complex world of the foreign trade and the experience that custom agents have. The Analysis of results is the lack of knowledge of the benefits of the AEO certification, the structural and economic capacity to face the different audits and inspections of the SUNAT, the customs agencies fail to create adequate processes to improve their customs operations. Customs agencies are recommended to make modifications and investments in their companies 'infrastructures to guarantee the safety of their clients' cargoes, as well as for their human capital. In addition, they must be aligned to the different regulations and the requirements of Peruvian labor laws to generate confidence and good image to their respective clients so that they make profitable the commercial relationship between customs agency and client. Therefore, the research has been structured in five parts for a better understanding of the reader. The first part is the “Theoretical Framework”, which presents the national and international background, the theoretical bases of international trade, customs, customs brokers and authorized economic operators, as well as the benefits, requirements and impact of certification as an authorized economic operator in Peru and the world. The second part is the "Research Plan", where the problem, the hypothesis and the general and specific objectives that are intended to be achieved in this thesis are presented. In the third part, "Work Methodology" the type of research used in this study is exposed and for which exhaustive interviews have been conducted with representatives of customs agencies that are not certified as an AEO agent - Authorized Economic Operator in Lima and Callao. In the fourth part, "Development of the thesis", the analysis of the data collected in the interviews is carried out, in order to obtain the most relevant results and answers to the questions asked, which will enable the main objective of this research to be fulfilled. and contribute to the existing theory. In the fifth and last part, the "Discussion and Analysis of results" is presented, the conclusions obtained are reflected. / Tesis

O presente trabalho propõe um processo para auxiliar a tarefa de implantação de controles de Cadeia Logística Segura para a importação e exportação de cargas conteinerizadas, transportadas pelo modal rodoviário. Está em consonância com a legislação brasileira atual, no que se refere à Receita Federal do Brasil e demais Órgãos Anuentes. Além disso, inclui, também, as novas diretrizes do Programa Brasileiro de Operador Econômico Autorizado que teve seu início na primeira quinzena de Dezembro de 2014, bem como os aspectos principais do quadro SAFE, da Organização Mundial das Aduanas (OMA) e do programa americano Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT). O processo proposto no trabalho contempla a instrumentação dos controles e seus principais pontos de integração de dados, estágio em que grande parte dos operadores econômicos atuais se encontra. A proposta justifica-se pela complexidade dos processos de cadeias logísticas, sua importância para o comércio exterior e, portanto, para a economia do país, que exigem um aperfeiçoamento constante para atender à competitividade crescente dos mercados, controlar e gerenciar riscos e incertezas dos tempos da globalização. A metodologia do trabalho de pesquisa constou de estudos sobre o significado de cadeia logística segura, legislações e normatizações existentes, principais tecnologias utilizadas no Brasil e no mundo e suas estratégias de integração de sistemas, com enfoque em alguns projetos de gestão já existentes no país. O porto de Santos foi tomado como campo principal de pesquisa. O trabalho evidenciou a importância da presença de três características fundamentais em um processo de cadeia logística segura: ser instrumentado, integrado e inteligente. Considera-se que, a partir do processo proposto, será possível aumentar o grau de inteligência de uma cadeia logística, de forma a gerenciar e mitigar os potenciais riscos de forma mais racional. / This assay proposes a process to assist the task of implantation of controls of Secure Supply Chain to importation and exportation of containerized cargo, transported by road. It is pursuant to the current Brazilian laws, as it concerns Receita Federal do Brasil and other consenting authorities. In addition, it also includes the new guidelines of the Brazilian Authorized Economic Operator Program, which began on the first fortnight of December 2014, as well as the main aspects of the SAFE Framework, from the World Customs Organization (WCO) and the C-TPAT program (Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism). The proposal is justified by the complexity of the supply chain processes, their importance to the foreign trade and therefore, to the countrys economy, which require constant improvement in order to meet the growing competitiveness within markets and to control and manage risks and uncertainties of globalization times. The methodology of this assay consists of studies on the meaning of secure supply chain, existing laws and standards, main technologies used in Brazil and throughout the world and their strategies of system integration, focusing on some management projects already existing in the country. The Port of Santos was taken as main research field. This assay provides evidence of the importance of three fundamental characteristics in a secure supply chain process: to be instrumented, integrated and intelligent. The proposed methodology contemplates instrumentation of the processes and their key points of integration, a stage in which great part of the existing economic operators can be found currently. From this point on, it will be possible to increase its degree of intelligence in such a way as to manage and mitigate risks more rationally.

O presente trabalho propõe um processo para auxiliar a tarefa de implantação de controles de Cadeia Logística Segura para a importação e exportação de cargas conteinerizadas, transportadas pelo modal rodoviário. Está em consonância com a legislação brasileira atual, no que se refere à Receita Federal do Brasil e demais Órgãos Anuentes. Além disso, inclui, também, as novas diretrizes do Programa Brasileiro de Operador Econômico Autorizado que teve seu início na primeira quinzena de Dezembro de 2014, bem como os aspectos principais do quadro SAFE, da Organização Mundial das Aduanas (OMA) e do programa americano Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT). O processo proposto no trabalho contempla a instrumentação dos controles e seus principais pontos de integração de dados, estágio em que grande parte dos operadores econômicos atuais se encontra. A proposta justifica-se pela complexidade dos processos de cadeias logísticas, sua importância para o comércio exterior e, portanto, para a economia do país, que exigem um aperfeiçoamento constante para atender à competitividade crescente dos mercados, controlar e gerenciar riscos e incertezas dos tempos da globalização. A metodologia do trabalho de pesquisa constou de estudos sobre o significado de cadeia logística segura, legislações e normatizações existentes, principais tecnologias utilizadas no Brasil e no mundo e suas estratégias de integração de sistemas, com enfoque em alguns projetos de gestão já existentes no país. O porto de Santos foi tomado como campo principal de pesquisa. O trabalho evidenciou a importância da presença de três características fundamentais em um processo de cadeia logística segura: ser instrumentado, integrado e inteligente. Considera-se que, a partir do processo proposto, será possível aumentar o grau de inteligência de uma cadeia logística, de forma a gerenciar e mitigar os potenciais riscos de forma mais racional. / This assay proposes a process to assist the task of implantation of controls of Secure Supply Chain to importation and exportation of containerized cargo, transported by road. It is pursuant to the current Brazilian laws, as it concerns Receita Federal do Brasil and other consenting authorities. In addition, it also includes the new guidelines of the Brazilian Authorized Economic Operator Program, which began on the first fortnight of December 2014, as well as the main aspects of the SAFE Framework, from the World Customs Organization (WCO) and the C-TPAT program (Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism). The proposal is justified by the complexity of the supply chain processes, their importance to the foreign trade and therefore, to the countrys economy, which require constant improvement in order to meet the growing competitiveness within markets and to control and manage risks and uncertainties of globalization times. The methodology of this assay consists of studies on the meaning of secure supply chain, existing laws and standards, main technologies used in Brazil and throughout the world and their strategies of system integration, focusing on some management projects already existing in the country. The Port of Santos was taken as main research field. This assay provides evidence of the importance of three fundamental characteristics in a secure supply chain process: to be instrumented, integrated and intelligent. The proposed methodology contemplates instrumentation of the processes and their key points of integration, a stage in which great part of the existing economic operators can be found currently. From this point on, it will be possible to increase its degree of intelligence in such a way as to manage and mitigate risks more rationally.