[pt] O programa Operador Econômico Autorizado (OEA) surgiu no Brasil em 2014 e compreende uma parceria integrada entre alfândega e empresa, incentivando o comércio legítimo. Porém, há um grande potencial de crescimento a ser explorado, pois a maioria das empresas envolvidas na cadeia logística internacional não aderiram ao programa. Este trabalho fornece um amplo estudo de pesquisa realizado sobre o programa OEA, contribuindo para a comunidade acadêmica pois, através da metodologia de pesquisa pela revisão sistemática da literatura, foi possível realizar uma matriz de conceito OEA, traçar uma linha do tempo com os principais marcos até OEA no Brasil, identificar os tipos de operadores OEA diferentes no mundo, descobrir o perfil das empresas operadoras brasileiras credenciadas ao OEA e sintetizar e analisar os benefícios encontrados no mundo em 12 macro benefícios. Como contribuição para a gestão das empresas, foram identificadas as principais características e modalidades da certificação OEA, como se tornar um operador OEA e, principalmente, foram analisados os vários benefícios encontrados, sendo possível recomendar que estas empresas devam aderir ao programa como operadores seguros e confiáveis, usufruindo das vantagens estabelecidas no OEA. Através da metodologia de pesquisa de estudo de caso a partir de dados secundários, este trabalho contribui para as autoridades aduaneiras, ao analisar e comparar as dificuldades dos programas OEA mundo e as perspectivas futuras destes programas e, como objetivo principal deste trabalho, sugerir oportunidades para aperfeiçoamento do programa OEA Brasil para elevá-lo a um novo patamar de maturidade e excelência. / [en] The Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) program emerged in Brazil in 2014 and comprises an integrated partnership between customs and the company, encouraging legitimate trade. However, there is great potential for growth to be explored, since most companies involved in the international logistics chain have not joined the program. This general work a broad research study carried out on the AEO program, contributing to the academic community because, through the research methodology of the systematic literature review, it was possible to carry out an AEO concept matrix, to draw a timeline with the main milestones to AEO in Brazil, identify the types of AEO operators that are different in the world, discover the profile of the brazilian operating companies accredited to the AEO and summarize and analyze the benefits found in the world in 12 macro benefits. As a contribution to the management of companies, the main characteristics and modalities of AEO certification were identified, such as becoming an AEO operator and, mainly, the various benefits found were analyzed, making it possible to recommend that these companies should join the program as safe and secure operators, enjoying harvests in the AEO. Through the case research methodology from secondary data, this work contributes to the customs authorities, by analyzing and comparing the difficulties of the AEO world programs and as future perspectives of these programs and, as the main objective of this work, suggesting opportunities for improving the AEO Brasil program to raise it to a new level of maturity and excellence.

Forced labour presents a severe human rights violation and affects about 27.6 million people worldwide. Most forced labour in the private economy takes place in businesses linked to the global market economy. In efforts against forced labour, it is therefore crucial to address the role of business operations in global supply chains. The European Commission has presented a proposal for a ban on products made with forced labour on the EU market which applies to all companies and industries. Although this initiative has been welcomed broadly the proposal has served as a topic for political debate in the EU. Stakeholders have contrasting views on what would serve as the most effective solution to the problem and, indeed, what actually constitutes the problem. Research on policy design acknowledge that the way a problem is framed and understood determines which kind of solutions will be deemed as appropriate. This thesis aims to understand the foundations of how the European Commission perceives the problem by conducting a frame analysis of the proposal focusing in turn on how the problem is framed, which actors are included, and how causes and solutions are framed. The frame analysis reveals that the Commission’s framing of the problem is ambiguous and twofold - it includes aspects of human rights perspectives as well as market and trade perspectives. The aim of the proposal is to contribute to the eradication of forced labour, but it also addresses the issue of distortion on the internal EU market and on removing unfair competition. Although the proposal fails to address some of the underlying root causes of forced labour this initiative, together with other legal measures in the business and human rights field, presents an important step towards keeping companies accountable for their adverse human rights impacts.

La transparence, à travers ses multiples applications par le juge européen, est érigée en principe général du droit de l’Union européenne. Ses fondements juridiques retentissent sur sa portée, impérative et supplétive, son champ d’application matériel et personnel ainsi que sur son extension progressive et sa limitation aux seuls rapports verticaux développés entre les autorités adjudicatrices et les opérateurs économiques. La transparence est rattachée directement aux libertés fondamentales des soumissionnaires potentiels dont elles assurent la protection juridique et indirectement au principe de libre concurrence par la suppression des obstacles privés à la libre circulation des activités économiques. Ainsi, au service d’une finalité immédiate, la transparence garantit l’accès à la commande publique et, au service d’une finalité médiate, elle protège les structures du marché de la commande publique. Le principe général de transparence donne alors naissance aux contrats relevant de la commande publique qui prennent le relais des contrats publics. Instrument d’intégration et élément structurel du marché intérieur, cette nouvelle génération des contrats matérialise l’accès à la commande publique qui constitue un secteur d’activité économique faisant partie du marché intérieur. / Transparency, through its multiple applications by the european judge, has become a general principle of european law. Its legal basis resound its purview, imperative and suppletive, its personnal et material scope, as well as its progressive extension and its restriction to the vertical relationships developed between contracting authorities and economic operators. Transparency is attached directly to potential bidders fundamental freedoms whose its provides legal protection. It is attached indirectly to the principle of free competition by the elimination of private barriers to the free movement of economic activities. Thus, in the service of an immediate finality, transparency guarantees access to public procurements and, in the service of a mediate finality, it protects the market structures of public procurement. The general principle of transparency gives then rise to contracts of public order (contrats relevant de la commande publique) which take over public contracts. Instrument of integration and structural element of the internal market, this new generation of contracts materialize access to public order (commande publique), that constitutes a sector of economic activity as part of the internal market.