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Dong Gang are the biggest fresh tuna market in Taiwan. This thesis deals with the social networks in Dong Gang tuna market and how they affect the tuna market in Dong Gang. This thesis finds that although Dong Gang tuna market has public auctions, the transactions and exchange of information are highly shaped by social networks, especially in the Bluefin Tuna season that starts in April and end in June. Actors use social networks to avoid risk, control prices and maintain the quality of purchase. On the other hand, the status of actors, which is highly influenced by the licenses from the state, also has significant impacts. There are two kinds of license in Dong Gang tuna market; one for domestic market and one for export. Actors with higher status buying fish firs. This research recognizes that the market is embedded in social structure of economic sociology, and explains the dual meaning of the market: entity and concept. It also points out how local social networks shape deal of market. On the other hand, the price of Japanese tuna market influences Dong Gang tuna market; in other words, the Dong Gang tuna market is part of global tuna market leading by Japan, and the state uses license to control. That is, the Dong Gang fish market consists of local social networks, but also connects with state and global tuna market.

The purpose of this paper is to study underground Mark Six, which is among the most popular activities in Taiwan. Although it involves complicated financial transaction and lots of people, the deriving debt has no legal status according to principle ¡§the gamble debt is illegal¡¨ proscribed in Taiwanese civil law. This thesis focuses on how this system operates without the assurance of the legal system, which is widely believed as the foundation of modern property right. This Data were collected by in-depth interview and participant observation, including 23 interviewers in three main roles and other related actors, gamblers, brokers, bankers, and then, observing the transaction details of underground Mark Six in the illegal casino to analyze the issue specifically. This study identities three major mechanisms that maintain the operation of underground Mark Six: social Network, violence and risk Management. First, the definition of Social network is the relationship construction under the illegal Mark Six transaction. Trust and reputation, derived from the social network, protect transaction safety as a normative force. Next, the mechanism of violence is the transaction progress which judges in underworld way. Also, the mechanism of violence has the technique of evasion of law. Third, the mechanism of risk management is by different layers' actors to work on, and therefore, these actors cause the variation of transaction rule, method and restriction. In order to avoid debt quarrel, for instance, gamblers in lower layer usually decrease the risks by separating the creditor's right to different uplinks.For the brokers in the middle layer, they use a specific transaction record to insure the transaction execution. What's more is that the bankers in the top layer would control the signed Mark Six number for some specific number to prevent a horrible ¡§Hot Pack¡¨ result. I also find that recently Underground Mark Six is toward network technology, gathering with the traditional manual operation. These two executions so called ¡§Computer Operation¡¨ and ¡§Paper Operation.¡¨ Computer operation, moreover, is toward to be an institutionalization franchise, leading the Underground Mark Six to a technology operation, especially for account and managing risk.

The origin of market value has not been sufficiently explored in the social sciences. While there is a tendency among economists and sociologists to see value as imported to the market from external sources (e.g. culture, internal preferences), I argue that shifts in market value are often endogenous to the market setting. Perceptions of value, or collective beliefs that specific sets of assets will yield benefits for the owner, are most malleable when markets are unstable. Instability is caused by intense competition and rapid technological change, both of which upset firms' abilities to make consistent profits and retain their market position. Instability amplifies general uncertainty about the best ways to create value.Perceptions of value emerge in unstable markets as firms monitor and mimic their peers, who act as information proxies about the future value of assets. I look at acquisitions within the communications industries from 1997 to 2002 to assess this claim. I expect that firms acquire target assets in the same segments as their closest competitors and market leaders. Unstable market conditions amplify the extent to which firms use their peers to guide their acquisition choices. The collective flow of acquisitions caused by this mimicry creates perceptions of value that become reflected in concrete, standard measures of market value. Investors and other third-party observers use peer behavior as an interpretive frame for estimating value creation. They assume the collective acquisitions are social proof that value is being created and this is reflected in their investment behavior, which in turn drives up the stock prices of acquiring firms.Regression findings support these propositions; although there is weak evidence that market value gains from peer mimicry are long-term. Instead, I find that using peers to frame acquisition value tends to lead to initial overvaluation, which is subsequently corrected through a long-term value discount. I suggest that unstable market conditions tend to lead to speculative behavior and inefficient market pricing.

The purpose of this dissertation is to challenge the predominant theories of the firm in economics by demonstrating that the firm can only be properly understood if the importance of cooperation based on trust and loyalty, and the ability of the firm to achieve that cooperation by influencing the social foundations of behaviour, is appreciated. Chapter 1 demonstrates that neglecting this ‘social nature’ of the firm renders the predominant theories incomplete and incompatible, with contract-based theories clinging to a rigid model of behaviour and competence-based theories failing to develop the social foundations of knowledge. The second chapter constructs a theory of the firm that rectifies these shortcomings by maintaining that the firm fulfils its purpose of developing and applying productive knowledge by achieving cooperation, which, along with the dual function of achieving coordination, involves a combination of organisational structures and organisational culture. In Chapter 3, this theory reveals that, contrary to deterministic views on organisation and economic development, a range of organisational forms are possible for any given technology or culture, and that organisation in fact shapes technology and culture. In Chapter 4, the dissertation shows that, contrary to the predominant theories of the firm, cooperative firms may have an inherent advantage in achieving cooperation based on trust and loyalty, and in maintaining that cooperation while also achieving the coordination required for advanced technologies. Although this ability may be suppressed by the prevailing institutional environment, the case of Mondragón, discussed in Chapter 5, demonstrates that it can be activated by innovations such as cooperative groups and ‘second-tier coops’. Although Mondragón’s success has been attributed to the uniquely cooperative traits of Basque culture (as opposed to its structural innovations), Chapter 6 demonstrates through primary and secondary research that Mondragón has in fact been used as model across the globe.

Para se compreender a organização do trabalho artístico há que se levar em conta seus aspectos institucionais. As formas que as organizações artísticas tomam estão diretamente relacionadas ao desenvolvimento desses campos de produção em artes. Nessa dissertação, tomo como objeto de interesse o campo da produção teatral paulistana conhecido como Teatro de Grupo. Argumento que a aprovação da Lei de Fomento ao Teatro para a cidade de São Paulo em 2002 foi um importante ponto de inflexão na construção desse campo. Para explorar de que modo a lei permanece como um dos mecanismos centrais da organização dessa parcela da produção artística, foram coletados, por meio de pesquisa de campo e análise documental, dados e informações sobre os grupos que concorreram a essa verba de financiamento. Ao descrever os elementos que constituem esse campo de produção torna-se possível elucidar aspectos específicos da experiência de trabalho artístico dos indivíduos que compõem esses grupos teatrais da cidade. / Institutional features must be taken into account in order to understand the organization of artistic labor. The shapes artistic organizations might take are closely related to the development of the artistic fields of production they pertain. This thesis focuses on a field of theatre production in São Paulo known as Teatro de grupo. I argue that the approval of a law called Lei de Fomento ao Teatro para a cidade de São Paulo in 2002 was a turning point towards this fields construction. Aiming to explore the ways by which this law continues to be one of the core mechanisms of this particular part of the artistic production, I gathered data on theater groups in the city through documental research and field work. Describing he elements that constitute this specific field elucidates the aspects of the labor experience of the artists who are part of these groups.

Lucro e reputação são as duas referências básicas para as decisões tomadas pelos bancos em projetos com fortes impactos socioambientais e fazem parte de uma estratégia que busca combinar resultados econômicos com a estabilidade de acesso aos mercados. O aumento das pressões sociais sobre os grandes financiamentos provocou profundas mudanças nos critérios de avaliação dos riscos dos projetos e nos padrões de relacionamento entre os agentes. Os objetivos desse trabalho são compreender a gênese social do campo formado pela introdução dos critérios socioambientais no mercado financeiro, analisar os padrões de interação entre os bancos e as organizações sociais, e compreender porque os novos padrões foram construídos através da interação entre bancos e organizações sociais. Para compreender essas novas formas de interação, este trabalho se baseia numa abordagem relacional da reputação e faz uma análise histórica das interações entre bancos e organizações. A análise conclui que as novas estratégias de relacionamentos entre bancos e organizações sociais foram moldando novas instituições e hábitos no mercado, constituindo um campo específico das políticas socioambientais no mercado financeiro. Uma nova forma de organização e regulação de mercado que ampliou a transparência e onde decisões estratégicas dos agentes privados passam a ser objeto de debate público. / Profit and reputation are two basic references for the decisions taken by banks on projects with strong social and environmental impacts, and are part of a strategy that seeks to combine economic results with stable access to markets. The increasing social pressures on financial institutions are provoking deep changes on the risk assessment criteria in projects and relationships among agents. The objectives of this study are to understand the social genesis of the field performed by the introduction of social and environmental criteria in the financial market, analyze the interaction patterns among banks and social organizations, and understand why new standards were constructed based on the interaction between banks and social organizations. To understand these new forms of interaction, this work is based on a relational approach of reputation, and presents a historical analysis of the interactions among banks and organizations. The analysis concludes that strategies for new relationships among banks and social organizations were based on new institutions and habits in the market, performing a specific field of socioenvironmental policies in the financial market. A new kind of market organization and regulation is increasing transparency, and strategic decisions of private agents become the object of public debate.

Esta pesquisa tem como foco os processos de desenvolvimento cultural e organizacional necessários à formação de mercados financeiros formais em regiões de baixa-renda. Para tanto, analisa o caso das cooperativas de crédito da região sisaleira da Bahia, uma experiência notável de inserção de populações de baixa renda no mercado financeiro. Com o acesso a serviços financeiros a baixos custos e a capacitação e assistência técnica proporcionadas pela associação dos pequenos produtores, os agricultores passaram a investir em atividades econômicas mais adaptadas ao clima semi-árido, ter acesso a novos mercados, planejar melhor a produção e o consumo, elevar a renda e promover o desenvolvimento local. Nessa região em que os sertanejos encontravam-se, e uma parte ainda é, dependentes de monopólios tradicionais que se perpetuavam através de vínculos personalistas de controle, os sertanejos contraem constante endividamento junto a comerciantes locais. A ação das Comunidades Eclesiais de Base e dos sindicatos de trabalhadores rurais, a partir dos anos 70, foi decisiva para promover um processo de desenvolvimento cultural e a formação de uma densa rede de organizações que possibilitaram ampliar o acesso dos agricultores ao mercado financeiro e a novos canais de comercialização. Por meio de uma análise interdisciplinar e crítica da realidade concreta e dos conceitos da sociologia econômica, da economia institucional, da teoria dos sistemas agrários e da antropologia, são reconstruídos os processos históricos que levaram à formação de cooperativas, é analisada a influência do clima sobre os mercados, é investigada a racionalidade econômica do sertanejo e são desvendadas as estruturas sociais que sustentam as novas organizações econômicas e o desenvolvimento recente da região sisaleira da Bahia. / This study aims to understand the cultural development processes required to create markets. The analysis is focused on the case of credit cooperatives in the sisal region of Bahia, which represents an outstanding experience of inclusion of low income people in the financial market. Access to low-cost financial services, together with training and technical assistance provided by the small growers association, allowed them to invest in economic activities more adapted to the semi-arid region, to reach new markets, to plan production and consumption, to increase their income and to promote local development. In this region, local people (the sertanejos) used to be - and still are dependent on traditional monopolies that perpetuate by means of personalized control ties, which keep them constantly in debt with local traders. The action of both the comunidades eclesiais de base (grassroot catholic organization) and the rural labor unions were crucial to promote a process of cultural development and the formation of a dense net of organizations responsible for increasing the growers´ access to the financial market and to new marketing channels. The analysis is based on a historical, inter-disciplinary and critical approach, and on concepts of economic sociology, institutional economics, agrarian systems and anthropology. The historical processes are reconstructed, the climate influence on the market is analyzed, the economic rationality of the sertanejo is investigated and the social structures that support the new economic organization and development of Bahia´s sisal region are revealed.

China’s achievement of developing a vigorous market economy is based on Chinese communist party (CCP)’s top-down reform and opening-up policies since 1978. Meanwhile, political reform of the second largest economy in today’s world is continuously delayed. Without an agenda of bringing democracy and regulation-making process into workplaces, China’s state-owned enterprises were swiftly transformed to be profit-oriented economic entities with managerial supremacy. As an authoritarian regime still run by communist party, China has to negotiate with its own socialist tradition, which entails not only restructuring labour relations in workplaces but its national ideology. This study explores Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) politics of labour management in China’s local state sector. With use of multiple qualitative inquiring techniques, the study selects two state-owned corporations located in Shanghai region as cases, and provides an in-depth analysis on Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) politics of managing labour force formulation as well as re-shaping employment relationship within those transitioning SOEs. The study is expected to illuminate the diversity within and across regions and industrial sectors in China. Also, these case studies suggest that CCP adopts pragmatic approaches over labour managing matters so as to ensure its sovereign influence. I will argue that the key to understand SOEs’ management rebuilding is CCP’s governing tradition of co-option and elite selection, which is a prolong legacy that has shaped the party’s personnel managing system since revolutionary era. It is also hoped that the findings of my empirical research will lead to theoretical discussion on China’s path of industrial relations in future: if such dynamic managerialism in the state sector is able to guarantee further delays of workplace political liberalisation of labour relation, or not.

Para se compreender a organização do trabalho artístico há que se levar em conta seus aspectos institucionais. As formas que as organizações artísticas tomam estão diretamente relacionadas ao desenvolvimento desses campos de produção em artes. Nessa dissertação, tomo como objeto de interesse o campo da produção teatral paulistana conhecido como Teatro de Grupo. Argumento que a aprovação da Lei de Fomento ao Teatro para a cidade de São Paulo em 2002 foi um importante ponto de inflexão na construção desse campo. Para explorar de que modo a lei permanece como um dos mecanismos centrais da organização dessa parcela da produção artística, foram coletados, por meio de pesquisa de campo e análise documental, dados e informações sobre os grupos que concorreram a essa verba de financiamento. Ao descrever os elementos que constituem esse campo de produção torna-se possível elucidar aspectos específicos da experiência de trabalho artístico dos indivíduos que compõem esses grupos teatrais da cidade. / Institutional features must be taken into account in order to understand the organization of artistic labor. The shapes artistic organizations might take are closely related to the development of the artistic fields of production they pertain. This thesis focuses on a field of theatre production in São Paulo known as Teatro de grupo. I argue that the approval of a law called Lei de Fomento ao Teatro para a cidade de São Paulo in 2002 was a turning point towards this fields construction. Aiming to explore the ways by which this law continues to be one of the core mechanisms of this particular part of the artistic production, I gathered data on theater groups in the city through documental research and field work. Describing he elements that constitute this specific field elucidates the aspects of the labor experience of the artists who are part of these groups.