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In this dissertation, I ask what types of family negotiations occur among college-bound students and their parents as they navigate the college preparation process. Through in-depth interviews with sixty-five upper, upper-middle, middle, and lower-middle-class parents and children I explore the mechanisms that are activated in the competitive pursuit of college admission. While much research focuses on the influence of the school context, I ask students and their parents about the ways that college preparations are discussed and handled at home, focusing on their approaches to activity participation, finances, and college choices. This project investigates how various forms of what Bourdieu terms capital – cultural, economic, and social – are relayed between parents and children. I find three general orientations to college preparation, which I term strategic, natural and compliant. These approaches are shaped not only by past and present class dispositions, but also by families’ expectations for the future, which consequently transfer capital in different ways. While strategizers openly engage in activities that they hope will help their chances of admission, compliers face a moral conflict between their belief in meritocracy and the demands of the process, and naturalizers try not to explicitly associate specific activity choices with college preparation. I argue that the naturalizers, who shy away from outwardly instrumental participation instead emphasizing character development, hold the highest amounts of cultural capital, which is correspondingly rewarded by elite educational institutions. These orientations filter through respondents’ approaches to finances and choosing a college. Reflecting the tenets of their orientations, I find that some families talk about paying for college as a gift, others as a down payment, a duty, or an incentive. When faced with choosing which colleges to apply to and attend, the orientations help to explain the ways that social class resources and dispositions not only impact the extent to which families face uncertainty, but also their understandings of how to manage it. This study emphasizes that the meaning-making that occurs through the college preparation process powerfully shapes and is shaped by social class sensibilities, revealing taken-for-granted mechanisms in the reproduction of inequality.

This dissertation examines the emergence of neoliberalism through an historical analysis of the evolution of the U.S airline industry. In 1938 the basic economic activities of U.S. airlines were placed under the regulatory oversight and control of the Civil Aeronautics Board. This institution of "regulated competition" persisted largely unquestioned until the economic crisis of the 1970s. Out of this crisis the Airline Deregulation Act was passed in 1978, eliminating most of these economic controls. Based on analysis of Congressional hearings, a key industry trade press (Air Transport World), the general business press, and financial and labor market data on the airline industry I explain the stable reproduction of "regulated competition" from 1938-1973, the mobilization against regulated competition that began in 1973 that led to the reorganization of the industry in 1978, and the transformation of the market for air travel in the 1980s following the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act. Through analyzing this case of the transition from state interventionism to neoliberalism I make three interrelated historical and theoretical arguments. First, as an historical object neoliberalism is a contextual and often incoherent political project that to fully understand requires fine-grained analyses of the social spaces in which neoliberalism is inserted and adapted. Second, neoliberal deregulations such as occurred in the airline industry do not translate into a simple self-regulating market. Instead, what we observe in this case is that market actors rebuild institutions and reorganize social relations in order to protect themselves from market competition. Finally, at a theoretical level I argue that while analytically distinct networks and institutions are mutually constitutive of markets and interact with each other in the evolution of a market. This case demonstrates the back and forth dynamics of actors building social relations to transform institutions that then transform existing social relations that is the hallmark of market dynamics. Thus, at a theoretical level I draw out the importance of understanding the relationship between networks and institutions in understanding the evolution of markets as social fields, while at a historical level I argue that focusing on concrete cases of neoliberalism will help us understand the multiplex politics behind producing a neoliberal political economy and the unexpected consequences of it.

This dissertation consists of the first three papers in a stream of organization theory research inspired by the insight that humans are as motivated by identity self interest - or the "longing to belong" - as by instrumental self interest. The first paper (chapter 2) spells out this insight and its implications for the governance of knowledge intensive organizations; the second paper (chapter 3) offers an empirical test of the fundamental assumption that a continuum of motivation influences governance arrangements; and the third paper (chapter 4) uses a historical case study to refine process theories of organization by emphasizing the struggle for dominance between identity groups and their logics. / Business Administration/Strategic Management

Submitted by Gustavo Moreira (gustavo.moreira@pcebr.com.br) on 2016-12-21T15:41:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Gustavo Herkenhoff Moreira.pdf: 2048950 bytes, checksum: ea84eed9511d2f15168280197a922793 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2016-12-27T12:05:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Gustavo Herkenhoff Moreira.pdf: 2048950 bytes, checksum: ea84eed9511d2f15168280197a922793 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-03T18:46:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Gustavo Herkenhoff Moreira.pdf: 2048950 bytes, checksum: ea84eed9511d2f15168280197a922793 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-23 / The objective of this study is to assess the contribution of the New Economic Sociology to the Brazilian Business Administration scientific production. Starting with the benefits of interdisciplinarity, the importance of Sociology to Administration is discussed through the contributions of the New Economic Sociology, a knowledge area that uses a sociological perspective to analyze markets. This study evaluated the scientific literature published in journals as well as in Anpad's events between 2006 and 2015 to measure and evaluate how the discipline is being used in the discussions related to management in Brazil. As a result, the general profile of the publications, authors and the thematic areas that are being complemented by discipline are presented, not to mention the study also provides a clearer view of the institutional environment of the research network. The research suggests the area is undergoing a rise in interest. There was a substantial increase in (adjusted) publication volumes, active researchers, number of journals, active academic institutions and in the average number of authors per work, demonstrating an improvement in the permeability of the concepts. However, few universities and researchers were active simultaneously in both five-year periods. The research network appeared to be sparse. Other elements also suggested the topic is poorly institutionalized. The typical profile of the researcher using the New Economic Sociology is dominated by administrators located in the same department. However, the contributions of social scientists were relevant in a number of ways. The analysis showed that New Economic Sociology has contributed to illuminate management issues, especially those related to organizational performance and market analysis. The most frequent disciplines overlapping it were Strategy and Organizational Theory, often making use of the concept of social networks to answer the research questions. / O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar a contribuição da Nova Sociologia Econômica para a produção científica brasileira da Administração. Partindo dos benefícios da interdisciplinaridade, discute-se a importância da Sociologia para a Administração por meio dos aportes da Nova Sociologia Econômica, um campo voltado para a análise sociológica dos mercados. Realiza-se um levantamento sistemático e uma avaliação da produção científica que recorre à Nova Sociologia Econômica, publicada em periódicos de referência na Administração de 2006 a 2015, assim como nos anais do Anpad, para mensurar e avaliar como a disciplina está permeando as discussões de gestão no Brasil. Como resultado, obtém-se um perfil das publicações, dos autores, das áreas temáticas da Administração que vêm sendo complementadas pela disciplina, além de uma visão mais clara do ambiente institucional e da rede de pesquisadores que se utilizam do tema. Foi observado um crescimento no interesse por seus conceitos. Houve substancial elevação no volume (ajustado) de publicações, de pesquisadores ativos no tema, no número de periódicos, de instituições de ensino superior abrigando pesquisadores ativos no tema e, na média de autores por trabalho, demonstrando uma melhora na permeabilidade destes conceitos no ambiente acadêmico de Administração. No entanto, poucas universidades e pesquisadores foram ativos simultaneamente nos dois quinquênios avaliados, a rede de pesquisadores se mostrou pouco densa, e foram observados elementos que sugerem que o tema está pouco institucionalizado. Outro aspecto observado é que o perfil típico do pesquisador que vem recorrendo à Nova Sociologia Econômica para pesquisas de gestão no Brasil é dominado por administradores, lotados no mesmo departamento. Destaca-se também que as contribuições de cientistas sociais foram relevantes em importantes aspectos. O conteúdo abordado mostra que a Nova Sociologia Econômica vem contribuindo para iluminar problemas de gestão, especialmente em temas relacionados a desempenho organizacional e a análise de mercado. Os trabalhos analisados possuem enquadramento mais frequente nas disciplinas de Estratégia e Teoria Organizacional, frequentemente lançando mão do conceito de redes sociais para responder as perguntas de pesquisa.

A presente tese busca analisar iniciativas de inovação social, de três diferentes formatos organizacionais, tendo por referência abordagens da Nova Sociologia Econômica (NSE). Autores dessa corrente teórica, sugerem observar as ações econômicas, a partir de uma reconfiguração dos atores sociais, neste sentido, ampliam a noção da economia para além das questões mercantis e monetárias, considerando tal, como construção social. Esta tese parte da premissa de que a inovação social (IS) surge como resposta aos crescentes desafios socioeconômicos e ambientais, provenientes do modelo econômico global neoliberal, sendo uma iniciativa social tanto no processo como resultado e, portanto, uma inovação alternativa ao atual modelo de desenvolvimento econômico. Para isto, optou-se pela análise de iniciativas socialmente inovadoras, de três diferentes organizações, sendo, o Banco Palmas - um banco comunitário, localizado em Fortaleza (CE), a organização Cidades Sem Fome - uma organização não-governamental, localizada em São Paulo (SP) e o Colab - uma empresa privada, localizada em São Paulo (SP), e com atuação em diferentes estados brasileiros. A pergunta que norteou a pesquisa foi: \"Como ocorre a dinâmica da inovação social e quais são as barreiras e facilitadores deste modelo de inovação\"? Para responder esta pergunta, utilizou-se uma abordagem de pesquisa exploratória, descritivo-qualitativa, a partir de múltiplos casos. Foram utilizadas múltiplas fontes de evidências, tendo-se recorrido, assim, à técnica de triangulação de dados, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação direta e análise documental, bem como à técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados mostraram que a inovação social consiste em uma ação coletiva, configurada por uma lógica participativa e colaborativa, através de uma rede de atores. A partir das iniciativas investigadas e com base nas proposições teóricas da investigação, é possível afirmar que a inovação social tem sido capaz de provocar mudanças no ambiente político-institucional em que está inserida. Têm como um dos principais facilitadores, a participação dos atores sociais - beneficiários - no processo de gestão da solução empreendida, por meio da governança compartilhada. E como uma das principais barreiras, o contexto político-institucional, no aspecto legal. Verificou-se, a partir dos casos analisados, que a inovação é social tanto no processo como no resultado, sendo capaz de gerar e fortalecer novas relações entre os atores, e ainda, contribuir para o empowerment dos beneficiários, considerando-os como co-produtores de tais iniciativas. / The present thesis seeks to analyze initiatives of social innovation, of three different organizational formats, with reference to approaches of the New Economic Sociology (NSE). Authors of this theoretical current, suggest to observe the economic actions, from a reconfiguration of the social actors, in this sense, broaden the notion of the economy beyond the mercantile and monetary questions, considering such, as social construction. This thesis is based on the premise that social innovation (IS) emerges as a response to the growing socioeconomic and environmental challenges arising from the neoliberal global economic model, being a social initiative both in the process and result, and therefore an alternative innovation to the current model of economic development. For this, we opted for the analysis of socially innovative initiatives of three different organizations: Banco Palmas - a community bank, located in Fortaleza (CE), the organization Cidades Sem Fome - a nongovernmental organization located in São Paulo (SP) and Colab - a private company, located in São Paulo (SP), and operating in different Brazilian states. The question that guided the research was: \"How does the dynamics of social innovation occur and what are the barriers and facilitators of this innovation model\"? To answer this question, we used an exploratory, descriptive-qualitative research approach, based on multiple cases. Multiple sources of evidence were used and the data triangulation technique was used, through semi-structured interviews, direct observation and documentary analysis, as well as the technique of content analysis. The results showed that social innovation consists of a collective action, configured by a participatory and collaborative logic, through a network of actors. From the initiatives investigated and based on the theoretical propositions of research, it is possible to affirm that social innovation has been able to bring about changes in the political-institutional environment in which it is inserted. They have as one of the main facilitators, the participation of social actors - beneficiaries - in the process of managing the solution undertaken, through shared governance. And as one of the main barriers, the political-institutional context, in the legal aspect. It was verified, from the analyzed cases, that innovation is social both in the process and in the result, being able to generate and to strengthen new relations between the actors, and also, to contribute to the empowerment of the beneficiaries, considering them as co-producers of such initiatives.

Esta tese é um estudo sobre mediações de natureza política e cultural que facultam o ambiente de funcionamento do universo empresarial. Almejo atingir pontos de entrecruzamento entre as atividades econômicas, a política e a cultura no percurso de uma parcela de imigrantes japoneses de São Paulo. Examino o repertório de motivações dos agentes que, em períodos distintos, ocuparam os principais cargos de comando em uma empresa: a Cooperativa Agrícola de Cotia. Avalio se, e sob quais condições, certos fundamentos sociais condicionaram as ações desses agentes. São analisadas as suas percepções sobre acontecimentos e momentos históricos específicos, bem como as respostas por eles formuladas ao sistema de alocação de direitos e oportunidades oferecidos aos estrangeiros na sociedade brasileira ao longo do século XX. Argumento que processos sociais inseparáveis da experiência migratória dos japoneses no Brasil como a busca pelo reconhecimento de suas diferenças e a formulação de estratégias de incorporação social reverberam, em muitos casos, no repertório de motivações desses gestores. / This thesis is a study on the cultural and political mediations that affect the operating environment of the business world. I seek to reach points of intersection between economic activities, politics and culture of a small fraction of São Paulo\'s Japanese immigrants. I examine the repertoire of motivations of agents that, at different period of times, were at the top leadership in a firm: the Cooperativa Agrícola de Cotia. I examine whether and under what conditions certain social foundations conditioned the actions of these agents. I analyze their perceptions of events and specific historical moments, as well as the responses made by them to the allocation system rights and opportunities offered to the foreigners in Brazilian society throughout the twentieth century. I argue that inseparable social processes of the migratory experience of the Japanese in Brazil such as the search for recognition of their differences and the formulation of social incorporation strategies reverberated on the repertoire of motivation from the firms top managers.

Madagascar souffre d’une insuffisance chronique en riz, aliment de base de la population. La filière peine à sortir de la dépendance aux importations et encore moins à développer les exportations. Nous tentons de voir en quoi ces contre-performances reflètent une « crise de la qualité » dans les échanges à l’aide du modèle de marché de Harrison White (2002) qui analyse la notion de viabilité des échanges autour des questions de qualité. Celle-ci passe par l’existence d’un ordre de qualité du riz (paddy ou blanchi) fondé sur les perceptions ressenties par les acteurs. Pour cela, les intermédiaires de la filière ont à définir une orientation de leurs activités en amont ou en aval selon la localisation de la plus grande incertitude sur la qualité du riz, pour saisir, et être en accord avec, les perceptions de la qualité par les acteurs concernés. L’analyse des échanges dans l’Alaotra-Mangoro donne les résultats suivants. 1/ Trois circuits de commercialisation du riz sont théoriquement viables. Le circuit « dominant » et le circuit « à la marge » sont dominés respectivement par une convention de qualité « domestique » basée sur la qualité nutritive du paddy et une autre « industrielle » basée sur la qualité esthétique du riz blanchi. Sur le circuit « transitionnel », coexistent les deux conventions de qualité, « domestique » en amont et « industrielle » en aval. 2/ L’ordre de qualité sur ce circuit résulterait d’un compromis entre conventions matérialisé par un référentiel de qualité esthétique et nutritive du riz (paddy et blanchi). 3/ La reconnaissance de ces deux conventions de qualité et de la nécessité d’un compromis entre celles-ci rendrait les échanges viables et lèverait l’actuelle « crise de la qualité » au sein de la filière. / Madagascar suffers from a chronic insufficiency of rice, the staple food of the population.The value chain is struggling to emerge from dependence on imports and even less to develop exports.We try to see how these poor performances reflect a "quality crisis" in rice exchanges by means of themarket model of Harrison White (2002) and its concept of market “viability” based on quality issues.To be viable, market needs to be governed by an order of quality defined by perceptions on ricequality from actors at play. The intermediaries have then to orient upstream or downstream theiractivities depending on where the greatest uncertainty on quality is in order to take into accountquality perceptions by the actors involved. Rice exchanges analysis in the Alaotra-Mangoro gives thefollowing results. 1 / Three rice marketing channels are theoretically viable. The “dominating”marketing channel and the “marginal” one are respectively ruled by a "domestic" quality conventionaround the nutritious quality of paddy and an "industrial" one around the esthetic quality of milledrice. Both quality conventions exist on the "transitional" channel: the "domestic" convention is sharedby upstream and the "industrial" one by downstream. 2 / The order of quality on this last marketingchannel would be a compromise between the two existing conventions and is materialized by areferential of esthetic and nutritious quality. 3 / The recognition of these two quality conventions andof the need for compromise between them would enable rice exchanges to be viable and then wouldend the "quality crisis" at the origin of the poor performances of the Malagasy rice value chain.

Dans une perspective de sociologie économique attentive à l’influence de la matérialité du produit sur les modalités de sa mise en marché, cette thèse analyse l’évolution des liens marchands qui organisent le commerce de poudre de lait entre un lieu de production (la France) et un lieu de consommation (le Mali). La première partie étudie la genèse du marché mondial de la poudre de lait et son évolution marquée par la libéralisation des politiques agricoles qui renforce la prégnance des mécanismes marchands. La sujétion des producteurs laitiers, français et maliens, au marché mondial est toutefois limitée par le caractère imparfait de la substitution entre les deux matières premières laitières utilisées dans les procès de transformation : la poudre de lait (produit du commerce international) et le lait cru à la circulation marchande restreinte. La seconde partie s’appuie sur deux enquêtes ethnographiques. La première examine la mise en valeur internationale de la poudre de lait par des traders dont le travail spéculatif est d’autant plus valorisé que le produit est rare et ses prix futurs, incertains. La saisonnalité de la production et la périssabilité du produit limitent toutefois leur pouvoir spéculatif. La seconde, effectuée au marché de Bamako, s’intéresse à la traduction de la norme marchande internationale (rapport entre une qualité et un prix) le long de deux circuits de distribution, distingués selon que la poudre est conditionnée industriellement ou artisanalement. L’efficacité du circuit artisanal tient, en partie, au fait que, en permettant une adaptation rapide par la qualité ou les quantités, il s’ajuste au plus près au contexte international marqué par la volatilité des prix et l’irrégularité des qualités disponibles. / This research is based on economic sociology approaches focusing on the influence of materiality of products on their marketization. It analyses the evolution of market relationships that organize trading of powdered milk between a production area (France) and a consumption area (Mali). The first part studies the genesis of powdered milk's world market and its evolution, characterised by a phase of liberalization of agricultural policies that strenghten market mecanisms. The dependence of French and Malian milk producers on the world market is nevertheless limited, due to an imperfect substituability of the two dairy products used for processing: powdered milk (produced for international trade) and raw milk which has a limited circulation capacity. The second part of the research is based on two ethnographic studies. The first one considers the international valuation of powdered milk by traders whose speculative activity becomes more valuable when products are rare and future prices uncertain. Production seasonality and product perishability limit however their speculation capacity. The second study was carried out in Bamako's market. It deals with the translation of international market norms (relationship between a quality and a price) along two distribution channels, differentiated by the type of powdered milk conditioning (industrial or artisanal). The efficiency of the artisanal value chain relies partly on its fast adaptation through quality or quantities. Thus it adjustes to the international context of price volatility and irregularity of available qualities.

Esta tese apóia-se em um estudo de caso realizado na Grande Santa Rosa, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, para discutir a categoria analítica mercado de trabalho. Restrições ao conceito emergem em um tratamento teórico inspirado na nova sociologia econômica e se evidenciam na abordagem empírica. O trabalho de campo desenvolveu-se em 2002 e, a seguir, entre 2006 e 2007. Foram realizadas observações de inspiração etnográfica e entrevistas em profundidade; dados censitários, registros administrativos e pesquisa de documentação histórica constituíram-se em fontes complementares. Na região autodenominada o Berço Nacional da Soja, expressando o peso econômico e simbólico do produto , a elevada participação da agricultura familiar na ocupação, a grande parcela de trabalho não-remunerado e as pequenas populações dos municípios que a integram seriam características suficientes para interpelar o caráter mercantil do uso do trabalho, bem como as ferramentas analíticas consagradas nas pesquisas sobre mercados de trabalho. O quadro regional, entretanto, se torna ainda mais desafiador pois abriga um setor industrial moderno, nucleado por duas empresas multinacionais, que empregam grande número de trabalhadores, influenciam fortemente a vida institucional da região e a inserem em circuitos de interações globais. A interconexão entre essas duas formas de circulação e uso do trabalho não sustenta uma interpretação dualista, e só adquire coerência quando se traz a problemática espacial para o centro da análise. Os nexos, historicamente tecidos, entre os múltiplos fatores - sociais, culturais e institucionais -, tão pertinentes na análise sociológica de um mercado de trabalho, associam-se às especificidades de uma configuração espacial concreta, atravessada pelas múltiplas escalas (local, nacional, global) que se sobrepõem e se articulam para constituí-la. / This thesis explores a case study in the Grande Santa Rosa region (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) aiming to contribute to recent discussions on the pertinence and heuristic value of labor market as an analytical tool in sociological analysis. Weaknesses of this concept grow from both a theoretical approach inspired in the new economic sociology, and the empirical results. Field research has been conducted in two periods: 2002 and 2006-2007 based upon ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews; census and administrative data as well as primary documents and historical information completed the collection of data sources. In this region known as the National Cradle of Soya Beans, evidence of the economic and symbolic importance of the product some characteristics like the high labor force engagement on family based agriculture, the weight of non-paid work and the very small size of population in the municipalities would confront interpretations on the mercantile character of work relations and would challenge the pertinence of analytical tools currently used on sociological analysis of labor market. The nature of its social reality, however, looks even more challenging due to the presence of a modern industrial sector, driven by two large transnational corporations, employing a significant contingent of regional workers; those firms are major players on regional institutional life, brokering Grande Santa Rosa connections with global circuits. The links between those two different forms of labor circulation and economic insertion do not stand for dualistic interpretation. Coherence to be reached requires the spatial dimension to be brought to the center of analysis. The historical intertwine of social, cultural or institutional factors, crucial for the sociology of labor markets, requires the analysis to be grounded in the uniqueness of concrete spatial configuration, taking into account the overlapping and interaction of its multiple scales (local, national and global).