O estudo buscou realizar pesquisas teórica, legal-financeira e empírica sobre os recursos financeiros descentralizados que são transferidos diretamente às escolas públicas municipais de São Paulo, pelos governos federal (Programa Dinheiro Direto na Escola, PDDE) e municipal (Programa de Transferência de Recursos Financeiros, PTRF, e Verba de Adiantamento), investigando sobre os procedimentos legais, administrativos e participativos que envolvem a gestão destes recursos, de forma a apresentar dados quantitativos e qualitativos sobre eles, tendo como amostra de pesquisa cinco escolas de diferentes modalidades de ensino: um Centro de Educação Infantil (CEI), uma Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil (EMEI), uma Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental (EMEF), um Centro Integrado de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (CIEJA) e uma Escola Municipal de Educação Básica para Surdos (EMEBS). A dimensão empírica da pesquisa se dividiu em duas subdimensões: macro e micro. A dimensão empírica macro se deu numa perspectiva legal-financeira, pesquisando sobre as origens e os procedimentos legais dos programas que transferem recursos financeiros descentralizados às escolas públicas, suas normas de utilização, movimentação e prestação de contas. Essa dimensão também buscou desenvolver uma série histórica, contemplando o período de 2007 a 2013, a qual compara os montantes dos recursos financeiros descentralizados transferidos anualmente às escolas municipais de São Paulo com o orçamento total anual da educação do município, objetivando demonstrar o quanto estes programas representam em termos percentuais para o planejamento orçamentário municipal. A dimensão empírica micro da pesquisa se deu a partir da verificação em campo, no âmbito das escolas pesquisadas, levantando suas dificuldades e avanços em lidar com os recursos financeiros transferidos, trazendo dados sobre seus montantes e aplicações anuais (2007 a 2013), a partir da verificação dos documentos de prestação de contas das Associações de Pais e Mestres (APMs), de instrumentos de entrevista e de levantamento de dados, especificamente elaborados pelos métodos da pesquisa. Os dados e as informações apresentados abordam questões importantes sobre financiamento e gestão financeira escolar, tendo o intuito de contribuir para o debate sobre políticas públicas de gestão financeira escolar e fornecer subsídios que possam compor estudos cujo objetivo seja uma abordagem sobre a realidade financeira das escolas públicas e a gestão democrática de seus recursos financeiros, com vistas à melhoria da qualidade de ensino. / The study sought to carry out theoretical, legal-financial and empirical research on the decentralized financial resources that are transferred directly to public schools in São Paulo, by the federal government (\"Direct Money to School Program\", PDDE) and by the municipal government (\"Financial Resources Transfer Program\", PTRF, and \"Verba de Adiantamento\"), investigating on the legal, administrative and participatory procedures that involve the management of these resources in order to provide quantitative and qualitative data about them. As a research sample there were five schools of different types of education modalities: one Early Childhood Center (CEI), a Municipal School of Early Childhood Education (EMEI), a Municipal Elementary School (EMEF), an Integrated Centre for Youth and Adult Education (CIEJA) and a Municipal Basic Education School for the Deaf ( EMEBS). The empirical dimension of the research is divided into two sub-dimensions: macro and micro scales. The macro empirical dimension was given a legal and financial perspective, researching the origins and legal procedures of the programs that transfer decentralized financial resources to public schools, their rules of use, handling and accountability. This dimension also sought to develop a historical series, covering the period 2007 to 2013, which compares the amounts of decentralized resources transferred annually to public schools in São Paulo with the total annual budget of the municipality\'s education, aiming to show how much (in percentage) these programs represent in terms of the municipal budget planning. The micro scale empirical research took place from the field verification, along with the surveyed schools, raising their difficulties and advances in dealing with the financial resources transferred to them, bringing data on their amounts and annual applications (2007 - 2013), from verification of the accounting documents of the Parent Teacher Associations (APMs), interview and data collection tools, specifically designed by the methods of the research. The data and information presented address important matters about funding and school financial management, with the aim of contributing to the debate on public policies to school financial management and provide subsidies that can compose studies whose aim is the approach to the financial reality of public schools and democratic management of its financial resources, looking forward to improving the quality of education.

Why do girls and boys perform differently in school? In this paper, we examine the gender gap in educational achievement for Language and Mathematics using a novel dataset of 10,000 students in the Public School System of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The broad set of available information allows us to test the relative importance of skills and incentives to schooling on the educational outcomes of boys and girls. We summarize a unique socioemotional profile of boys and girls in Brazil and find significant gender differences in skills and incentives to schooling. Performing a decomposition exercise, we find that the gender gap in educational outcomes is significantly explained by differences in the levels of observed inputs, especially incentives to schooling. We bring new evidence on the importance of incentives to schooling in explaining the gender differences in both classroom grades in standardized test scores. / Por que meninas e meninos têm desempenhos diferentes na escola? Nesta pesquisa, vamos examinar as disparidades de gênero no desempenho escolar em Linguagem e Matemática utilizando um novo conjunto de dados de 10.000 alunos do Sistema Público de Ensino de São Paulo, Brasil. O amplo conjunto de informações disponíveis nos permite testar a importância relativa das competências socioemocionais e incentivos à educação sobre os resultados educacionais de meninos e meninas. Nós traçamos um perfil socioemocional único de meninos e meninas no Brasil e encontramos diferenças de gênero significativas nas habilidades e incentivos à educação. Realizando um exercício de decomposição, descobrimos que a diferença de gênero nos resultados educacionais é significativamente explicada pelas diferenças nos níveis de insumos observados, especialmente incentivos à educação. Ainda, encontramos novas evidências sobre a importância dos incentivos à educação para explicar as diferenças de gênero em notas de sala de aula e resultados de testes padronizados.

Why do girls and boys perform differently in school? In this paper, we examine the gender gap in educational achievement for Language and Mathematics using a novel dataset of 10,000 students in the Public School System of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The broad set of available information allows us to test the relative importance of skills and incentives to schooling on the educational outcomes of boys and girls. We summarize a unique socioemotional profile of boys and girls in Brazil and find significant gender differences in skills and incentives to schooling. Performing a decomposition exercise, we find that the gender gap in educational outcomes is significantly explained by differences in the levels of observed inputs, especially incentives to schooling. We bring new evidence on the importance of incentives to schooling in explaining the gender differences in both classroom grades in standardized test scores. / Por que meninas e meninos têm desempenhos diferentes na escola? Nesta pesquisa, vamos examinar as disparidades de gênero no desempenho escolar em Linguagem e Matemática utilizando um novo conjunto de dados de 10.000 alunos do Sistema Público de Ensino de São Paulo, Brasil. O amplo conjunto de informações disponíveis nos permite testar a importância relativa das competências socioemocionais e incentivos à educação sobre os resultados educacionais de meninos e meninas. Nós traçamos um perfil socioemocional único de meninos e meninas no Brasil e encontramos diferenças de gênero significativas nas habilidades e incentivos à educação. Realizando um exercício de decomposição, descobrimos que a diferença de gênero nos resultados educacionais é significativamente explicada pelas diferenças nos níveis de insumos observados, especialmente incentivos à educação. Ainda, encontramos novas evidências sobre a importância dos incentivos à educação para explicar as diferenças de gênero em notas de sala de aula e resultados de testes padronizados.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-08-28T17:39:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 36e.pdf: 1497501 bytes, checksum: eb2f5a9120b8862c4297aac38d52a55a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-28T17:39:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 36e.pdf: 1497501 bytes, checksum: eb2f5a9120b8862c4297aac38d52a55a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nenhuma / Este estudo desenvolve o tema das políticas públicas para o ensino superior, tendo como motivação a intenção de conhecer melhor a forma como são pensadas e formuladas, em especial as políticas educacionais para este nível de ensino, bem como analisar a repercussão destas políticas. A investigação aqui proposta procura contribuir com o campo da Economia da Educação a partir das fontes que se utilizam, sobretudo o Censo da Educação Superior disponibilizado pelo INEP, através das quais foi possível uma reflexão específica sobre o tema do estudo, no sentido de tomar conhecimento, a partir da realidade apresentada pelos dados, das reais transformações do mercado da educação superior. Considerou-se a implementação das políticas educacionais elaboradas a partir da influência das orientações dos organismos internacionais, em especial as do Banco Mundial. O foco da pesquisa centrou-se em compreender a influência destas orientações, no processo de expansão do ensino superior no Brasil, com a implementação da LDB/1996, bem como observar quais foram os efeitos desta Lei no sistema de educação superior. O objetivo é investigar as causas e de que forma ocorreu o processo de predomínio do Banco Mundial na formulação das políticas públicas para o ensino superior, bem como verificar quais foram os resultados desta influência nos indicadores da educação superior, no sentido de observar as alterações que ocorreram no mercado do ensino superior. O estudo está delimitado geograficamente ao Estado brasileiro no período de tempo que vai do ano de 1995 ao ano de 2010, constituindo-se numa pesquisa documental de cunho qualitativo e quantitativo. As fontes consultadas foram os documentos do Banco Mundial (1995), mais especificamente o documento “La enseñanza superior: las lecciones derivadas de la experiencia”, a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira (BRASIL, 1996) e o Censo da Educação Superior. Foram utilizadas como variáveis principais, para a realização da pesquisa, a quantidade das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), de matrículas, de concluintes, de docentes, de docentes com tempo integral, de docentes com titulação de mestrado e de docentes com titulação de doutorado, e como variáveis secundárias, o PIB, a quantidade dos vínculos com ensino superior, bem como a sua remuneração média e a dos docentes. Na investigação foi possível verificar que deste o inicio do período estudado as IES privadas constituem-se na maioria dos estabelecimentos de ensino e também que a grande maioria de IES são privadas não universitárias. Observou-se também que as matrículas crescem mais do que cresce a quantidade de IES no ensino particular, e que estas últimas tem um desempenho muito superior ao crescimento do PIB no mesmo período. Pode-se ainda observar que os docentes, ainda que mais preparados e com uma carga maior de alunos, ganham 24% menos, em termos reais, em 2010 do que em 1995. Além disso, verificou-se que uma maior quantidade de concluintes resulta em mais trabalhadores com ensino superior empregados no mercado formal de trabalho, e esta maior qualificação disponível para o mercado não resulta em maiores salários, ao contrário este é reduzido em 27% no período estudado. Percebeu-se, através dos indicadores utilizados, que as orientações formuladas pelo Banco Mundial foram aplicadas no campo da educação superior, o que teve como consequência uma expansão do setor que foi adequada às formulações dessa agência multinacional. / This study develops the theme of public policy for higher education, aiming at understanding the best way that public policies are developed and thought, especially educational policies for this level of education, as well as analyzes the impact of these policies. The research proposed seeks to contribute to the area of economics of education from sources that use especially the Higher Education Census provided by INEP, through which was possible a specific reflection on the theme of the study, in order to acknowledge that, from the data shown, and from real developments of the Higher Education Market. It was considered the implementation of educational policies developed through the influence of the guidelines of international organizations, particularly the World Bank. The research focused in understanding the influence of these guidelines, in the increasing process of higher education in Brazil, with the implementation of LDB/ 1996, as well as observes the effects of this Law in the higher education system. The aim is to investigate the causes and how the process were handled predominantly from the World Bank in developing the public policies for higher education, as well as checking what the results of this influence in higher education indicators in order to notice the changes that occurred in the higher education market. The study is geographically based in Brazil during 1995 to 2010, becoming a research of qualitative and quantitative documents. The documents of the World Bank (1995) were the base, more specifically the document “La enseñanza superior: las lecciones derivadas de La experiencia”, the Law of Guidelines and Basis of Brazilian Education (BRAZIL, 1996) and the Higher Education Census. I t was used as key variables for the research, the number of Higher Education Institutions (IES), enrollments, graduates, faculty, full time faculty, professors with Master degree and PhD, and as secondary variables, the GPD, the amount of connections with higher education, and their average pay and teachers. On research we found that since the beginning of the period studied the private HEIs are the majority of schools and also that the vast majority of HEIs are non-private university. It was also observed that enrollments grow more than the growing number of HEIs in private education, and that the those have a much higher performance than GDP growth in the same period. One can also observe that professors, even though they are more prepared and with a larger number of students, earn 24% less, in real terms in 2010 than in 1995. Furthermore it was found out that a greater amount of graduates results in more workers with higher education employed in the formal labor market, and this higher qualification available in the market does not result in higher wages, opposite this is reduced by 27% during the studied period. It was noticed by the indicators that the guidelines issued by the World Bank have been applied in the field of higher education, which has resulted in an expansion of the sector that was suited to formulations that multinational agency.

O primeiro objetivo desse trabalho é entender quais características estão relacionadas à decisão de mudança para escolas privadas entre alunos que estudavam na rede pública. Os resultados mostram que as variáveis que explicam a migração são as mesmas já encontradas na literatura sobre escolha entre os setores, como nível de renda, escolaridade da mãe e o desempenho acadêmico. Em seguida, utilizando um indicador de nível socioeconômico e a nota dos alunos em testes padronizados, buscou-se analisar a alocação dos alunos entre a rede pública e privada para comparar o resultado com as previsões empíricas do modelo teórico de Epple e Romano (1998). Encontramos que não há uma segmentação tão clara de acordo com a renda e com a habilidade entre as redes. Também, parece haver uma diferença entre as escolas privadas no processo de seleção dos alunos, sendo que as escolas que cobram mensalidades mais caras subsidiariam os alunos com bom desempenho. / The first aim of this study is to understand which characteristics are related to the decision to move to private schools among students who used to study in public schools. The main findings are that the variables that explain migration are the same as found in the literature on choice between sectors, such as income level, mother\'s education and academic performance. Using an indicator of socioeconomic status and grade of students on standardized tests, we also analyze the allocation of students between public and private schools and compare the result with the empirical predictions of Epple and Romano (1998) models. We found that there is no clear segmentation according to student´s income and ability on the public and private sector. Also, there seems to be a difference in the private sector in the selection process of the students, where schools that charge higher tuition can subsidize high-achieving students.

A pervasive critique argues that the educational and social background of senior managers, determined largely by recruitment policies and practices, was an important contributor to the relative economic decline of Britain. The current thesis argues that this critique, even in nuanced form, suffers from serious flaws. For example, long term results of recruitment are confused with information on recruitment processes. In fact, corporate performance can only be judged by understanding the challenges that faced companies, and the limits of the options available to them. The objective of the work, then, is to outline the steps sensible recruiters should have taken to secure their needs for bright young entrants, and to describe and measure what in fact happened. Key findings are that: the criteria used by companies to define high-flier entrants – intelligence, certain personal skills, and signs of character - have remained fundamentally unchanged even if emphasis has moved. Business pursued these attributes through proxies, the most important of which was that of educational qualifications. Business was rightly slow, until the 1950s, to recruit graduate entrants because most bright young people did not attend university. Although British peculiarity in terms of non-vocationalism has been exaggerated, a lesser focus on ‘relevant’ qualifications for non-technical positions was not an economic disadvantage. Proxies for personal qualities were less robust but, over time, were replaced by better direct measurement of individual qualities. The solution found in Britain to bring educated young people together with employers through regional and national recruitment institutions, including the graduate milkround, has proven highly successful. The selection of entrants has been approached at least as well as abroad, and notably unreliable tools were avoided. Business obtained an ever growing proportion of young talent, and did so by integrating educated young people from new social strata to an extent unmatched abroad.

O estudo buscou realizar pesquisas teórica, legal-financeira e empírica sobre os recursos financeiros descentralizados que são transferidos diretamente às escolas públicas municipais de São Paulo, pelos governos federal (Programa Dinheiro Direto na Escola, PDDE) e municipal (Programa de Transferência de Recursos Financeiros, PTRF, e Verba de Adiantamento), investigando sobre os procedimentos legais, administrativos e participativos que envolvem a gestão destes recursos, de forma a apresentar dados quantitativos e qualitativos sobre eles, tendo como amostra de pesquisa cinco escolas de diferentes modalidades de ensino: um Centro de Educação Infantil (CEI), uma Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil (EMEI), uma Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental (EMEF), um Centro Integrado de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (CIEJA) e uma Escola Municipal de Educação Básica para Surdos (EMEBS). A dimensão empírica da pesquisa se dividiu em duas subdimensões: macro e micro. A dimensão empírica macro se deu numa perspectiva legal-financeira, pesquisando sobre as origens e os procedimentos legais dos programas que transferem recursos financeiros descentralizados às escolas públicas, suas normas de utilização, movimentação e prestação de contas. Essa dimensão também buscou desenvolver uma série histórica, contemplando o período de 2007 a 2013, a qual compara os montantes dos recursos financeiros descentralizados transferidos anualmente às escolas municipais de São Paulo com o orçamento total anual da educação do município, objetivando demonstrar o quanto estes programas representam em termos percentuais para o planejamento orçamentário municipal. A dimensão empírica micro da pesquisa se deu a partir da verificação em campo, no âmbito das escolas pesquisadas, levantando suas dificuldades e avanços em lidar com os recursos financeiros transferidos, trazendo dados sobre seus montantes e aplicações anuais (2007 a 2013), a partir da verificação dos documentos de prestação de contas das Associações de Pais e Mestres (APMs), de instrumentos de entrevista e de levantamento de dados, especificamente elaborados pelos métodos da pesquisa. Os dados e as informações apresentados abordam questões importantes sobre financiamento e gestão financeira escolar, tendo o intuito de contribuir para o debate sobre políticas públicas de gestão financeira escolar e fornecer subsídios que possam compor estudos cujo objetivo seja uma abordagem sobre a realidade financeira das escolas públicas e a gestão democrática de seus recursos financeiros, com vistas à melhoria da qualidade de ensino. / The study sought to carry out theoretical, legal-financial and empirical research on the decentralized financial resources that are transferred directly to public schools in São Paulo, by the federal government (\"Direct Money to School Program\", PDDE) and by the municipal government (\"Financial Resources Transfer Program\", PTRF, and \"Verba de Adiantamento\"), investigating on the legal, administrative and participatory procedures that involve the management of these resources in order to provide quantitative and qualitative data about them. As a research sample there were five schools of different types of education modalities: one Early Childhood Center (CEI), a Municipal School of Early Childhood Education (EMEI), a Municipal Elementary School (EMEF), an Integrated Centre for Youth and Adult Education (CIEJA) and a Municipal Basic Education School for the Deaf ( EMEBS). The empirical dimension of the research is divided into two sub-dimensions: macro and micro scales. The macro empirical dimension was given a legal and financial perspective, researching the origins and legal procedures of the programs that transfer decentralized financial resources to public schools, their rules of use, handling and accountability. This dimension also sought to develop a historical series, covering the period 2007 to 2013, which compares the amounts of decentralized resources transferred annually to public schools in São Paulo with the total annual budget of the municipality\'s education, aiming to show how much (in percentage) these programs represent in terms of the municipal budget planning. The micro scale empirical research took place from the field verification, along with the surveyed schools, raising their difficulties and advances in dealing with the financial resources transferred to them, bringing data on their amounts and annual applications (2007 - 2013), from verification of the accounting documents of the Parent Teacher Associations (APMs), interview and data collection tools, specifically designed by the methods of the research. The data and information presented address important matters about funding and school financial management, with the aim of contributing to the debate on public policies to school financial management and provide subsidies that can compose studies whose aim is the approach to the financial reality of public schools and democratic management of its financial resources, looking forward to improving the quality of education.

O primeiro objetivo desse trabalho é entender quais características estão relacionadas à decisão de mudança para escolas privadas entre alunos que estudavam na rede pública. Os resultados mostram que as variáveis que explicam a migração são as mesmas já encontradas na literatura sobre escolha entre os setores, como nível de renda, escolaridade da mãe e o desempenho acadêmico. Em seguida, utilizando um indicador de nível socioeconômico e a nota dos alunos em testes padronizados, buscou-se analisar a alocação dos alunos entre a rede pública e privada para comparar o resultado com as previsões empíricas do modelo teórico de Epple e Romano (1998). Encontramos que não há uma segmentação tão clara de acordo com a renda e com a habilidade entre as redes. Também, parece haver uma diferença entre as escolas privadas no processo de seleção dos alunos, sendo que as escolas que cobram mensalidades mais caras subsidiariam os alunos com bom desempenho. / The first aim of this study is to understand which characteristics are related to the decision to move to private schools among students who used to study in public schools. The main findings are that the variables that explain migration are the same as found in the literature on choice between sectors, such as income level, mother\'s education and academic performance. Using an indicator of socioeconomic status and grade of students on standardized tests, we also analyze the allocation of students between public and private schools and compare the result with the empirical predictions of Epple and Romano (1998) models. We found that there is no clear segmentation according to student´s income and ability on the public and private sector. Also, there seems to be a difference in the private sector in the selection process of the students, where schools that charge higher tuition can subsidize high-achieving students.

This thesis addresses UK students’ university choice using discrete choice methods and micro-data obtained from Higher Education Statistical Agency for graduates between 2006 and 2010. The thesis consists of three chapters with each addressing a different aspect of students’ choice. The studies are intended to provide policy-makers and other decision-makers with valuable information that will help them to implement strategies and policies for better higher education. Some work in the literature has been dedicated to students’ university choice. This thesis explores this body of work and builds on it, extends it and improves what is previously known in the literature. The aim of the first chapter is to investigate what affects students’ university choice. It contributes to the literature by establishing the best method to do so. Two models are used: the standard conditional logit and conditional logit with, what is called in this paper, alternative specific constants. Conditional logit with alternative specific constants improves on conditional logit twofold: it deals with unobserved university characteristics and improves the model fit. The results show that the probability of attending a university decreases with an increase in tuition fees and distance between students’ home and the university, and decreases in students’ socio-economic status. The second chapter further investigates the importance of distance on students’ university choice and it contributes to the literature by calculating the willingness to pay of students for distance to university. The chosen models are estimated for different socio-economic group of students separately. This methodology allows for meaningful comparison between socio-economic groups and produces more reliable estimates due to the fact that it accommodates for different unobserved characteristics of universities for different groups of students. The results show that students with the highest socio-economic status are not affected or have a positive utility of distance. The willingness to pay of other socio-economic groups are mixed and depend on the university characteristics used in the model. The third chapter focuses on students’ attitudes towards costs and benefits of university degree by calculating the discount rate of future income using marginal utility of graduate income and tuition fees. In addition, the chapter shows how use of consideration sets of universities for each student improves the model fit. The results show that students have a normal discount rate around 1% without consideration sets. The discount rate becomes negative in all models apart from one, when consideration sets are used.

This thesis was based on the subjects of mathematical statistics and industrial economics and management in order to analyze the grades of pupils in the final year of elementary school. The purpose was to find out what variables had a statistically significant impact on pupils’ final grades so that municipalities and schools could better understand what variables are important when trying to improve the average school results. A multiple regression model was used on data, obtained from the database of Skolverket, in order to examine what variables were statistically important. The final regression model acquired through a model reduction procedure showed that mostly structural covariates such as the academic background of pupils, percentage of female pupils and the percentage with Swedish background had a statistically significant impact on the academic performances of the students. R2 adjusted of the final model was 0.5289. The multiple regression model was discussed by referencing to previous research. In addition, the strategic management performance framework known as Balanced Scorecard which was introduced by Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton was used to discuss relevant key performance indicators to achieve the strategic objectives of schools. / Detta examensarbete, inom ämnet för matematisk statistik och industriell ekonomi, genomfördes med syftet att analysera avgångsbetygen för år 9 i den svenska skolan. Syftet var att förstå vilka variabler som hade en statistisk signifikant påverkan på elevers avgångsbetyg, så kommuner kan förstå vilka variabler som är viktiga för att förbättra de genomsnittliga skolresultaten. En regressionsanalys utfördes, på data från Skolverket, för att se vilka variabler som var statistiskt signifikanta. Den slutgiltiga regressionsmodellen, erhållen genom iterativ reducering av variabler, visade att främst strukturella kovariat, som akademisk bakgrund hos elever, andel kvinnliga studenter och andel studenter med svensk bakgrund hade en signifikant betydelse på studenters akademiska resultat. Justerad R2 var 0.5289 för den slutgiltiga modellen. I diskussionen utvärderades modellen utifrån tidigare forskning. Vidare användes teorin om balanserat styrkort, utvecklat av Robert S. Kaplan och David P. Norton, för att diskutera relevanta nyckeltal för att uppnå strategiska mål för skolan.