O presente trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre a continuidade da produção arquitetônica paulista, da moderna à contemporânea, por meio de objetos de estudo que configurem espaços públicos ou coletivos. Visa estabelecer uma ligação entre parte da produção atual e a de décadas anteriores por certas similaridades da abordagem; algumas linhas de continuidade ocorre pelas estratégias de projeto: da leitura do território, identificação e escolha dos problemas para formulação de partidos arquitetônicos com objetivo da construção e habitação do espaço urbano. Desenvolve essas questões pelo estudo da arquitetura como ação de consolidação do lugar, na relação entre projeto e cidade: a construção do chão como recriação da geografia. O estudo se desenvolve sobre obras que desenhem a expansão do solo público e ofereçam espaços coletivos de convívio para a cidade, projetos que proponham a interação com o tecido urbano e busquem soluções de projeto na qualificação do ambiente com base na escala do lote, como elementos de composição dos espaços do convívio democrático e da sociabilidade. O princípio é o objeto arquitetônico, o meio é a técnica, o fim é a cidade. Artigas fez a síntese das bases de uma pesquisa de arquitetura em São Paulo, um modo pragmático de pensar e trabalhar o projeto com vistas a objetivos de maior escala. Algumas vertentes da produção paulista contemporânea preservam, em objetos arquitetônicos que são definidores espaciais, o desenho de obras que descartam a utopia urbana moderna e visam a qualificação da cidade possível, esta, que permanece como foco principal de projeto das sucessivas gerações de arquitetos, entendida como produto da transformação da geografia por meio da técnica. A atividade de projeto requer opções de materiais, tecnologias, linguagem, espaços edificados e vazios não edificados. O projeto deste vazio, usualmente representado por meio de cortes, é a essência de estratégias de projeto perenes em partidos arquitetônicos que carregam um controle da tensão entre a topografia projetada e o objeto construído. / This study presents a reflection about the continuity of the Brazilian architectural production of São Paulo, from modern to contemporary, through study objects which configure public or collective spaces. It aims to establish a connection between part of the current production and that of the past decades by certain approach similarities; some continuity lines occur by the projects\' strategies: from the territory analysis, identification and choosing of problems to go on a design parti aiming at the construction and habitation of urban spaces. It develops these matters throughout a study of the architecture as an action of place consolidation, in the relation between architectural design and city: the construction of the ground as a geographic recreation. The study is developed upon works that draw the expansion of the public ground and offer collective living spaces for the city, projects that propose the interaction with the urban tissue, and seek project solutions in the qualification of the environment based on urban lot scale, as composing elements of democratic living spaces and sociability. The principle is the architectonic object, the means is the technique, the end is the city. Artigas synthesized the basis of an architecture research in São Paulo, a pragmatic way of thinking and working the project aiming at larger scales objectives. Some aspects of the contemporary paulista production preserve, in architectonic objects that are defined as spatial, the drawing of works that discard the modern urban utopia and view the qualification of the possible city which remains the main focus of successive generations of architects, understood as a transformation product of geography through technique. The project activity demands material options, technologies, language, built and unbuilt spaces. The project of the void, usually presented in sections, is the essence of perennial design strategies in architectonic partis that carry a tension control between the designed topography and the built object.

Las bibliotecas en la actualidad han perdido importancia en la sociedad donde se demuestra que, de acuerdo a la UNESCO, la deficiencia en su rol puede afectar directamente al desarrollo intelectual de las comunidades. Por tal motivo, es necesario que sean revitalizadas como el edificio público más importante de la ciudad que alberga aprendizaje, información y cultura, uniendo a personas de todas las edades y contextos. La propuesta integral que se presenta es la creación de la nueva Biblioteca Municipal en Villa María del Triunfo, uno de los distritos más poblados y con mayor población escolar y universitaria de Lima Metropolitana. El proyecto busca la creación de espacios y paisajes de aprendizaje para lograr que la Biblioteca cumpla un rol activo en el desarrollo educativo del distrito y la ciudad. La investigación ha sido dividida en el marco conceptual, normativo, e histórico, estudio de usuario, de programa, de lugar, expediente urbano y criterios de diseño. Estos capítulos han sido desarrollados con el fin de alcanzar una propuesta que satisfaga el objetivo principal de promover la interacción de usuarios en las distintas fases de aprendizaje dentro de la Biblioteca, a través del impacto arquitectónico y urbano del proyecto, contribuyendo al desarrollo educativo de pobladores en cualquier etapa de su vida. Se concluye así que, al brindar una oportunidad de desarrollo a personas a través del acceso a espacios de aprendizaje y a información, con un equipamiento diseñado para este objetivo, se puede lograr un cambio significativo en una ciudad. / Libraries today have lost importance in the society where, according to UNESCO, the deficiency in their role can directly affect communities' intellectual development. For this reason, they must be revitalized as the most important public building in the city that houses learning, information, and culture in one place, uniting people of all ages and from all backgrounds. The integral proposal presented is creating the new Municipal Library in Villa María del Triunfo, one of the most populated districts in Metropolitan Lima with the largest young population. The project seeks to create learning landscapes and spaces to ensure that the Library plays an active role in the district's educational development. The research is divided into the conceptual, normative, and historical framework, as well as user study, program, location, urban file, and design criteria. These chapters were developed to reach a proposal that satisfies the main objective of promoting user interaction in the different learning phases within the Library through the architectural and urban impact of the project, contributing to residents' educational development at any stage of their life. Thus, it is concluded that a significant change in a city can be achieved by providing an opportunity to people for growth through the access to information and learning spaces. / Tesis

I see free "green" plot next to Černá louka like the most suitable place for my solution of the project. the most important point of my concept was to divide dirty services and cleen services of the complex of educational buildings. The "dirty" parts are located to the main road with trams, cars and pedestrian path. "Clean" one is oriented to the river Ostravice and green more quiet location. From the aspect of functions, the complex is divided to three main parts (kindergarten, the primary school and technical lyceum) and additional functions also offered for public (gym and school canteen). The kindergarten is separated from the service and volume of the main hall of primary and secondary school, because of the special needs and private of the small kids. The main hall for the primary school and technical lyceum is huge hall with concrete folded plate roof. This space has universal use like social connecting place, playground, education, cultural events.

The building sector is one of the sectors with the highest energy utilization and is one of the largest sources of CO2 emissions worldwide. At the same time, energy prices in Europe have significantly increased in recent years. For these two reasons, energy efficiency in buildings has become highly relevant for public and private organizations aiming to reduce energy consumption for the operation of buildings and therebyd ecrease their carbon footprint and operation costs for users and owners. This master’s thesis aims to identify areas of opportunity for energy utilization reduction and the implementation of energy efficiency strategies in four buildings of the KTH Campus, owned by Akademiska Hus. First, an energy data analysis of the last years of the operation of the buildings was conducted to identify trends and atypical energy uses. Next, energy audits were performed on the most important energy-consuming equipment and major building facilities to understand the operation conditions and characteristics of electrical, heating, and cooling systems, aiming to identify areas of opportunity for reducing energy use from current operation of the buildings. Subsequently, after understanding the energy use in the four buildings, models of the buildings were created in IDA ICE. The approach involved two steps: first, modeling the buildings’ geometry and adapting their energy consumption to match the patterns identified in the previous data analysis; and secondly, modeling the implementation of energy efficiency strategies on the buildings that aim to improve the findings of the data analysis and energy audits performed previously. These energy efficient models were subjected to energy performance analysis, economic analysis, investment feasibility analysis, among others. The results obtained from the models with energy efficiency strategies showed energy and economic savings that varied from building to building through the automation of lighting systems in the buildings, with an average return on investment of 2.5 years. Likewise, significant savings were achieved by reducing the heating setpoint during nights, causing the district heating usage to differ from the daytime demand, resulting in savings between 5 % and 8 % of the total annual energy use in the buildings, without any required investment. Additionally, the implementation of renewable energy solutions was studied by modeling the use of solar panels in the buildings, leading to a reduction in electrical grid demand between 20 % and 48 %, depending on the available area for the panels, with an average return on investment of 5.5 years. Other strategies were also studied and discussed in this report. In conclusion, this study provides evidence of the energy, economic, and environmental feasibility of different energy efficiency strategies that can be implemented in the buildings of the KTH campus. These strategies contribute to achieving the environmental objectives of Akademiska Hus and KTH. / Byggnadssektorn är en av de sektorer som har högst energianvändning och är en av de största källorna till utsläpp globalt. Samtidigt har energipriserna i Europa ökat avsevärt de senaste åren. Av dessa två skäl har energieffektivitet i byggnader blivit mycket relevant för offentliga och privata organisationer som strävar efter att minska energiförbrukningen för byggnaders drift och därigenom minska deras koldioxidavtryck och driftskostnader för användare och ägare. Denna master avhandlingsyftar till att identifiera möjlighetsområden för minskning av energianvändning samt implementering av energieffektivitetsstrategier i fyra byggnader på KTH Campus, ägda av Akademiska Hus. Först genomfördes en analys av energidata från de senaste åren av byggnadernas drift för att identifiera trender och otypisk energianvändning. Därefter utfördes energirevisioner av de mest betydande energiförbrukande utrustningarna och huvudsakliga byggnadsanläggningarna för att förstå driftsförhållandena och egenskaperna hos elektriska, uppvärmnings- och kylsystem. Syftet var att identifiera möjlighetsområden för att minska energianvändningen från nuvarande drift av byggnaderna. Efter att ha förstått energianvändningen i de fyra byggnaderna skapades modeller av byggnaderna i IDA ICE. Tillvägagångssättet innefattade två steg: först att modellera byggnadernas geometri och anpassa deras energiförbrukning för att matcha de mönster som identifierades i den tidigare dataanalysen. Sedan modellering av implementeringen av energieffektivitetsstrategier på byggnaderna, som syftar till att förbättra resultaten av den tidigare utförda dataanalysen och energirevisionerna. Dessa energieffektiva modeller underkastades analys av energiprestanda, ekonomisk analys, investeringsmöjlighetsanalys, bland andra. Resultaten som erhölls från modellerna med energieffektivitetsstrategier visade på energi- och ekonomiska besparingar som varierade från byggnad till byggnad genom automatisering av belysningssystemen i byggnaderna, med en genomsnittlig avkastning på investeringen på 2.5 år. På samma sätt uppnåddes betydande besparingar genom att sänka uppvärmningsinställningen under nätterna, vilket fick fjärrvärmeförbrukningen att skilja sig från dagtidens efterfrågan och resulterade i besparingar mellan 5 % och 8 % av den totala årliga energianvändningen i byggnaderna, utan någon nödvändig investering. Dessutom studerades implementeringen av förnybara energilösningar genom modellering av användningen av solpaneler i byggnaderna, vilket ledde till en minskning av elnätets efterfrågan med mellan 20 % och 48 %, beroende på tillgänglig yta för panelerna, med en genomsnittlig avkastning på investeringen på 5.5 år. Andra strategier studerades också och diskuterades i denna rapport. Sammanfattningsvis ger denna studie bevis på energi-, ekonomi- och miljömässig genomförbarhet av olika energieffektivitetsstrategier som kan implementeras i byggnaderna på KTH Campus. Dessa strategier bidrar till att uppnå miljömålen för Akademiska Hus och KTH.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology: Construction Management (Facility Management) Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying In the Faculty of Engineering At the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013 / Universities generally have low budgets for building maintenance and this reality, often aggravated by further reductions, results in a decline in the condition and performance of buildings. This particular research investigated the current building maintenance strategies of Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT). The aim of the research was to develop improvement, prioritisation and involvement strategies to guide the maintenance of the performance parameters of the lecture theatres to ensure a performance level that meets the satisfaction of students, thereby promoting their learning experience. A mixed research design was used for the main study. A “case study” approach was adopted. CPUT was selected and three lecture theatres were selected as the cases for the research study. An exploratory study was carried out at the initial stage of the study, helping to formulate the research question and objectives for the main study. Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used to collect the primary data for the main study. A total of 430 questionnaires were distributed, out of which 283 representing a response rate of 65.8% were duly completed and returned. Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) model together with both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that the performance of lecture theatres affects learning experience, and that all identified performance parameters were important to students’ learning experience. However, lighting, structural safety, ventilation and cleanliness were more highly ranked than fire safety & exit and aesthetics. It also became evident that, while all the performance parameters appeared to be underperforming, the performance of structural safety and lighting seemed satisfactory in all the lecture theatres, whereas ventilation, temperature, fire safety & exit (particularly old lecture theatres) and sound control were clearly underperforming. Furthermore, the study revealed that students are not involved in the maintenance management process of the lecture theatres whereas their involvement could ensure their satisfaction. Students perceived that instituting maintenance coordinators would be the most effective way of ensuring their involvement, followed by placing suggestion box in the department, or possibly organising forums at departmental level. To achieve better lecture theatre performance, the CPUT maintenance department needs to improve on the HVAC system (ventilation and temperature), fire safety & exit (particularly old lecture theatres) and sound control but without neglecting the other performance parameters. A further study to include teaching staff, additional lecture theatres and more parameters is highly recommended as it will provide a broader perspective to further help the CPUT maintenance department better maintain the lecture theatres.

The goal of diploma thesis was design of educational building complex in Ostrava, Černá louka. Design is divided into two buildings- the main building(primary and secondary school) and kindergarden building. Main entrance into the complex is oriented to the catchment area - new living in Nová Karolina. Subsidence of the Kindergarten object creates landscaped space in front of schools. The green belt for sport and recreation was preserved along the river. Form the main object corresponds with the surrounding buildings - closed block with an inner atrium. The block opens and decreases towards the river, as well as kindergarten object. The facade of the building is special architectural concrete with the ability to clean the air - pierced around the windows. Gllass is used towards atrium and the river. Colours facade is enlivened by yellow surfaces lining by the windows, for common areas are used flat glass glossy green panels. Operation of the main building is divided into 4 units. Primary school is oriented towards the river and it is typical for square classrooms and a large corridor. Secondary school, coupled with the high school is located in 2nd and 3rd floor in the atrium arrangement of corridors with classrooms. Next part is gymnasium oriented to the Černá louka. Facilities of the school is located in the 1st floor. The dominant element is spatially banked dining room that opens into the atrium.

Theme of the diploma thesis is architectural study of school buildings in Ostrava. It combines a kindergarten, primary and secondary school – a grammar school. The school is situated next to the cultural cluster Černá louka in Ostrava – the new designed cultural center of the city, and also on the bank of the river Ostravice. The main idea is adaptation of the scale of school spaces due to children of a different age, an orientation of classrooms to south-east and at the same time to the river bank. The kindergarten is separated from service and volume of the school, the primary school and the grammar school are united in one two- and three-store building with an inner yard. The buildings are accessible for pupils from an entrance square near Černá louka, the entrance for public is situated on the new designed street connecting Černá louka and Nová Karolina. The complex offers also sport facilities, a gym, a swimming pool and exterior sport ground which is accessible from the cycling track along the river Ostravice. The exterior look of the buildings is based on the construction, the reinforced concrete structure from white architectural concrete, and is animated by shading panels from corten sheets.