Thesis (MScAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The production of high quality fruit that meet international standards is of vital importance to the South African fruit industry. Detrimental climatic conditions are forcing producers to examine alternate production methods. In this study the effect of protective netting on apple tree (Malus domestica) physiology, microclimate and fruit quality was investigated to determine the potential of apple production under netting in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The influence of 20% black shade netting on the photosynthetically photon flux density, leaf and fruit surface as well as air temperature was measured on four blush apple cultivars over a two year period in the Koue Bokkeveld area, in the Western Cape, South Africa. Measurements were also taken on leaf gas exchange, including net CO2 assimilation rate under ambient and saturating CO2 conditions, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. A decrease in light conditions of 22 - 31% was measured under black netting thus reducing the amount of light available to the plant significantly. Leaves under the netting were cooler by 1.7 – 3.9°C on a milder day (11 January 2005) and by 4.3 – 6.2°C on a hot day (28 February 2005) than control leaves. Fruit surface temperature under the netting was cooler by 0.7 - 2.9°C on milder days, and by 4.0 - 5.3°C on a hot day (28 February 2005) than control fruit. Significant increases in CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration were found under the netting. Netted treatments also showed a lower leaf vapour pressure deficit and tended to be less water stressed having higher leaf water potential than the control treatments. Differences in leaf nitrogen were not significant between treatments except for ‘Cripps’ Pink’ where non netted treatments had higher leaf nitrogen levels than the netted treatments during the 2004 season. Heat tolerance and the ability to recover after exposure to different temperatures for different lengths of time, was evaluated for the same four blush apple cultivars grown under protective netting. The results showed that fruit taken from the netted treatments had a higher incidence of injury based on chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, and did not recover well at temperatures higher than 45°C. The higher tolerance of the non-netted fruit at 45°C could be due to better acclimation to high light and heat levels than the fruit from the netted treatment. Fruit quality of ‘Royal Gala’, ‘Fuji’, Cripps’ Pink’ and ‘Braeburn’ was evaluated for netted and non-netted treatments as well as between five different crop loads as sun-treatments. It was found that cultivars reacted differently to the altered microclimate under the netting. Significant interaction between net and crop load treatments was found for fruit mass of ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘Fuji’. Fruit mass declined more rapidly with increased crop load under nets than in the open. The net treatment reduced sunburn significantly in all the cultivars except ‘Cripps’ Pink’. Ground colour was found to be positively influenced by netting on ‘Braeburn’ and during 2005 on ‘Royal Gala’. Blush colour was reduced under the netting for ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Fuji’ and unaffected for ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘Cripps’ Pink’. Fruit firmness, total soluble solids and titratable acidity, were reduced under nets for most of the cultivars. Netting thus seems to have a positive effect in reducing sunburn damage but a varying effect on other fruit quality parameters, which seem to be cultivar specific. The influence of black protective netting on vegetative growth was determined by measuring total prunings and trunk circumference. Reproductive bud development analysis was also done. An increase was found in summer prunings for ‘Fuji’ and ‘Cripps’ Pink’ which was most likely due to the topping of the trees to prevent them from growing into the netting. Seasonal trunk growth was affected significantly for ‘Braeburn’ with a higher percentage recorded under the netting. Reproductive bud development was higher for the netted treatments and on trees with lower crop loads. Photosynthetic photon flux density was reduced significantly in a ‘Granny Smith’ orchard at harvest by black, blue and grey type netting. Sunburn was significantly reduced under the black and blue netting. Fruit mass was higher under the netted treatments during the second season of measurements. Firmness and total soluble solids were lower under the netting. Blush colour was found to be significantly lower under the black netting. Seed viability, ground colour, titratable acidity, starch breakdown, stem end russet and the occurrence of Fusicladium pyrorum damage was unaffected by the netting.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Successful export of South African fresh fruit requires fruit of a high quality. Variable fruit quality within a consignment is detrimental to effective marketing of the product. The light microclimate under which the fruit develops is one of the factors that affect within-tree and between-tree variation in quality, maturity and yield. Light exposure effects on fruit quality at harvest and after commercial storage and ripening periods, as well as the physiological mechanisms of these responses to light exposure were studied. Increased exposure to light resulted in the development of typical sun leaf characteristics, with the associated increase in leaf nitrogen concentration and photosynthetic rates. Size and mass of 'Laetitia' plums and 'Cripps' Pink' apples increased with increasing exposure to light. Shade treatments were only started after the initial phase of cell / division was complete. Increased size of the fruit was likely due to the improved carbon balance of the exposed foliage and fruit from the end of cell division until harvest. The transpiration stream was higher in the more exposed foliage compared to the shaded parts of the canopy. This was supported by increased transpiration rates and decreased midday water potentials of exposed leaves. 'Songold' plums and 'Rosemarie' pears were also investigated in the first season, but results were not conclusive. Increased exposure to light was associated with advanced maturity of 'Laetitia' plums at harvest. Shaded fruit were able to attain a similar level of maturity as exposed fruit during storage and ripening periods. At harvest and after the storage and ripening periods, exposed fruit had a higher total soluble solid (TSS) content and therefore an improved eating quality. At harvest, blush colour of 'Laetitia' plums increased with increased exposure to irradiance. Blush colour continued to develop during storage and ripening, and after the ripening period it was evident that blush colour development was associated with a dosage effect i.e. exposure to a cumulative level of irradiance gives the fruit the potential to develop a certain amount of blush colour. Fruit exposed to more than 70% photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were .able to develop to a similar level of blush colour, whereas, fruit exposed to less than 50% PPFD were not able to attain the same level of blush colour. Increased exposure to light did not result in advanced maturity of 'Cripps' Pink' apples at harvest, but it did lead to improved blush colour and increased TSS levels. Blush colour of 'Rosemarie' pears was also dependent on exposure to light from four weeks before harvest. Exposed 'Laetitia' plums had a greater whole fruit content of Mn and B, but concentration on a dry mass basis of P, K, and B decreased with increasing light. Exposed 'Cripps' Pink' apples had increased whole fruit content of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and B, but concentration on a dry mass basis of K and Na decreased with increasing light. Nutrient content is often associated with the incidence of internal disorders of fruit after storage and further investigation of this effect is necessary as internal disorders were virtually absent in this study. The termination of irrigation shortly before harvest in order to advance the maturity of all the fruit to a similar level, and the subsequent strip harvest of the fruit on a single harvest date, is a practice commonly used by South African plum producers to reduce cost and ostensibly to improve fruit quality. The effect of this practice on 'Songold' plum quality at harvest, after storage and after ripening was also studied. Drip-irrigated plums and plums subjected to soil drying had a better eating quality and were more marketable than micro-irrigated and non-droughted fruit. Following commercial storage and ripening periods these fruit were firmer, had a higher TSS content and were of a similar size and mass to micro-irrigated and non-droughted fruit. The extended harvesting period, in contrast to a strip harvest, allowed the fruit that were smaller and less mature at the beginning of the period to attain a greater size and advanced maturity toward the end of the harvesting period. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suksesvolle uitvoer van Suid-Afrikaanse vars vrugte vereis volgehoue hoë gehalte. Wisselvallige vruggehalte binne 'n besending is nadelig vir die effektiewe bemarking van die produk. Die lig mikroklimaat waaronder die vrug ontwikkel is een van die faktore wat variasie in gehalte, rypheidsstadium en opbrengs binne die boom en tussen bome beïnvloed. Die effek van verhoogde ligblootstelling op vruggehalte by oes, na kommersiële opberging en na die rypwordingsperiode, sowel as die fisiologiese meganismes van die reaksie van verhoogde ligblootstelling is bestudeer. Verhoogde blootstelling aan lig lei tot die ontwikkeling van tipiese son-blaar karaktertrekke, met die gepaardgaande verhoging in blaar stikstof konsentrasie en fotosintetiese tempo. Grote en massa van 'Laetitia' pruime en 'Cripps' Pink' appels het toegeneem met verhoogde blootstelling aan lig. Skadu behandelings is eers begin na die einde van die periode van selverdeling. Toenemende grootte van die vrugte is as gevolg van die verbeterde koolstofbalans van die blootgestelde blare en vrugte vanaffase II van vruggroei tot oestyd. Die transpirasie stroom is geallokeer na die blootgestelde blare. Dit word ondersteun deur die verhoogde transpirasie tempo en verminderde middag waterpotensiaal van die blootgestelde blare. 'Songold' pruime en 'Rosemarie' pere is ook bestudeer, maar die uitslae is nie so oortuigend nie. Toenemende blootstelling aan lig is geassosieer met gevorderde rypheid van 'Laetitia' by oes. Dit was moontlik vir skadu vrugte om dieselfde rypheidsvlak as blootgestelde vrugte te bereik, tydens die opberging en rypwording periodes. Teen oestyd en na opberging en rypwording, het blootgestelde vrugte 'n hoër suiker inhoud gehad en dus 'n hoër eetgehalte. Teen oestyd, het die bioskleur van die pruime toegeneem met toenemende blootstelling aan lig. Ontwikkeling van bloskleur het aangehou gedurende opberging en rypwording, en na die die rypwordings periode was dit duidelik dat bioskleur ontwikkeling met 'n dosis-effek geassosieer word, m.a.w. blootstelling aan 'n sekere opgestapelde vlak van lig gee die vrug die potensiaal om 'n sekere hoeveelheid bioskleur te ontwikkel. Vrugte wat meer as 70% ligblootstelling gekry het, het dieselfde bioskleur ontwikkel, maar vrugte wat minder as 50% ligblootstelling gekry het, het minder bloskleur ontwikkel. Toenemende blootstelling aan lig het nie gelei tot gevorderde rypheid van 'Cripps' Pink' appels teen oestyd nie, maar dit het wel gelei tot verbeterde bioskleur en verhoogde suiker inhoud. Bloskleur van 'Rosemarie' pere is afhanklik van blootstelling aan lig kort voor oestyd. Blootgestelde 'Laetitia' pruime het 'n verhoogde vrug inhoud van Mn en B met verhoogde ligblootstelling gehad, maar die konsentrasie van P, K en B op 'n droë massa basis het afgeneem met verhoogde ligblootstelling. Blootgestelde 'Cripps' Pink' appels het 'n verhoogde vrug inhoud van P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu en B met verhoogde ligblootstelling gehad, maar die konsentrasie van K en Na op 'n droë massa basis het afgeneem met verhoogde ligblootstelling. Voedingstof inhoud is geassosieer met die voorkoms van interne probleme in vrugte na opberging en verdere navorsing oor hierdie effek is nodig. Die terminering van besproeiing kort voor oestyd met die doelom die rypheid van al die vrugte op dieselfde vlak te kry sowel as die gepaardgaande oes van al die vrugte op een dag, is 'n algemene praktyke wat gebruik word deur Suid-Afrikaanse pruim produsente om kostes te beperk en oënskynlik, om vruggehalte te verbeter. Die effek van hierdie praktyke op 'Songold' pruim gehalte teen oestyd, na opberging en na rypwording is ook bestudeer. Drup-besproeide pruime en pruime wat blootgestel is aan grond uitdroging het 'n beter eetgehalte en is meer bemarkbaar as mikro-besproeide en nie-droogte geïnduseerde vrugte. Na kommersiële opberging en rypwording periodes het hierdie vrugte 'n hoër fermheid en suiker inhoud gehad, en 'n gelyksoortige grootte en massa as mikrobesproeide en nie-droogte geïnduseerde vrugte. Die verlengde oesperiode het die kleiner en minder ryp vrugte aan die begin van die periode 'n kans gegee om toe te neem in grootte en 'n gevorderde vlak van rypheid te bereik aan die einde van die oesperiode.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:00:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000753061.pdf: 8521142 bytes, checksum: 8ff08b1a5cc96e7c53fdfd57bedb8220 (MD5) / Espaços secretores estão distribuídos por todo o eixo vegetativo de Copaifera langsdorffii. São constituídos por epitélio secretor unisseriado e lúmen amplo e, devido à secreção produzida, representam um mecanismo de defesa constitutivo contra herbívoros e patógenos. Nas plântulas desta espécie, cavidades secretoras de óleo ocorrem no mesofilo dos eofilos e no córtex do epicótilo e hipocótilo, enquanto que canais secretores de oleorresina estão presentes na medula do epicótilo e hipocótilo. Evidências sugerem que fatores exógenos podem influenciar na produção da secreção nessa espécie; entretanto, nada se conhece sobre a influência desses fatores no desenvolvimento de canais e cavidades. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a influência da luz e da temperatura na densidade e na área do lúmen de cavidades e canais secretores em plântulas de C. langsdorffii, além de estudar a influência da temperatura na ultraestrutura das células epiteliais. Plântulas foram mantidas em câmara climática sob 2500lux, 1250lux e 250lux e 15ºC, 25ºC e 35ºC. Para análises anatômicas quantitativas, amostras do epicótilo e eofilos foram processadas segundo técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. Para análises ultraestruturais, amostras de eofilos foram preparadas de acordo com técnicas convencionais de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Plântulas mantidas sob 25ºC/1250lux mostraram maior densidade de cavidades nos eofilos e no epicótilo, enquanto aquelas mantidas sob 25ºC/2500lux apresentaram maior densidade de ... / Secretory spaces are distributed throughout the vegetative axis of Copaifera langsdorffii. They are constituted by uniseriate secretory epithelium and wide lumen, and represent a constitutive defense mechanism against herbivores and pathogens due to the produced secretion. In C. langsdorffii seedlings, oil cavities occur in the mesophyll of eophylls and in the cortex of epicotyl and hypocotyl, whereas oleoresin canals are present in the pith of epicotyl and hypocotyl. Evidences suggest that exogenous factors can influence the production of secretion in this species; however, nothing is known about these factors influencing the development of canals and cavities. This work aimed to investigate the influence of light and temperature on the density and lumen area of secretory canals and cavities in seedlings of C. langsdorffii, besides to study the influence of the temperature on the ultrastructural features of epithelial cells. Seedlings were maintained in climatic chamber under 2500lux, 1250lux and 250lux, and 15ºC, 25ºC and 35ºC. For quantitative anatomical analysis, samples of epicotyl and eophylls were processed according to usual techniques in plant anatomy. For ultrastructural studies, samples of eophylls were prepared following conventional techniques of transmission electron microscopy. Seedlings under 25ºC/1250lux presented higher density of cavities in eophylls and epicotyl, whereas seedlings under 25ºC/2500lux showed higher density of canals. This differential answer to light can be related to the distinctive origin of these secretory structures. Concerning the lumen area, variable answers were observed to cavities and canals. Ultrastructurally, epithelial cells of seedlings under 25ºC showed evidences of intense secretory activity. Alterations in mitochondria, plastids and endoplasmic reticulum were observed in seedlings under 15ºC and 35ºC. In seedlings under 35ºC, the epithelial cells showed evident signals of lysis, ...

As jabuticabeiras são pertencentes da família Myrtaceae e ao gênero Plinia. Existem cerca de nove espécies desta fruteira, das quais se destacam Plinia trunciflora (jabuticaba de cabinho) que tem ocorrência natural na região Sudoeste do Paraná, P. cauliflora (jabuticaba paulista ou jabuticaba Açu) e P. jaboticaba (Vell) (jabuticaba sabará), sendo que ambas produzem frutos tanto para a indústria como para consumo in natura. Apesar disso, não existem muitos pomares comercias com a cultura, prevalecendo-se o extrativismo. Isto pode estar aliado a falta de conhecimento técnico para o manejo das plantas a campo. Como tais espécies são encontradas na mata, o primeiro ponto é se estas podem se adaptar a outras condições de luminosidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar o comportamento adaptativo da jabuticabeira muda e planta quando expostas ao ambiente com diferentes intensidades luminosas e qual desta é considerada como ideal para o crescimento, bem como, a influência deste comportamento na produção de compostos secundários nas folhas das plantas. Para tanto, foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro envolvido com o estudo das mudas e o segundo com plantas a campo. O trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Câmpus Dois Vizinhos – Paraná. O delineamento experimental foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e 4 repetições de 10 mudas ou 2 plantas por unidade experimental, segundo condição de viveiro e pomar, respectivamente. Os tratamentos foram baseados de acordo com a intensidade luminosa, sendo estes, tratamento 1 - pleno sol, representando condição de pomar, com 0% de sombreamento artificial; tratamento 2 - cobertura lateral com tela de sombreamento e superior com plástico transparente, representando condição de clareira, tratamento 3 - cobertura lateral e superior com tela de sombreamento, representando estádio em que o dossel da mata esteja se fechando, incidindo apenas irradiação solar indireta; tratamento 4 - cobertura lateral e superior com tela de sombreamento, simulando condição de dossel fechado; com DFF (Densidade de fluxo de fótons) de 10% (90% de sombreamento); tratamento 5 - cobertura lateral e superior com tela de sombreamento, simulando condição de dossel mais aberto, com DFF de 65% (35% de sombreamento). Foram analisados, mensalmente variáveis ligadas as características de crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, bem como, parte do período com características bioquímicas das folhas ligadas aos metabólitos secundários, da atividade microbiológica do solo e nas mudas das massas de matéria fresca e seca da raiz e parte aérea e do comprimento radicular. Para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de mudas de jabuticabeira Açú Paulista pode-se utilizar tela de sombreamento lateral com 80% de sombra e cobertura com filme agrícola de 150 micras bem como tela de sombreamento com 50%. Para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas de jabuticabeira Híbrida recomenda-se o uso de tela de sombreamento de qualquer malha sobre a planta. Para produção de extratos a partir de metabólitos secundários produzidos pela planta, deve-se mantê-las em condição de cultivo a pleno sol. / The jabuticaba fruit tree from classified in the Myrtaceae family and Plinia genre. There are about nine species of this fruit tree, that include as most important, Plinia trunciflora (jabuticaba de cabinho), naturally occurring in southwestern Paraná State, Brazil, P. cauliflora (jabuticaba Paulista or Jabuticaba Açu) and P. jaboticaba (Vell) (jabuticaba sabará), with all the over species producing fruit for the industry or fresh consumption. Nevertheless, there aren‟t commercial orchards with this culture, with highest yield part from extractive. This fact can be combined with lack of technical knowledge for the plants produce in the field. As these species are found in the forest, the first point is whether they can adapt to other light intensity conditions. The aim of this work was to identify the adaptive behavior of jabuticaba fruit seedling and tree when they were put in different light intensities and what this can be considered ideal for the growth, as well as, its influence in the leaves secondary compounds production. Two experiments were conducted, with the first involved with the study of the seedlings and the second with plants in the field. The work was carried out at Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Paraná State - Brazil. The experimental design was a completely randomized and a block design with four treatments and four replications of 10 seedlings or two plants per plot, according to nursery or orchard conditions, respectively. The treatments were base according to the light intensity. The treatments used were, 1 - full sun, similar the orchard condition, with 0% shading; 2 - side cover with shade cloth and top with transparent plastic, representing a gap forest condition; 3 - side and top cover with shade cloth, representing stage where the forest canopy is closing, focusing only indirect sunlight; 4 - side and top cover with shade cloth, simulating a closed canopy condition, with PPD (photon flux density) of 10% (90% shading); 5 - side and top cover with shade cloth, simulating a more open canopy condition with PPD 65% (35% shading). The growth and development seedling and plant characteristics were evaluated once by month, as also, during time part in the plants the secondary metabolites leaves, soil activity microbiological and the fresh and dry matter root and shoot and, root length from seedlings. For the growth and development of jabuticaba Açú Paulista seedling recommend to use of side cover with shade cloth and top with transparent plastic, representing a gap forest condition. In orchard, for the growth and development of plants jabuticaba Híbrida tree it was recommended the use of side and top cover with shade cloth of some type. For production of secondary metabolites of leaves, the plant must to be full sunlight condition orchard.

Orientador: Ivanise Guilherme Branco / Banca: Cassia Roberta Malacrida Mayer / Banca: Bruno Henrique de Oliveira / Resumo: Os frutos do cerrado são atualmente estudados por apresentarem em sua composição substâncias com funções protetoras e preventivas de processos nocivos à saúde, além de fornecerem nutrientes essenciais ao adequado funcionamento do organismo. Dentre estes frutos está o Ananas ananassoides, planta da família Bromeliaceae, endêmica do Cerrado Brasileiro, popularmente conhecida como ananás, ananaí, ananás-de-raposa ou também abacaxizinho do cerrado. Seus frutos são resistentes à ação da natureza, além de pequenos e fibrosos. Apresentam elevado teor de açúcar, acidez e pequenas sementes. Estudos mostram que os frutos do cerrado apresentam boa capacidade antioxidante, porém investigações científicas que envolvem a caracterização físico-química, compostos bioativos, quantificação mineral e o efeito da incidência solar nos frutos de A. ananassoides não foram totalmente elucidados. Como a caracterização e uso deste fruto é pouco explorado o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os compostos bioativos (carotenoides, compostos fenólicos, vitamina C e capacidade antioxidante), bem como as características físico-químicas e minerais do fruto em condições de luminosidade e sombreamento / Abstract: The fruits of the cerrado are currently studied because they present substances in its composition with protective and preventive functions against harmful processes to health, besides they provide essential nutrients to the appropriate organism functioning. Among this fruits is the Ananas ananassoides, plant of Bromeliaceae family, endemic of the brazilian cerrado, popularly known as ananás, ananaí, ananás-de-raposa or also abacaxizinho-do-cerrado. Its fruits are little and fibrous besides being resistant to the action of nature, They present high sugar content, acidity and small seeds. Studies show that the fruits of the cerrado present good antioxidant capacity, however scientific investigations that involve the physical-chemical caracterization, bioactive compounds, mineral quantification and the effect of solar incidence in fruits of A. ananassoides were not totally elucidated. As the caracterization and use of this fruit is poorly explored, the objective of this study was to avaliate the bioactive compounds (carotenoids, phenolic compounds, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity), as well as the physical-chemical and mineral characteristics of the fruit in conditions of luminosity and darkness / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_gg_me_botfca.pdf: 743632 bytes, checksum: 49215969d8ca452b0ab2f1d95877269a (MD5) / A figueira branca (Ficus adhatodifolia Schott ex Spreng.) é uma espécie nativa do Brasil, utilizada na medicina tradicional devido à atividade anti-helmíntica do seu látex e também é recomendada no tratamento de ancilostomose, icterícia e aos seus frutos são atribuídas propriedades afrodisíacas e estimulantes de memória. A principal forma de coleta da espécie é o extrativismo indiscriminado que pode resultar na perda de diversidade genética e química da espécie. Assim, os estudos sobre propagação e desenvolvimento inicial são importantes ferramentas que podem garantir maiores chances de conservação e manutenção da espécie. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a propagação sexuada e assexuada e verificar o efeito de diferentes níveis de intensidade luminosa no desenvolvimento inicial e trocas gasosas de F. adhatodifolia. Realizaram-se seis ensaios, sendo para a propagação assexuada: (1) Efeito do diâmetro do caule (8 mm, 11mm e 15mm) em substratos (areia, solo, vermiculita, casca de arroz carbonizada e substrato comercial “Carolina soil®”) e (2) diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (0; 1500; 3000 mg/L) em distintos tipos de estacas (apical com uma folha inteira, apical com meia folha e subapical). Para a propagação sexuada foram realizados três experimentos: (1) Efeito dos substratos (papel e areia) e quatro temperaturas (20, 25, 30 e 35ºC), (2) três acessos (Peruíbe, Iporanga e Botucatu -SP) e (3) posição da sementes (sobre e entre) em quatro diferentes substratos (papel, areia, vermiculita e substrato comercial), as variáveis avaliadas foram percentual de germinação (G%) e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). Para o desenvolvimento inicial e trocas gasosas os tratamentos consistiram em pleno sol, 30%, 50% e 70% de sombreamento e seis épocas de... / The “white fig-tree” (Ficus adhatodifolia Schott Spreng.) is a medicinal species and its latex, awfully used in folk medicine to treat worms, is obtained mainly by extraction, which if it is made indiscriminately, may result in loss of genetic and chemical diversity of the species. Thus, studies about early development are important tools that can ensure greater chances of conservation and maintenance of the species. The present study aimed to investigate the sexual and asexual propagation and determine the effect of different levels of light intensity on the early development and gas exchange of F. adhatodifolia. There were six trials, and for the propagation assexual: (1) Effect of stem diameter (8mm, 11mm and 15mm) on different substrates (sand, soil, vermiculite, rice hulls and commercial substrate) and (2) different concentrations of IBA (0, 1500, 3000 mg / L) in different types of cuttings (apical with a full sheet, half sheet with apical and subapical). For sexual propagation experiments were carried out: (1) Effect of two types of substrates (paper and sand) and four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35 º C), (2) three different accessions (Peruíbe, Iporanga and Botucatu-SP) and (3) position of the seeds (on and between) in four different substrates (paper, sand, vermiculite and commercial substrate). The variables studied were seed germination percentage (G%) and germination velocity index (GVI). The experimental design of different levels of light intensity on the early development and gas exchange was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4x6 (0%, 30%, 50% and 70% of shading) and six sampling times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days). The variables evaluated were leaf area, total dry weight, rate of CO2 assimilation (A), leaf conductance (Gs), transpiration (E), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), water... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Lin Chau Ming / Banca: Carmen Silvia Fernandes Boaro / Banca: Lilia Aparecida Salgado de Morais / Resumo: A "figueira branca" (Ficus adhatodifolia Schott ex Spreng.) é uma espécie nativa do Brasil, utilizada na medicina tradicional devido à atividade anti-helmíntica do seu látex e também é recomendada no tratamento de ancilostomose, icterícia e aos seus frutos são atribuídas propriedades afrodisíacas e estimulantes de memória. A principal forma de coleta da espécie é o extrativismo indiscriminado que pode resultar na perda de diversidade genética e química da espécie. Assim, os estudos sobre propagação e desenvolvimento inicial são importantes ferramentas que podem garantir maiores chances de conservação e manutenção da espécie. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a propagação sexuada e assexuada e verificar o efeito de diferentes níveis de intensidade luminosa no desenvolvimento inicial e trocas gasosas de F. adhatodifolia. Realizaram-se seis ensaios, sendo para a propagação assexuada: (1) Efeito do diâmetro do caule (8 mm, 11mm e 15mm) em substratos (areia, solo, vermiculita, casca de arroz carbonizada e substrato comercial "Carolina soil®") e (2) diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (0; 1500; 3000 mg/L) em distintos tipos de estacas (apical com uma folha inteira, apical com meia folha e subapical). Para a propagação sexuada foram realizados três experimentos: (1) Efeito dos substratos (papel e areia) e quatro temperaturas (20, 25, 30 e 35ºC), (2) três acessos (Peruíbe, Iporanga e Botucatu -SP) e (3) posição da sementes (sobre e entre) em quatro diferentes substratos (papel, areia, vermiculita e substrato comercial), as variáveis avaliadas foram percentual de germinação (G%) e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). Para o desenvolvimento inicial e trocas gasosas os tratamentos consistiram em pleno sol, 30%, 50% e 70% de sombreamento e seis épocas de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The "white fig-tree" (Ficus adhatodifolia Schott Spreng.) is a medicinal species and its latex, awfully used in folk medicine to treat worms, is obtained mainly by extraction, which if it is made indiscriminately, may result in loss of genetic and chemical diversity of the species. Thus, studies about early development are important tools that can ensure greater chances of conservation and maintenance of the species. The present study aimed to investigate the sexual and asexual propagation and determine the effect of different levels of light intensity on the early development and gas exchange of F. adhatodifolia. There were six trials, and for the propagation assexual: (1) Effect of stem diameter (8mm, 11mm and 15mm) on different substrates (sand, soil, vermiculite, rice hulls and commercial substrate) and (2) different concentrations of IBA (0, 1500, 3000 mg / L) in different types of cuttings (apical with a full sheet, half sheet with apical and subapical). For sexual propagation experiments were carried out: (1) Effect of two types of substrates (paper and sand) and four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35 º C), (2) three different accessions (Peruíbe, Iporanga and Botucatu-SP) and (3) position of the seeds (on and between) in four different substrates (paper, sand, vermiculite and commercial substrate). The variables studied were seed germination percentage (G%) and germination velocity index (GVI). The experimental design of different levels of light intensity on the early development and gas exchange was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4x6 (0%, 30%, 50% and 70% of shading) and six sampling times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days). The variables evaluated were leaf area, total dry weight, rate of CO2 assimilation (A), leaf conductance (Gs), transpiration (E), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), water... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Madlles_Queiroz_Martins.pdf: 1246460 bytes, checksum: a7dfb0d38246938a515bcf276785e8c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-22 / A variação na intensidade luminosa sobre plantas de determinada espécie pode levar a diferentes respostas em suas características fisiológicas, bioquímicas, anatômicas e de crescimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de ambientes com diferentes níveis de sombreamento no desenvolvimento de diferentes porta-enxertos cítricos e da combinação porta-enxerto Limoeiro Cravo enxertado com a variedade de laranjeira Folha Murcha. Para isso, foram conduzidos três experimentos. No primeiro experimento, avaliou-se o desenvolvimento dos porta-enxertos na fase de sementeira compreendendo o período da semeadura até a fase de transplantio. O segundo experimento correspondeu às avaliações no período compreendido entre o transplantio dos porta-enxertos até o ponto de enxertia. O terceiro experimento trata da avaliação do crescimento da combinação enxerto da variedade Folha Murcha sobre porta-enxerto Limoeiro Cravo. O primeiro e o segundo experimentos foram instalados e conduzidos em propriedade particular localizada na cidade de Alegre-ES, situada a 20º49 de latitude sul e 41º32 de longitude oeste e a 322 m de altitude. O terceiro foi instalado no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, localizado no município de Alegre-ES, situado a 20º45 de latitude sul e 41º32 de longitude oeste de Greenwich e a 271 m de altitude. O delineamento utilizado no primeiro e segundo experimentos foi inteiramente casualizado no esquema de parcela subdividida 4x5, sendo quatro ambientes com 0%, 30%, 50% e 80% de sombreamento e cinco variedades de porta-enxerto (Limoeiro Cravo, Limoeiro Volkameriano, Poncirus Trifoliata, Flying Dragon e Citrumelo Swingle), com quatro repetições e vinte e cinco sementes por parcela no primeiro, e três plantas por parcela no segundo experimento. No terceiro experimento, foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no qual os tratamentos foram compostos por quatro ambientes 0%, 30%, 50% e 80% de sombreamento, utilizando-se o a variedade Folha Murcha enxertada sobre o portaenxerto Limoeiro Cravo. No primeiro experimento, foram avaliados: percentagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, número de folhas, altura, área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca das raízes e teor de clorofila total (a+b). No segundo experimento, foram avaliados área foliar, número de folhas, diâmetro do caule a 10 centímetros do coleto, altura das plantas, teor de clorofila total (a+b) e massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes. No terceiro, foram avaliados diâmetro do porta-enxerto medido dois cm do ponto da enxertia, diâmetro do enxerto a 10 cm, comprimento do enxerto, área foliar, número de folhas e massa seca da parte aérea. Da semeadura até o transplantio, o sombreamento em 50% (luminosidade média de 249,06 μmol m-2 s-1) proporciona maior vigor às mudas. As diferentes variedades dos porta-enxertos podem ser cultivadas nas mesmas condições de sombreamento. Na fase pós-transplantio e enxertia, o maior crescimento das mudas ocorre na ausência de sombreamento / The variation in light intensity on plants species can lead to different responses in their physiological, biochemical, anatomical and growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of environments with different levels of shading in the development of different rootstocks of citric and combination variety of rootstocks Rangpur lime grafted with a variety of orange tree withered leaves. With this purpose three experiments were conducted. In the first experiment evaluated the development of rootstocks on phase comprising the period from seed sowing to transplanting phase. The second experiment with the assessments for the period from transplanting to the point of rootstocks grafting. The third experiment evaluated the growth of the graft combination of variety on leaf wilt rootstocks Rangpur Lime. The first and second experiment were conducted on private property and located in the city of Alegre-ES, located at 20º 49 south latitude and 41º 32 west longitude and 322 m altitude. The third was installed at the Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, located in the municipality of Alegre-ES, located at 20º 45 south latitude and 41º 32 longitude west of Greenwich e a 271 m de altitude. The design in the first and second experiments was completely randomized in a split-plot 4x5, four environments 0%, 30%, 50% and 80% shading and five varieties of rootstock (Rangpur Lime, Lemon Volkameriano, Poncirus Trifoliata, Flying Dragon and Citrumelo Swingle) with four repetitions and twenty-five seeds per plot in the first, and three plants per plot in the second experiment. In the third experiment was used a randomized design in which treatments were composed of four environments 0%, 30%, 50% and 80% shading, using him to wilt leaf variety rootstocks grafted on Rangpur Lime. In the first experiment were evaluated emergence percentage, emergence speed index, leaf of number, height, leaf area, shoot dry mass, dry mass of roots and total chlorophyll (a + b). In the second experiment were evaluated leaf area, leaf number, stem diameter at 10 cm of the collar, plant height, total chlorophyll (a + b) and dry mass of shoots and roots. In third were evaluated rootstocks diameter measured two inches from the point of grafting, the graft diameter 10 cm, length of the graft, leaf area, leaf number and dry weight of shoots. From sowing to transplanting the shading to 50% (average brightness of 249,06 mol m-2 s-1) provides greater strength to the seedlings. Rootstocks of the different varieties can be grown under the same conditions of shading. In the post transplanting and grafting the highest plant growth occurs in the absence of shading

A portable infra red gas analyzer was used to investigate the interactive effects of light, temperature, and CO,jO, ratios under controlled environmental conditions in an attempt to model gas exchange characteristics of Coix Iachryma-jobi L. Plotting light response curves as a function of temperature (20, 25 30 and 35°C) revealed no sign of light saturation even at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) close to 2000 !Lmol m-' sol. High net assimilation rates (A) of approximately 24 !Lmol CO, m"s'! were realized at 30-35°C. Assimilation (A) versus internal CO, partial pressure (C,) curves showed a steep rise with increase in C, but saturated at approximately 150 (JLII-!) and all the results, either in the absence or presence of 0" showed a similar response under all temperature regimes. C. Iachryma-jobi exhibited low CO, compensation points cr ) between 0 and 10 JLlI-! under similar experimental temperatures and either at 0 or 21%0,. The slopes of double reciprocal plots of llA versus llCi, were nearly identical and crossed the yintercept at almost identical points under all 0, concentrations. These data indicate first; that there was no apparent 0, inhibition and second; indicated that the apparent inhIbitor constant (K,) for 0, at the site of carboxylation did not change with increase in [OJ from 0 to 21% oxygen. These observations were further confirmed by results obtained from the analysis of apparent carboxylation efficiency (CE, as defined as the slope of response of A to increasing CO,), as no inhibition of A with increase of [OJ occurred. These characteristics were consistent with typical features of C,photosynthesis. The absence of 0, inhibition and low r values indicated that an efficient CO, concentrating mechanism which eliminates photorespiration exists in C. Iachryma-jobi. At the light microscope level, leaf anatomy exhibited typical C, structure viz. bundle sheath with large chloroplasts and this sheath is further surrounded by a radiate Kranz mesophyU cells. Furthermore the anatomical features suggested that C. wchryma-jobi was an NADP-ME species. Stomatal conductance (g,) to assimilation (g,/A) indicated an increase in A with decrease in g" an essential feature of improving water use efficiency (WUE), but one which drastically reduces CO, diffusion rate. The physical lintitation (stomatal lintitation, t) to CO, diffusion under various [0,] and temperatures, but constant PPFD, did not exhibit statistically significant change in t values at either 0 or 21% a, within each temperature regime, however there was a marked decrease in t as the plant approached its optimum photosynthetic temperature.

Investigations of three low-water requiring landscape species produced the following results: (1) Although Calliandra californica flowered under photoperiods from 12 to 16 hours, plants produced more elongation under 16 hour days. Plants grew taller and developed greener foliage under irradiances of 600 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. Branching was not stimulated by foliar sprays of BA, PBA, or BA + GA₄₊₇. (2) Caesalpinia pulcherrima increased biomass under 16 hour days, but were stunted and chlorotic under irradiances of 1950 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. Internodal lengths were restricted with drenches of 3.75 mg · pot-1 uniconazole, and plants sprayed with 500 mg·liter⁻¹ PBA developed more axillary branching without negative elongating effects. (3) Justicia specigera gained more height under 12 hour days, and produced greener foliage, more elongation, and faster flowering under irradiances of 600 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. Plants showed restricted internodal elongation and fewer flowers when drenched with 5.0 mg·pot⁻¹ uniconazole, and developed more axillary branching with no detrimental elongation effects when sprayed with 100 mg·liter⁻¹ BA + GA₄₊₇.