Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho descreve a investigaÃÃo quÃmica de plantas dos gÃneros Abarema e Calliandra, ambas pertencentes à famÃlia Leguminosae. A prospecÃÃo quÃmica de Abarema cochliacarpos culminou no isolamento de 11 substÃncias, enquanto de Calliandra depauperata foram isolados 10 compostos. Dos extratos etanÃlicos das diversas partes de A. cochliacarpos (madeira do caule, casca do caule e folhas) foram isolados e caracterizados os esterÃides: espinasterol, 3-O-β-D-glicopiranosil-espinasterol e 3-O-β-D-(6â-O-dodecanoil)-glicopiranosil-espinasterol; a mistura dos triterpenos Ãcido oleanÃico e Ãcido ursÃlico; os flavonÃides catequina, taxifolina, miricetrina e 3â,4â,7,8-tetrahidroxiflavonol, alem do Ãcido gÃlico e galato de etila. O composto 3-O-β-D-(6â-O-dodecanoil)-glicopiranosil-espinasterol esta sendo registrado pela primeira vez. Do extrato etanÃlico das raÃzes de C. depauperata isolou-se os flavonÃides 5-metoxi-3â,4â,7-trihidroxiflavona; 3â,4â,7-trihidroxiflavona e 4â,6â,7-trimetoxi-3â-hidroxiflavona; os diterpenos de esqueletos cassano 7β,17-dihidroxi-12-oxo-cassan-13,15-dieno; 15,16-bisnor-7β,17-dihidroxi-12-oxo-cassan-13-eno e depauperatina, alem dos Ãsteres graxos: tetracosanodioato de bis-(2,3-dihidroxipropila); docosanodioato de bis-(2,3-dihidroxipropila); 24-hidroxi-tetracosanoato de 2,3-dihidroxipropila e 26-hidroxi-hexacosanoato de 2,3-dihidroxipropila. Os compostos 4â,6â,7-trimetoxi-3â-hidroxiflavona; 15,16-bisnor-7β,17-dihidroxi-12-oxo-cassan-13-eno e depauperatina, assim como todos os Ãsteres graxos estÃo sendo registrados na literatura pela primeira vez. A determinaÃÃo estrutural dos metabÃlitos secundÃrios isolados envolveu o uso de tÃcnicas espectromÃtricas como IV, EM e RMN 1H e 13C, incluindo tÃcnicas bidimensionais como COSY, HMQC, HMBC e NOESY, bem como comparaÃÃo com dados descritos na literatura. / This work describes the chemical investigation of plants from the genera Abarema and Calliandra both belonging to Leguminosae family. The chemical prospection of Abarema cochliacarpos resulted in the isolation of 11 substances while from Calliandra depauperata was isolated 10 compounds. From EtOH extracts of different parts of A. cochliacarpos (wood, wood bark and leaves) were isolated and characterizated of steroids: spinasterol, 3-O-β-D-glucopiranosyl-spinasterol and 3-O-β-D-(6â-O-dodecanoil)-glucopiranosyl-spinasterol), the mixture triterpenes oleanolic and ursolic acids; the flavonoids catechin, taxifolin, miricetrin and 3â,4â,7,8-tetrahydroxyflavonol, besides of galic acid and ethyl galate. Compound 3-O-β-D-(6â-O-dodecanoil)-glucopiranosyl-spinasterol) was isolated for the firs time. From roots EtOH extract of C. depauperata were isolated the flavonoids 5-methoxy-3â,4â,7-trihydroxyflavone; 3â,4â,7-trihydroxyflavone and 4â,6â,7-trimethoxy-3â-hydroxyflavone; the cassane diterpenes: 7β,17-dihydroxy-12-oxo-cassan-13,15-diene, 15,16-bisnor-7β,17-dihydroxy-12-oxo-cassan-13-ene and depauperatin, besides the fatty esters bis-(2,3-dihydroxypropil) tetracosanodioate, bis-(2,3-dihydroxypropil) docosanodioate, 24-hydroxy-tetracosanoate-2,3-dihydroxypropil and 26-hydroxy-hexacosanoate-2,3-dihydroxypropil. Compounds 4â,6â,7-trimethoxy-3â-hydroxyflavone; 15,16-bisnor-7β,17-dihydroxy-12-oxo-cassan-13-ene and depauperatin, and all fatty esters are being reported for the first time. The structural determination of all secondary metabolites isolated in this work involved spectrometric techniques such as: IR, MS and NMR including 2D (COSY, HMQC, HMBC e NOESY) experiments, as well as, comparison with published data

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3794058 bytes, checksum: 7781a74d5e6d313243b60dd2993d302e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The genus Calliandra Benth. belongs to the Fabaceae family and composes 200 species distributed in tropical America, Madagascar and India, being known in Brazil as esponjinhas and can be found in their natural habitat, the Cerrado region, reaching the Caatinga areas in Northeast. Species of this genus are popularly used for kidney pain, cystitis, urethritis, inflammation of the prostate gland, fever and toothache. Calliandra umbellifera Benth is an extincted species that was collected only in Ceará and Piauí and has no reports of popular use, or phytochemical and pharmacological activity. Thereby, this study aimed to contribute with the pharmacognostic studies of Calliandra and Fabaceae through the pharmacological and phytochemical study of Calliandra umbellifera Benth. For this, the plant material was collected in Pico do Jabre (Maturéia - Paraiba) and an exsicata was deposited in the Herbarium Prof. Lauro Pires Xavier (JPB) with code 7430. For the phytochemical study, the vegetable, after drying and pulverization, was submitted to extraction processwith methanol, partition and chromatography for isolating the chemical constituents. The chemical structure of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods such as InfraRed (IR), Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of 1H and 13C uni and bi-dimensional and comparisons with literature. From the hexane phase was obtained a mixture of steroids (β-sitosterol and stigmasterol), from the the dichloromethane phase (CH2Cl2) was isolated and identified one aromatic acid: atraric acid, from the ethyl acetate (AcOEt) phase was obtained gallic acid, the pinitol and the iriflofenona glucosyde, the last one being first isolated in the Fabaceae family, and from the phase hydrobutanolic was isolated the mixture of glycosides steroid (β-sitosterol and stigmasterol glycosylated). In the pharmacological study were analyzed the antimicrobial activity of the crude extract, the ethyl acetate and hydrobutanolic phases and the isolated constituents (iriflofenona glycosylated and pinitol), and antinociceptive activity of the crude extract. In antimicrobial activity was observed that the extract and the tested phases show strong antibacterial activity, having established its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) between 256 and 128 mg/mL, however showed no antifungal activity. While the isolated compounds (Iriflofenona glycosylated and pinitol) showed no antibacterial activity, however, showed strong antifungal activity, with an MIC of 128 mg / mL. Concerning the antinociceptive activity, the crude methanol extract showed significant activity for the abdominal contractions test induced by acetic acid and for the model of nociception induced by formalin and glutamate, suggesting a possible peripheral analgesic activity. / O gênero Calliandra Benth. pertence a família Fabaceae e é composto por 200 espécies que se distribuem na América tropical, Madagascar e Índia, sendo conhecidas no Brasil como esponjinhas e podendo ser encontradas em seu habitat natural, na região do cerrado, chegando até áreas de caatinga no nordeste. Espécies desse gênero são usadas popularmente para dores renais, cistites, uretrites, inflamações da próstata, febre e dor de dente. Calliandra umbellifera Benth. é uma espécie em extinção que foi coletada apenas no Ceará e no Piauí e não apresenta relatos de uso popular, nem atividade farmacológica e fitoquímica. Desta forma, este trabalho objetivou contribuir com os estudos farmacognósticos do gênero Calliadra e da família Fabaceae por meio do estudo fitoquímico e farmacológico de Calliandra umbellifera Benth. Para isto, o material vegetal foi coletado no Pico do Jabre (município de Maturéia - estado da Paraíba) e uma exsicata deste foi depositada no Herbário Prof. Lauro Pires Xavier (JPB) com o código 7430. Para o estudo farmacoquímico, o vegetal, após secagem e pulverização, foi submetido a processos de extração com metanol, partição e cromatografia para isolamento dos constituintes químicos. A estrutura química das substâncias isoladas foi elucidada mediante métodos espectroscópicos, tais como: Infravermelho (IV), Espectrometria de Massas (EM) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de 1H e 13C uni e bidimensionais e comparações com modelos da literatura. Da fase hexânica obteve-se uma mistura de esteróides (β-sitosterol e estigmasterol), da fase diclorometano (CH2Cl2) foi isolado e identificado um ácido aromático: ácido atrárico, da fase acetato de etila (AcOEt) obteve-se o ácido gálico, o pinitol e a iriflofenona glicosilada, sendo esta última isolada pela primeira vez na família Fabaceae, e da fase hidrobutanólica isolou-se a mistura de esteróides glicosilados (β-sitosterol e estigmasterol glicosilados). No estudo farmacológico foram analisadas a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato bruto, das fases acetato de etila e hidrobutanólica e dos constituintes isolados (iriflofenona glicosilada e pinitol), e atividade antinociceptiva do extrato bruto. Na atividade antimicrobiana foi observado que o extrato e as fases testadas possuem forte atividade antibacteriana, tendo sua concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) estabelecida entre 256 e 128 μg/mL, entretanto não apresentaram atividade antifúngica. Enquanto que, as substâncias isoladas (Iriflofenona glicosilada e pinitol) não apresentaram atividade antibacteriana, no entanto, apresentaram forte atividade antifúngica, com uma CIM de 128 μg/mL. Com relação a atividade antinociceptiva, o extrato metanólico bruto apresentou atividade significativa para o teste de contorções abdominais induzidas pelo ácido acético e para o modelo de nocicepção induzido pela formalina e pelo glutamato, sugerindo possível atividade analgésica periférica.

The Sustainable Development Goal n°7 is calling for a prompt response to guarantee affordable and clean energy for all. While the electrification rate is rapidly increasing around the world, much work still remains to achieve electricity access in remote areas or Non-Interconnected Zones, such as the numerous small islands that compose Indonesia. This thesis work sought to understand which standalone microgrid design would represent the most sustainable solution for a rural electrification challenge, where the final scope is to provide 24 h/d stable and reliable electricity connection to the local communities of Sulawesi, Indonesia. To achieve such a result, two diametrically opposed microgrid layouts are outlined in terms of renewables share: a Business As-Usual Scenario, in which the microgrid is powered by a standard diesel set, and an integrated renewable-based scenario, in which the microgrid envisions the implementation of biopower, PV system and Li-ion batteries as a storage option. A thorough comparison on a series of Key Parameter Indicators (KPIs), such as Carbon Footprint, Levelized Cost Of Electricity and job creation, led to the identification of the renewable-based scenario as the most sustainable option. This system layout resulted in a biomass powered electricity production covering 80% of the total electricity demand, with the remaining 20% supplied by solar power and storage means and a LCOE of 0.18 USD/kWh. At the price of a higher upfront cost than the one of BAU case, the renewable-based alternative entitles a higher profitability when compared to the business-asusual one, together with reduced carbon dioxide emissions and a higher number of jobs directly created. / Hållbarhetsmål nr 7 kräver ett snabbt svar för att garantera överkomlig och ren energi för alla. Medan elektrifieringsgraden snabbt ökar runt om i världen, återstår mycket arbete för att nå elåtkomst i avlägsna områden eller icke-sammankopplade zoner, såsom de många små öarna som utgör Indonesien. Detta avhandlingsarbete försökte förstå vilken fristående mikronätdesign som skulle representera den mest hållbara lösningen för en elektrifieringsutmaning på landsbygden, där det slutliga utrymmet är att tillhandahålla 24 timmars stabil och pålitlig elanslutning till lokalsamhället Sulawesi, Indonesien. För att uppnå ett sådant resultat beskrivs två diametralt motsatta mikronätlayouter när det gäller andelen förnybara energikällor: ett Business As-Usual-scenario, där mikronätet drivs av en standarddiesel och ett integrerat förnyelsebaserat scenario, där microgrid ser implementeringen av biokraft, solcellssystem och litiumjonbatterier som ett lagringsalternativ. En noggrann jämförelse av en serie nyckelparametrar (KPI), såsom koldioxidavtryck, nivåiserad elkostnad och skapande av jobb, ledde till att det förnyelsebaserade scenariot identifierades som det mest hållbara alternativet. Systemlayouten resulterade i en biomassadriven elproduktion som täckte 80% av det totala elbehovet, med de återstående 20%som levereras av solenergi och lagringsmedel och en LCOE på 0,18 USD / kWh. Till priset av en högre kostnad i förskott än i BAU-fallet ger det förnyelsebaserade alternativet högre lönsamhet jämfört med det som vanligt, tillsammans med minskade koldioxidutsläpp och ett högre antal direkt skapade jobb.

Small maize livestock farmers in the Eastern Province of Zambia badly need forage high in protein to supplement the protein deficient pasture grass. Nutrient intake, especially for the small ruminants with small gastro-intestinal capacity compared to metabolizable energy requirement, will be near or below maintenance if these poor quality feeds are not supplemented. High quality supplements however, are beyond the reach of the small scale farmers. The effect of feeding maize husk and leucaena as a mixture or separately on voluntary intake of maize husk was studied over a 40 day period. Ten male goats with an average weight of 15 kg were used. In a separate experiment the effect of browse supplementation on maize husk utilization by goats was studied. The treatments were; maize husk plus urea; maize husk plus Leucaena leucocephala (3:2); maize husk plus Calliandra calothyrsus (3:2); and maize husk plus leucaena plus calliandra (3:1:1). The results of the study indicate that leucaena and calliandra are both potentially valuable feed components.

Investigations of three low-water requiring landscape species produced the following results: (1) Although Calliandra californica flowered under photoperiods from 12 to 16 hours, plants produced more elongation under 16 hour days. Plants grew taller and developed greener foliage under irradiances of 600 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. Branching was not stimulated by foliar sprays of BA, PBA, or BA + GA₄₊₇. (2) Caesalpinia pulcherrima increased biomass under 16 hour days, but were stunted and chlorotic under irradiances of 1950 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. Internodal lengths were restricted with drenches of 3.75 mg · pot-1 uniconazole, and plants sprayed with 500 mg·liter⁻¹ PBA developed more axillary branching without negative elongating effects. (3) Justicia specigera gained more height under 12 hour days, and produced greener foliage, more elongation, and faster flowering under irradiances of 600 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. Plants showed restricted internodal elongation and fewer flowers when drenched with 5.0 mg·pot⁻¹ uniconazole, and developed more axillary branching with no detrimental elongation effects when sprayed with 100 mg·liter⁻¹ BA + GA₄₊₇.

No description available.