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Thesis (MSc (Botany and Zoology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Global circulation models predict that the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), a biodiversity hotspot, in the near future will be subjected to rising temperatures and widespread droughts as a result of rising atmospheric CO2 causing global climate change. It is predicted that climate change will lead to a southward shift of the Succulent Karoo, a neighbouring more drought tolerant biome, and a possible invasion of Fynbos, the main vegetation type of the CFR, by succulent species. In this research project, the effects of climate change on Fynbos, and the likelihood of Succulent Karoo invading Fynbos are assessed by means of various monitoring and experimental studies on an altitudinal gradient spanning a natural transition between fynbos and succulent karoo vegetation. An analysis of plant species diversity and turnover on the gradient revealed high species turnover between succulent karoo and the rest of the gradient, associated with a boundary between two soil types: shale (associated with succulent karoo) and sandstone (associated with fynbos). Phenological monitoring of fynbos species across the gradient showed how growth of fynbos species is affected negatively by high temperatures, and that low but regular rainfall is required to sustain growth during the dry Mediterranean summer. Retrospective growth analysis of Proteaceae species pairs with contrasting range sizes revealed that small geographic ranges do not signify low tolerance of climate variation, but rather that faster growing species are more sensitive to interannual climate variation than slow growing species. Exposing fynbos species to experimental drought confirmed that faster growing species will be more severely affected by climate change than slow growing species with conservative water use strategies. This experiment also confirmed the importance of rainfall reliability for growth in fynbos species when a naturally occurring prolonged dry period affected some species more severely than the drought treatment of an average reduction in rainfall. A reciprocal transplant experiment exposed fynbos seedlings to both warmer and drier conditions when they were planted outside of their natural ranges in the succulent karoo. Soil type as a barrier to invasion of fynbos by succulent karoo was also tested. Soil type was found to be not limiting to succulent karoo species and competition and disturbance was revealed to be more important in determining the fynbos-succulent karoo boundary than climate. It was concluded that productivity in fynbos will be adversely affected by rising temperatures and that differing responses to climate change between slow and fast growing species will lead to shifts in dominance among species, and consequently altered community structures and vegetation dynamics. Fires are likely to facilitate invasions of marginal habitats by succulent karoo because of sensitivity of fynbos regeneration stages to high temperatures and drought.

Thesis (M. Tech. - Engineering: Electrical, Department Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology)--Vaal University of Technology. / Curing of materials in order to obtain different properties has been a practice for many years. New developments in composite materials increase the need to control certain variables during the curing process. One very significant variable is temperature. Temperature control by itself is an old practice, however when the need for repeatedly controlling the process accurately over long periods of time arises, a system is required that outperforms normal manual control. One of the aspects within such a system that needs to be considered is the ability to replicate the temperatures within an oven which were originally used for a specific material’s curing profile. This means that a curing profile would need to be defined, saved for later and finally be interpreted correctly by the controlling system. Different control methods were simulated to enable the system to control the temperature which has been defined by literature. This dissertation introduces a variation on the standard control methods and shows improved results. Switching the oven on and off in order to increase or decrease internal oven temperature seems simple, but can cause switching devices to decrease their operational life span, if not designed carefully. A combination switch was introduced which harnesses the advantages of two very common switching devices to form an improved combination switch. Software for the personal computer environment, as well as software for the embedded environment were developed and formed a control system that produced acceptable results for temperature control. Accuracies of 98% and more were achieved and found to be acceptable according to standard engineering control practices. An accurate temperature profile controller was designed, simulated and built in order to control the temperature inside a specific curing oven which, in turn, determined the curing properties of specific materials. The overall results were satisfactory which lead to achieving the objectives outlined in this dissertation.

A mancha preta dos citros causada pelo fungo Guignardia citricarpa Kiely [Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlp.) Van der Aa], possui duas formas de infecção, conídios e ascósporos. Informações a respeito da importância dos conídios na epidemiologia da doença são escassas ou controversas. Visando uma maior compreensão sobre o patossistema citros-G. citricarpa (P. citricarpa), os objetivos desta dissertação foram: elaborar e validar uma escala diagramática para avaliação da severidade da mancha preta em folhas de citros; verificar o efeito da temperatura e da duração do período de molhamento na formação de apressórios formados a partir de conídios; observar por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura a germinação de conídios e a formação de apressórios sobre folhas destacadas de limão 'Siciliano' submetidas a diferentes temperaturas e períodos de molhamento. A escala diagramática com níveis de severidade de 1; 3; 6; 12; e 24% de área foliar lesionada foi validada por dois grupos de avaliadores, com e sem experiência na quantificação de doenças. Comparada com a avaliação sem escala, o uso da escala proporcionou melhor precisão e acurácia tanto para avaliadores experientes como inexperientes, quando considerada a estimativa média dos mesmos. Na maioria dos casos, os desvios entre estimativas e severidade atual da doença foram mais evidentes para os níveis de severidade entre 5 e 15%. A reprodutibilidade das avaliações resultou em valores de R 2 mais uniformes para a maioria dos avaliadores experientes. Diferenças consideráveis de precisão foram observadas entre avaliadores inexperientes. O efeito da temperatura (10 o C - 40 o C) e da duração do molhamento (4 - 48 h) na formação de apressórios formados a partir de conídios de G. citricarpa (P. citricarpa) foi avaliado sob condições "in vitro" e sobre a superfície de folhas de limão 'Siciliano'. A formação de apressórios ocorreu em todas as temperaturas a partir de 12 horas de molhamento, sendo os extremos de temperatura (10 o C e 40 o C) menos favoráveis à formação de apressórios. A temperatura mínima para formação de apressórios, estimada pela função beta generalizada foi de 3 o C e a máxima de 48,4 o C, ambas para 48 horas de molhamento. A formação de apressórios foi consideravelmente favorecida pela duração do período de molhamento, com o máximo de apressórios formados a 24 horas de molhamento, para a maioria das temperaturas. O período de molhamento constituído de 48 horas foi essencial para que os esporos submetidos a temperaturas de 10 o C e 40 o C, formassem apressórios. A superfície de resposta obtida pela multiplicação das funções beta generalizada e monomolecular apresentou um ajuste satisfatório para os dados observados na estimativa da porcentagem relativa de apressórios formados (R 2 =0,75). As amostras observadas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura possibilitaram a aquisição de imagens de conídios e apressórios sobre a superfície de folhas de limão 'Siciliano' em todas as combinações de temperatura e molhamento avaliadas. / Citrus black spot caused by Guignardia citricarpa Kiely [Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlp.) van der Aa] presents two infection forms, conidia and ascospores. Information regarding the importance of the conidia in the epidemiology of the disease is scarce and controversial. Seeking a better understanding on the pathosystem citrus-G. citricarpa (P. citricarpa), the objectives of this dissertation were: elaborate and validate a diagrammatic scale for assessments of the citrus black spot; verify the effect of the temperature and of the wetness duration in the appressorium formation; observe through scanning electron microscopy the germination and formation of appressorium on outstanding lemon 'Siciliano' leaves submitted to different temperatures and wetness duration. The diagrammatic scale with severity levels of 1; 3; 6; 12; and 24% of diseased leaf area was validated by two groups of raters, with experience and without experience in the quantification of diseases. The scale provided better precision and accuracy for both experienced and inexperienced raters, considering the estimates average of them. In the majority of cases, the bias between estimated and actual disease severity were more evident for disease severity levels between 5 and 15%. The reproducibility of assessments resulted in R 2 with more uniforms values for the majority of the experienced raters, considerable differences of precision were observed among inexperienced raters. The effect of the temperature (10 o C - 40 o C) and of the wetness duration (4 - 48 h) in the germination of conidia and appressoria formation of G. citricarpa (P. citricarpa), was assessed "in vitro" and on the surface of lemon 'Siciliano' leaves. The appressoria formation occurred in all the temperatures starting from 12 hours of wetness. The extreme temperatures (10 o C and 40 o C) were less favorable to the apressorium formation. The minimum temperature for appressorium formation, estimated by generalized beta function was of 3 o C and the maximum of 48,4 o C, both for 48 hours of wetness. The appressorium formation was favored considerably by the wetness duration period, with the maximum of apressoria formed at 24 hours of wetness, for majority of the temperatures. The wetness duration period constituted of 48 hours was essential so that the spores submitted to temperatures of 10 o C and 40 o C, formed appressorium. The response surface obtained by the multiplication of the generalized beta and monomolecular functions provided a close fit to observed data in the estimate of the relative percentage of formed appressorium (R 2 =0,75). The samples observed in scanning electron microscopy made possible the acquisition of images of conidia and appressoria on the surface of lemon 'Siciliano' leaves in all the temperature combinations and wetness evaluated.

South Florida's loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtles hatchling have environmentally determined sex. The in situ nest mean hatchling sex ratios (SR) were highly female-biased : loggerhead F=0.89) and green turtle F=0.81; leatherback's SR was nearly balanced (0.55F). Nest temperatures and SRs differed between leatherbacks and loggerhead and green turtles. The latter two did not differ. The loggerhead response parameters were estimated within biological limitations by both 50-65% of incubation and mean middle 1/3 temperature. The maximum middle 1/3 temperature was the best-fit predictor for green turtles. No best-fit sex ratio-temperature response could be identified for leatherbacks. Clutches incubating under natural conditions can vary greatly in SR ; TRT differences may account for differences among species' sex ratios. / by Micah Marie Rogers. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

Recent research conducted throughout the Northern California Current (NCC) on the ecology of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) indicates that variable ocean conditions affect the community composition of zooplankton in the nearshore environment which, in turn, can affect the quality of prey for fish, sea birds and mammals. Interannual variability in the quality and composition of the copepod community in the NCC during early marine residency of some Pacific salmon populations is related to survival to adulthood. However, copepods make up a small portion of the diet of coho and Chinook salmon, and the mechanistic linkages between ocean climate, zooplankton composition and salmon prey remain unclear. Parasite analysis provides a supplement to traditional diet analysis that can describe the foraging history of a host species. Coho salmon (O. kisutch) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) serve as hosts to an array of marine parasites acquired through consumption of infected intermediate hosts such as copepods, euphausiids, and planktivorous fishes. Causing little or no harm to their salmon host, the presence of trophically transmitted parasites provides information on the dietary history of their salmonid host beyond the 24 hours associated with traditional diet analysis. This study (1) examined differences in feeding behavior of coho and Chinook salmon during their early marine residency using both stomach and parasite community analyses and (2) tested the hypothesis that variability in ocean circulation patterns (measured through the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, sea surface temperature (SST) and Bakun's upwelling index) and copepod species composition are related to variability in the community structure of trophically transmitted marine parasites found in juvenile salmon. I compared the abundance and species composition of parasites recovered from juvenile Columbia River coho and upper Columbia River summer and fall Chinook salmon captured off the coast of Washington from 2002 to 2009. I also compared interannual variability in parasite assemblages to physical and biological indices of ocean conditions. Coho and Chinook salmon consumed similar prey taxa; however, the species richness and abundance of trophically transmitted parasites indicated that Chinook salmon consumed a greater diversity and abundance of infected prey. In addition, differences in the abundance of fish in the diet and Anisakis simplex, a parasitic nematode known to infect salmon through fish consumption, suggest that Chinook salmon consistently consumed more fish prey than coho. In contrast, coho appeared to consume more euphausiids as indicated by stomach content analysis and increased abundance of the euphausiid parasite, Rhadinorhynchus trachuri. Shifts in the parasite community composition of both coho and Chinook salmon were related to interannual variability in SST and the biomass of southern-origin copepods (r > 0.7, P < 0.05). The acanthocephalan R. trachuri and a tetraphyllid cestode were associated with "warm" SSTs and greater biomass of lipid-poor, subtropical copepods while the nematode A. simplex was more abundant in years of "cold" SST and a relatively low biomass of subtropical copepods. These results provide novel insight into differences in the diet of Columbia River coho and Chinook salmon and illustrate linkages between ocean climate, zooplankton community composition and salmon diet during early marine residency. / Graduation date: 2012

This thesis evaluates the suitability of silicon-germanium technology for electronic systems intended for extreme environments, such as ambient temperatures outside of military specification (-55 degC to 125 degC) range and intense exposures to ionizing radiation. Silicon-germanium devices and circuits were characterized at cryogenic and high-temperatures (up to 300 degC) and exposed to ionizing radiation, providing empirical evidence that silicon-germanium is an excellent platform for terrestrial and space-based electronic applications.

The feasibility of using superelastic shape memory alloys in the retrofit of multiple frame bridges is investigated. First, three shape memory alloy constitutive models with various levels of complexity are compared in order to determine the significance of including subloops and cyclic loading effects on the structural response. The results show that the structural response is more sensitive to the shape memory alloys strength degradation and residual deformation than the sublooping behavior. Next, two parametric studies are conducted to explore the sensitivity of hinge opening to the mechanical behavior of the superelastic shape memory alloys. The first study is focused on the hysteretic properties of the alloy that could vary depending on the chemical composition or the manufacturing process of the alloy, while the second study targets the changes in the mechanical behavior of shape memory alloys resulting from the variability in the ambient temperature. The results show that the hysteretic behavior of shape memory alloys has only a slight effect on the bridge hinge opening as long as the recentering property is maintained. A detailed study on the effect of temperature shows that a reduction in the ambient temperature tends to negatively affect the hinge opening while an increase in temperature results in a slight improvement. Next, a parametric study is conducted to examine the effectiveness of shape memory alloy retrofit devices in limiting hinge openings in bridges with various properties. In addition, a comparison is made with other devices such as conventional steel restrainers, metallic dampers, and viscoelastic solid dampers. The results illustrate that superelastic shape memory alloys are superior in their effectiveness compared to other devices in the case of bridges with moderate period ratios and high level of ductility, especially when subjected to strong earthquakes.

The South African Citrus Industry is the second largest exporter of citrus, after Spain. The industry is under pressure to supply high quality fruit as well as to expand into new, high paying markets. However, high paying markets such as Japan and the USA require cold sterilised fruit as obligatory quarantine treatments against Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) in order to reduce any possible spread of the pest. Citrus fruit originated from tropical climates and hence are chilling susceptible. Chilling injury symptoms appear as dark brown spots, pitting and/or decay when fruit are transferred to shelf temperatures; thus reducing the marketability of citrus fruit. Therefore, there is need for methods to mitigate chilling injury. Previous studies have shown silicon to mitigate many forms of stress without any hazardous effect on human health. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the potential of post-harvest silicon dips in mitigating chilling symptoms in citrus fruit. Briefly, fruit from two sources (Ukulinga Research Farm and Ithala Farm) were dipped in different silicon concentrations (0, 50, 150, and 250 mg ℓ-1) for 30 minutes and thereafter stored at -0.5 or 2⁰C for up to 28 days with weekly evaluation for chilling injury symptoms. Total antioxidants were determined using FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH assays under spectrophotometer. In addition, sugars, ascorbic acid, phenolics and flavonoids were analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Fruit from Ukulinga Research Farm showed significantly higher total antioxidants (ascorbic acid total phenolics and specific flavonoids hesperidin and naringin) and sugars relative to fruit from Ithala Farm. Low concentrations of silicon dips significantly reduced the appearance of chilling injury symptoms by inducing an enzymatic conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid, thereby increasing the antioxidant capacity of chilling susceptible fruit. Moreover, silicon increased the concentration of total antioxidants, total phenolics and total flavonoids. High silicon concentrations had a negative effect on post-harvest quality of lemons by increasing fruit weight loss and electrolyte leakage, resulting in appearance of chilling symptoms. In conclusion, the study showed that silicon had potential to reduce chilling injury. However, high silicon concentrations raised concern, in particularly, on fruit appearance. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.