The collective nature of group affiliation may inhibit an individual from exhibiting prosocial behavior regarding acts of religiously-motivated terror. This study's purpose was to investigate the nature of bystander intervention as it relates to religious group affiliation. Darley and Latane's bystander effect theory provided the theoretical framework for this study. The research questions examined the impact of religious group affiliation and group size on the dependent variables of civic moral disengagement (CMD) and commitment to the war on terror (CWT). Three validated survey instruments were administered to a random participant pool of 206 respondents. An ANCOVA and Spearman's rho correlation were employed to address the research questions. Findings revealed that neither religious group affiliation nor group size significantly predicts either CWT or CMD after controlling for the degree of religious commitment. Further research should test alternative theories associated with leadership and group dynamics. Positive social change is advanced by acknowledging that bystanders to acts of terrorism may not be influenced by factors such as group affiliation or size of religious group affiliations. These findings underscore the complexity of the relationship between behavior and religious affiliation. Policy makers and future researchers may benefit by redirecting their focus for prevention and intervention toward influences such as the motivational dynamic between religious leaders and their followers.

No description available.

We calculate the vacuum (Casimir) energy for a scalar field with ϕ4 self-interaction in (1 + 1) dimensions non perturbatively, i.e., in all orders of the self-interaction. We consider massive and massless fields in a finite box with Dirichlet boundary conditions and on the whole axis as well. For strong coupling, the vacuum energy is negative indicating some instability.

Research suggests that children are only able to flexibly apply more than one label (e.g. mouse and animal) in one situation with one conversational partner after they pass standard false belief tasks. Both abilities have been attributed to the understanding of perspective. The aim of the studies was to extend previous research to examine the disambiguation effect, children’s tendency to select an unfamiliar object in the presence of another but familiar object as referent for a novel word. Theoretical considerations suggest this effect initially results from a lack of understanding perspective. Five studies were conducted in Scotland and Austria, involving 243 children between the ages of 2.5 and 6.5. Studies 1 to 3 compared the standard disambiguation task with a task in which a strong pragmatic cue indicates the familiar object is the correct referent. Performances on these tasks were compared with performances on the false belief task, the alternative naming task, as well as tests of executive functioning. Studies 4 and 5 extended these methods to examine bilingual children’s metacognitive abilities in relation to word learning. Children become able to suspend the disambiguation effect when presented with strong pragmatic cues at the same time as they pass false belief and alternative naming tasks (Experiment 1). This can neither be attributed to impulsivity or the ability to inhibit a response, nor order effects of pragmatic cues and novel words (Experiment 2). Children’s ability to apply two labels to one object in a correction task also related to their perspectival understanding. Previous findings that suggested that younger children could produce multiple labels in a misnaming paradigm were not replicated (Experiment 3 a, b). The developmental change in children’s metalinguistic behaviour was demonstrated to follow the same trajectory in monolinguals, bilinguals and children exposed to another language (Experiment 4 and 5). Bilinguals show a marginally better ability to recall novel foreign language labels. The disambiguation effect is the result of cognitive immaturity in young children. Older children show a change in behaviour at the same time as they present more metacognitive maturity. Common development with theory of mind and metalinguistic abilities is attributed to an understanding of perspective.

Analisar a ficção Água Viva, de Clarice Lispector, é o desafio desta dissertação, que integra autor, texto e leitor em uma discussão acerca de experiência estética e estrutura textual. Partindo de conceitos desenvolvidos pela Teoria do Efeito Estético, de Wolfgang Iser, o objetivo a ser atingido é o de identificar as ferramentas utilizadas pela autora Clarice Lispector que fazem de seu texto potência estética a ser desencadeada pelo leitor no ato da leitura. Ao investigar a estrutura desta obra, encontram-se elementos que tornam vulneráveis concepções pré-estabelecidas acerca da literatura, abrindo-se em vazios constitutivos que convidam o leitor a participar da criação de significações e da experimentação dos sentidos. A aproximação entre texto e artes plásticas, principalmente à pintura, tem forte presença nesta obra, que provoca a formação de imagens no momento do contato com o texto, acontecimento em que se fundem tempo e espaço para a irrupção do instante-já. Procurou-se, ainda, identificar tendências comuns entre a produção deste texto de Clarice Lispector e os questionamentos presentes em outras manifestações artísticas da época, notadamente quanto ao caráter transitório que a arte dos anos 70 assume, fazendo com que o próprio movimento, a própria transformação, tornem-se estrutura da arte de então / To analyse the ficction Água Viva, by Clarice Lispector, is the challenge of this lecture, that interacts author, text and reader in a debate about aesthetic experience and text structure. Starting with Aesthetic Effects Theory concepts, by Wolfgang Iser, the goal is identify the authors tools that makes a text aesthetic potency to be unchainned by the reader on the act of reading. Search into the text structure, is possible to find elements that turn vulnerable established conceptions about literature, beside open constitutives vacuities that invites the reader to join the creation of meanings and experimentation of senses. Put together text and plastic arts, meanly paint, has a strong appearence in this text, that incites images rise at the moment of contact with text, happening in which time and space comes together to the iruption of instante-já. Identify common tendencies between this text production and the artistic questions of that age has been seek, notedly about transitory feature thar 70 arts assume, making the movement, the transformation itself, turn the art structure of this time

Analisar a ficção Água Viva, de Clarice Lispector, é o desafio desta dissertação, que integra autor, texto e leitor em uma discussão acerca de experiência estética e estrutura textual. Partindo de conceitos desenvolvidos pela Teoria do Efeito Estético, de Wolfgang Iser, o objetivo a ser atingido é o de identificar as ferramentas utilizadas pela autora Clarice Lispector que fazem de seu texto potência estética a ser desencadeada pelo leitor no ato da leitura. Ao investigar a estrutura desta obra, encontram-se elementos que tornam vulneráveis concepções pré-estabelecidas acerca da literatura, abrindo-se em vazios constitutivos que convidam o leitor a participar da criação de significações e da experimentação dos sentidos. A aproximação entre texto e artes plásticas, principalmente à pintura, tem forte presença nesta obra, que provoca a formação de imagens no momento do contato com o texto, acontecimento em que se fundem tempo e espaço para a irrupção do instante-já. Procurou-se, ainda, identificar tendências comuns entre a produção deste texto de Clarice Lispector e os questionamentos presentes em outras manifestações artísticas da época, notadamente quanto ao caráter transitório que a arte dos anos 70 assume, fazendo com que o próprio movimento, a própria transformação, tornem-se estrutura da arte de então / To analyse the ficction Água Viva, by Clarice Lispector, is the challenge of this lecture, that interacts author, text and reader in a debate about aesthetic experience and text structure. Starting with Aesthetic Effects Theory concepts, by Wolfgang Iser, the goal is identify the authors tools that makes a text aesthetic potency to be unchainned by the reader on the act of reading. Search into the text structure, is possible to find elements that turn vulnerable established conceptions about literature, beside open constitutives vacuities that invites the reader to join the creation of meanings and experimentation of senses. Put together text and plastic arts, meanly paint, has a strong appearence in this text, that incites images rise at the moment of contact with text, happening in which time and space comes together to the iruption of instante-já. Identify common tendencies between this text production and the artistic questions of that age has been seek, notedly about transitory feature thar 70 arts assume, making the movement, the transformation itself, turn the art structure of this time

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-04T12:50:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 elieteaparecidadepaulacunha.pdf: 639078 bytes, checksum: e87899ece6bef4a0abaf077b1c836962 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-04T14:44:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 elieteaparecidadepaulacunha.pdf: 639078 bytes, checksum: e87899ece6bef4a0abaf077b1c836962 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-04T14:44:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 elieteaparecidadepaulacunha.pdf: 639078 bytes, checksum: e87899ece6bef4a0abaf077b1c836962 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-18 / PROQUALI (UFJF) / A presente pesquisa investiga as origens da literatura infantil e as transformações ocorridas ao longo de sua história, buscando demonstrar a ruptura no conto de fadas moderno, a partir do desvelamento das relações entre a inovação observada em A fada que tinha ideias (1971), de Fernanda Lopes de Almeida, e o contexto histórico-social em que se inclui essa narrativa. Com base nos pressupostos da estética da recepção e, em especial, da teoria do efeito formulada por Wolfgang Iser, efetiva-se uma leitura da obra, na qual este trabalho se concentra, com vistas a problematizar a relação entre o real, o fictício e o imaginário na construção do mundo das fadas. Direcionando seus estudos para a análise dos efeitos do texto literário no ato individual da leitura, Iser concebe o leitor como um sujeito capaz de revelar a esteticidade da obra, de interagir com o texto atribuindo-lhe sentido particular. Sob tal perspectiva, a relação do real com o fictício e o imaginário apresenta-se como uma propriedade basilar do texto ficcional, sendo o imaginário caracterizado pelas situações da vida prática (re)criadas pelo leitor em diálogo com o horizonte trazido pela ficção. Por fim, ao se estabelecer uma comparação entre a personagem Emília, de Monteiro Lobato, e Clara Luz, personagem de Fernanda Lopes de Almeida, consideradas fadas modernas, tornam-se manifestas as modificações havidas no conceito tradicional de conto de fadas, e os efeitos dessa mudança no leitor infantil contemporâneo. / The present research investigates the origins of children’s literature and the changes occurred throughout its history, seeking to demonstrate a break in the modern fairy tale, from the unveiling of the relationships between the innovation observed in the book A fada que tinha ideias (1971), by Fernanda Lopes de Almeida, and the sociohistorical context wherein this narrative is included. Based on the assumptions of the reception aesthetics, and, in particular, on the effect theory formulated by Wolfgang Iser, a reading of the work is carried out, on which this study focuses, in order to problematize the relation between the real, the fictional and the imaginary in the construction of the fairy world. Conducting his studies to the analysis of the effects of literary texts in the individual act of reading, Iser understands the reader as a subject capable of revealing the aesthetics of the work, and also able to interact with the text, by assigning it a particular meaning. From this perspective, the relation between the real, the fictitious and the imaginary is presented as a fundamental attribute of the fictional text, being the imaginary characterized by situations of practical life recreated by the reader in a dialogue with the horizon brought by fiction. Finally, by establishing a comparison between the character Emilia, from Monteiro Lobato’s work, and Clara Luz, a character from Fernanda Lopes de Almeida’s work, both characters considered as modern fairies, the changes occurred in the traditional concept of fairy tale reveal themselves, as well as the effects of these changes in the contemporary reader-child.

L’écrivain égyptien Yūsuf Zaydān s’inscrit dans la tradition - constituée à l’âge de la Nahḍa – de l’intellectuel “éducateur des consciences”. Depuis cette époque, face à un récit national contrôlé par le pouvoir politique ou religieux, la littérature arabe a souvent revisité l’histoire et l’actualité dans le but de rétablir - grâce à la liberté offerte par le discours fictionnel - la vérité occultée par le récit officiel. Dans ce processus de réécriture, Zaydān s’intéresse particulièrement à la relation entre religion, politique et violence. L’objectif de cette étude est d’explorer l’oeuvre littéraire de cet auteur, dans le but d’en dégager l’originalité. Celle-ci apparaît, d’une part, dans la capacité de Zaydān à mettre en valeur son double profil d’universitaire et de romancier, à travers une production très variée allant du roman à l’essai; d’autre part, dans les stratégies spécifiques qu’il emploie afin de s’adresser à son destinataire privilégié: le lecteur égyptien. Auteur controversé autant pour son oeuvre que pour sa personnalité, Zaydān n’en demeure pas moins un phénomène littéraire : illustration à la fois de l’éclatement du champ littéraire et d’une démocratisation exacerbée de la culture en Egypte, son cas permet de mieux comprendre la littérature arabe ultra contemporaine et ce qu’elle exprime sur les sociétés en recomposition - politique, économique et culturelle - desquelles elle émane. / The Egyptian writer Yūsuf Zaydān is part of the tradition – dating from the age of the Nahḍa – of intellectuals as "educators of consciousness". Since then, faced with a national narrative controlled by political or religious power, Arab literature has often revisited history and current affairs with the aim of restoring – through the freedom offered by fictional discourse – the truth overshadowed by official history. Through this rewriting process, Zaydān is particularly interested in discussing the relationship between religion, politics and violence. The objective of this thesis is to explore Zaydān’s literary work in order to identify its originality. This originality is manifested, first, through Zaydān's dual profile as both academic and novelist, engaged in varied production that ranges from novels to essays; second, in the specific strategies he employs in order to address his privileged audience: the Egyptian reader. A controversial author in both his work and his personality, Zaydān is above all a literary phenomenon. An example of the blossoming literary field and the exacerbated cultural democratisation in Egypt, his case allows us to better understand ultra-modern Arab literature and what it expresses about the (politically, economically, culturally) recomposed and changing society that have produced it.

The relevance or irrelevance of dividend payments has been the topic of much discussion for the past eight decades. The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationship between dividend policy and agency problems of financial services companies listed on the (JSE). Dividend Policy and the Agency Theory underpinned the study. Secondary data of sampled listed financial companies for the period 2005-2016 was sourced from IRESS database. Data was analysed using EViews version 9. The results revealed that the presence of institutional ownership resolves the asymmetry information problems, and, reduces the need to pay dividends. The results also revealed that 54.69% of JSE listed companies under the financials’ services sector practise dividend decisions. The results further revealed that the dividend payout ratio is positively correlated with ROE and LEV, and negatively correlated INST, DIRS and FOREIGN variables. The results confirmed the existence of agency problems on listed financial services companies. / Ukubaluleka okanye ukungabaluleki kokuhlawula izahlulo bekusoloko kusisihloko sengxoxo kumashumi asibhozo eminyaka edluleyo. Injongo ephambili yesi sifundo yayikukufumanisa ulwalamano phakathi komgaqo nkqubo wezahlulelo neengxaki zobumeli (ubuarhente) beenkampani ezinikezela ngeenkonzo zemicimbi yoqoqosho nezidweliswe kwiJohannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE). Izisekelo zesi sifundo nguMgaqo Nkqubo Wezahlulo (Dividend Policy) neNgcingane Yobumeli (Agency Theory). Iqela lesibini ledatha yeenkampani ezidwelisiweyo kwiminyaka ye-2005– 2016 yafunyanwa kwiqula leedatha elaziwa ngokuba yi-IRESS database. Idatha yahlalutywa ngokusebenzisa isixhobo sohlalutyo iEViews version 9. Iziphumo zadiza ukuba ubukho babanini kwiziko loshishino buyazisombulula iingxaki zonxibelelwano olungalingani kakuhle kwaye kuyasicutha isidingo sokuhlawula izahlulo. Kwakhona, iziphumo zadiza ukuba ama-54.69% eenkampani ezidweliswe kwiJSE, phantsi kodidi lweenkampani ezinikezela ngeenkonzo zemicimbi yoqoqosho, enza izigqibo zezahlulo. Iziphumo zaphinda zadiza ukuba intlawulo yezahlulo ihambelana kakuhle neenqobo zeROE neLEV, kanti azihambelani neenqobo zeINST, ezeDIRS kunye nekuthiwa ziFOREIGN. Ezi ziphumo zangqina ukuba kukho iingxaki zobumeli/ubuarhente kwiinkampani ezinikezela ngeenkonzo zemicimbi yoqoqosho / Bonnete le go se be bonnete ga ditefelo tša letseno e bile hlogo ya ditherišano tše dintši mo mo dingwagasome tše seswai tša go feta. Nepo ya motheo ya thuto ye ke go ela kamano gare ga pholisi le mathata a dikhamphani tša ditirelo tša Matlotlo tšeo di lego lenaneong la Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE). Pholisi ya Ditseno le Teori ya Etšensi ke motheo wa thuto ye. Datha ya magareng ya dikhamphani tša mašeleng tšeo di lego lenaneong la paka ya 2005–2016 e be e hwetšagala go tšwa go lenaneo la datha la IRESS. Datha e sekasekilwe go šomišwa EViews version 9. Dipoelo di utullotše gore go ba gona ga bong ka gare ga sehlongwa go rarolla mathata a tshedimošo ya go se lekalekane, le go fokotša nyakego ya go lefa mašokotšo. Dipoelo le tšona di tšweleditše go re diperesente tše 54.69 tša dikhamphani tšeo di lego lenaneong la JSE ka fase ga ditirelo tša sekgao sa go phethagatša diphetho tša mašokotšo. Dipoelo di tšwetša pele go utulla go re ditekanyetšo tša ditefelo tša mašokotšo du sepelelana gabotse le ROE le LEV, le go sepelelana gannyane le INST, DIRS le FOREIGN. Dipoelo di netefatša go ba gona ga mathata a Etšensi ao a ngwadilwego lenaneong la dikhamphani tša ditirelo tša mašeleng / Abstracts in English, Zulu, Sepedi / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)