This thesis is focused on optimization of pressure sensor production efficiency in company BD SENSORS s.r.o. Theoretical part covers the basic terms, methods from the field of industrial engineering. Next part explores the analysis of the current state of a part of the company. Finally based on the discovered findings there are proposed corrective and preventive actions.

The design optimization of DC-DC converters requires the optimum selection of several parameters to achieve improved efficiency and performance. Some of these parameters are load dependent, line dependent, components dependent, and/or temperature dependent. Designing such parameters for a specific load, input and output, components, and temperature may improve single design point efficiency but will not result in maximum efficiency at different conditions, and will not guarantee improvement at that design point because of the components, temperature, and operating point variations. The ability of digital controllers to perform sophisticated algorithms makes it easy to apply adaptive control, where system parameters can be adaptively adjusted in response to system behavior in order to achieve better performance and stability. The use of adaptive control for power electronics is first applied with the Adaptive Frequency Optimization (AFO) method, which presents an auto-tuning adaptive digital controller with maximum efficiency point tracking to optimize DC-DC converter switching frequency. The AFO controller adjusts the DC-DC converter switching frequency while tracking the converter minimum input power point, under variable operating conditions, to find the optimum switching frequency that will result in minimum total loss and thus the maximum efficiency. Implementing variable switching frequencies in digital controllers introduces two main issues, namely, limit cycle oscillation and system instability. Dynamic Limit Cycle Algorithms (DLCA) is a dynamic technique tailored to improve system stability and to reduce limit cycle oscillation under variable switching frequency operation. The convergence speed and stability of AFO algorithm is further improved by presenting the analysis and design of a digital controller with adaptive auto-tuning algorithm that has a variable step size to track and detect the optimum switching frequency for a DC-DC converter. The Variable-Step-Size (VSS) algorithm is theoretically analyzed and developed based on buck DC-DC converter loss model and directed towered improving the convergence speed and accuracy of AFO adaptive loop by adjusting the converter switching frequency with variable step size. Finally, the efficiency of DC-DC converters is a function of several variables. Optimizing single variable alone may not result in maximum or global efficiency point. The issue of adjusting more than one variable at the same time is addressed by the Multivariable Adaptive digital Controller (MVAC). The MVAC is an adaptive method that continuously adjusts the DC-DC converter switching frequency and dead-time at the same time, while tracking the converter minimum input power, to find the maximum global efficiency point under variable conditions. In this research work, all adaptive methods were discussed, theoretically analyzed and its digital control algorithm along with experimental implementations were presented.

The structure of a permanent magnet generator (PMG) connected with an active front-end rectifier is very popular in the AC-DC architecture. Especially for certain applications like aircraft and vehicles, power density and efficiency is critical. Since the generator and the rectifier can be controlled simultaneously, it would be very desirable to develop a unified control. With this unified control, the boost inductors between the PMG and rectifier is eliminated, which significantly reduce the volume and the weight of the whole system and improve the system power density. Also the system efficiency can be improved with appropriate control strategy. In this thesis, a unified control for the permanent magnet generator and rectifier system is presented. Firstly, the unified model of the PMG and rectifier system is given as the basis to design the control system. Secondly, a unified control method for PMG and rectifier system is introduced. The design procedure for each control loops are presented in detail, including current control loop, voltage control loop, reactive control loop and speed and rotor position estimator loop. Thirdly, the hardware is developed and the experiment is conducted to verify the control strategy. Fourthly, a method to optimize the overall system efficiency by appropriate reactive power distribution is proposed. The two cases when the DC link voltage is flexible and the DC link voltage is fixed are considered. / Master of Science

In diesem Beitrag wird ein analytischer Ausdruck für die Bestimmung des Sollwerts der Läuferflussverkettung einer Asynchronmaschine (ASM) bei der feldorientierten Regelung vorgestellt. Dieser Wert wird durch das Lösen des Wirkungsgradoptimierungsproblems für jeden Betriebspunkt hergeleitet. Bei der Berechnung werden die Begrenzung der Spannungen sowie der Ströme als Nebenbedingungen in Betracht gezogen. Dieser Algorithmus eignet sich für industrielle Anwendungen, aber auch für Tranktionsantriebe, die mit ASM betrieben werden. / In this contribution, an analytic expression for the reference value of the flux linkage of an induction machine during field oriented control is proposed. This value results from solving the efficiency optimization problem of the ASM at each operational point. The restrictions on the motor voltages and currents are also considered in the optimization problem as constraints.The proposed method is suitable for industrial applications such as electric cars equipped with induction motors.

This master’s thesis “Optimization of accounting Processes in the Company” is focusing on improving main processes in the company. This thesis is divided into theoretical part which contains theoretical terms connected with the optimization of processes in the company, into analytical part which describes current situation in the company and problems analyzing and into design part which contains concept of solutions of the main processes improvement. These amendments should lead to increased effectiveness of main processes.

Efficiency-enhancing measures are evaluated for a serial hybrid fuel cell vehicle over a drive cycle. The regarded powertrain consists of fuel cell system, battery, DC-DC converter, inverter and electrical machine. Within the fuel cell system, the air supply is the largest parasitic load. For the lowest dissipation, different air compression architectures are optimized by a scaling algorithm and compared. Phase switching reduces DC-DC losses. Additionally, a variable DC-link voltage increases efficiency of electrical machine and inverter. Dynamic Programming (DP) is used to evaluate these measures. The DP was extended by start-up and shutdown energy of the fuel cell system to model realistic cycle consumptions. Finally, all these efficiency enhancing measures lead to a reduction of energy consumption by 6.4 % for the serial hybrid fuel cell vehicle over a drive cycle.

The main goal of this thesis is to develop practical digital controller architectures for multi-phase dc-dc converters utilized in low power (up to few hundred watts) and cost-sensitive applications. The proposed controllers are suitable for on-chip integration while being capable of providing advanced features, such as dynamic efficiency optimization, inductor current estimation, converter component identification, as well as combined dynamic current sharing and fast transient response. The first part of this thesis addresses challenges related to the practical implementation of digital controllers for low-power multi-phase dc-dc converters. As a possible solution, a multi-use high-frequency digital PWM controller IC that can regulate up to four switching converters (either interleaved or standalone) is presented. Due to its configurability, low current consumption (90.25 μA/MHz per phase), fault-tolerant work, and ability to operate at high switching frequencies (programmable, up to 10 MHz), the IC is suitable to control various dc-dc converters. The applications range from dc-dc converters used in miniature battery-powered electronic devices consuming a fraction of watt to multi-phase dedicated supplies for communication systems, consuming hundreds of watts. A controller for multi-phase converters with unequal current sharing is introduced and an efficiency optimization method based on logarithmic current sharing is proposed in the second part. By forcing converters to operate at their peak efficiencies and dynamically adjusting the number of active converter phases based on the output load current, a significant improvement in efficiency over the full range of operation is obtained (up to 25%). The stability and inductor current transition problems related to this mode of operation are also resolved. At last, two reconfigurable digital controller architectures with multi-parameter estimation are introduced. Both controllers eliminate the need for external analog current/temperature sensing circuits by accurately estimating phase inductor currents and identifying critical phase parameters such as equivalent resistances, inductances and output capacitance. A sensorless non-linear, average current-mode controller is introduced to provide fast transient response (under 5 μs), small voltage deviation and dynamic current sharing with multi-phase converters. To equalize the thermal stress of phase components, a conduction loss-based current sharing scheme is proposed and implemented.

The main goal of this thesis is to develop practical digital controller architectures for multi-phase dc-dc converters utilized in low power (up to few hundred watts) and cost-sensitive applications. The proposed controllers are suitable for on-chip integration while being capable of providing advanced features, such as dynamic efficiency optimization, inductor current estimation, converter component identification, as well as combined dynamic current sharing and fast transient response. The first part of this thesis addresses challenges related to the practical implementation of digital controllers for low-power multi-phase dc-dc converters. As a possible solution, a multi-use high-frequency digital PWM controller IC that can regulate up to four switching converters (either interleaved or standalone) is presented. Due to its configurability, low current consumption (90.25 μA/MHz per phase), fault-tolerant work, and ability to operate at high switching frequencies (programmable, up to 10 MHz), the IC is suitable to control various dc-dc converters. The applications range from dc-dc converters used in miniature battery-powered electronic devices consuming a fraction of watt to multi-phase dedicated supplies for communication systems, consuming hundreds of watts. A controller for multi-phase converters with unequal current sharing is introduced and an efficiency optimization method based on logarithmic current sharing is proposed in the second part. By forcing converters to operate at their peak efficiencies and dynamically adjusting the number of active converter phases based on the output load current, a significant improvement in efficiency over the full range of operation is obtained (up to 25%). The stability and inductor current transition problems related to this mode of operation are also resolved. At last, two reconfigurable digital controller architectures with multi-parameter estimation are introduced. Both controllers eliminate the need for external analog current/temperature sensing circuits by accurately estimating phase inductor currents and identifying critical phase parameters such as equivalent resistances, inductances and output capacitance. A sensorless non-linear, average current-mode controller is introduced to provide fast transient response (under 5 μs), small voltage deviation and dynamic current sharing with multi-phase converters. To equalize the thermal stress of phase components, a conduction loss-based current sharing scheme is proposed and implemented.

Verteilte, Eingebettete Systeme beeinflussen unser tägliches Leben in unzähligen Bereichen. Getrieben durch technologische Weiterentwicklungen und neue Nutzungsprofile nimmt der Vernetzungsgrad elektronischer Geräte rapide zu. Neben einem ausgeprägten Netzwerkcharakter sind aktuelle und zukünftige Anwendungsszenarien wesentlich durch einen hohen Mobilitätsgrad geprägt. Daraus ergeben sich zunehmend Problemstellungen bzgl. geeigneter Kommunikationskonzepte und der hierfür benötigten Energieressourcen. Dieses Buch befasst sich mit Technologien, Konzepten und Protokollen zur energieeffizienten Kommunikation in verteilten, ressourcenbeschränkten Systemen. Es definiert grundlegende Begrifflichkeiten und vermittelt einen umfassenden Einblick in die verschiedenen Forschungsschwerpunkte. Relevante, technologische Entwicklungen der beiden letzten Dekaden werden vorgestellt, thematisch eingeordnet und kritisch analysiert. Anschließend erfolgt die funktional getrennte Betrachtung von Kommunikationsprozessen auf Netzwerk-, Daten- sowie Energiemanagementebene. Darauf aufbauend widmet sich das Buch der Systemintegration und damit einhergehend dem komplexen Systemkonfigurationsprozess. Unter Berücksichtigung applikationsspezifischer Rahmenbedingungen sowie funktionaler Anforderungen werden gezielt geeignete Optimierungsstrategien ausgewählt und in einer ganzheitlich angepassten Systemarchitektur kombiniert. Erst durch das präzise Zusammenspiel von Kommunikationsparadigma, Kommunikationstechnologien und Kommunikationsprotokollen entsteht ein optimiertes Gesamtsystem, welches die zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen effizient nutzt. Zur Bewertung kommt ein neu entwickeltes, erweitertes Quantifizierungsmodell zum Einsatz, welches die kommunikativen Aspekte verteilter Applikationsszenarien vollständig einbezieht. Im Rahmen umfangreicher Fallstudien werden ausgewählte Optimierungsverfahren simulativ sowie auf Basis unterschiedlicher Hardwareplattformen evaluiert. Aus den Ergebnissen resultieren qualitative und quantitative Rückschlüsse auf das mögliche Optimierungspotential unter realen Einsatzbedingungen. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse dienen als wichtige Richtgrößen für zukünftige Entwicklungen im Bereich eingebetteter, ressourcenbeschränkter Kommunikationssysteme. / Embedded systems are used in almost every domain of our daily lives. Actual research and development activities focus on wireless connected and mobile system architectures. The resulting network topologies represent embedded, distributed systems, which are able to process complex tasks in a collaborative way. Most of the respective hardware platforms are energy self-sufficient with strongly limited resources for data processing, data storage and communication. With focus on the energy resources, communication tasks have a huge impact on the systems power consumption. In order to optimise the energy efficiency of these communication tasks, one key challenge for engineers is the application-specific integration of adapted communication concepts, radio technologies, and protocol stacks into an all-embracing communication architecture. This book critically discusses energy efficiency in distributed, embedded systems with focus on the communication aspects. The first part introduces basic definitions as well as a novel estimation model for quantifying energy efficiency on both local (system) and global (network) layer. In the second part, this book proposes several optimisation approaches for energy-efficient, resource-limited communication systems. This include hardware approaches as well as software approaches to optimise the runtime environment and the data processing tasks. Each approach operates on different abstraction layers within the system architecture. The last part of the book deals with the evaluation of specific optimisation strategies under real-world conditions. The test cases includes simulation scenarios as well as hardware test benches within a heterogeneous network environment. The respective results and analyses represent important guidelines for future developments in field of distributed, embedded communication platforms.

Verteilte, Eingebettete Systeme beeinflussen unser tägliches Leben in unzähligen Bereichen. Getrieben durch technologische Weiterentwicklungen und neue Nutzungsprofile nimmt der Vernetzungsgrad elektronischer Geräte rapide zu. Neben einem ausgeprägten Netzwerkcharakter sind aktuelle und zukünftige Anwendungsszenarien wesentlich durch einen hohen Mobilitätsgrad geprägt. Daraus ergeben sich zunehmend Problemstellungen bzgl. geeigneter Kommunikationskonzepte und der hierfür benötigten Energieressourcen. Dieses Buch befasst sich mit Technologien, Konzepten und Protokollen zur energieeffizienten Kommunikation in verteilten, ressourcenbeschränkten Systemen. Es definiert grundlegende Begrifflichkeiten und vermittelt einen umfassenden Einblick in die verschiedenen Forschungsschwerpunkte. Relevante, technologische Entwicklungen der beiden letzten Dekaden werden vorgestellt, thematisch eingeordnet und kritisch analysiert. Anschließend erfolgt die funktional getrennte Betrachtung von Kommunikationsprozessen auf Netzwerk-, Daten- sowie Energiemanagementebene. Darauf aufbauend widmet sich das Buch der Systemintegration und damit einhergehend dem komplexen Systemkonfigurationsprozess. Unter Berücksichtigung applikationsspezifischer Rahmenbedingungen sowie funktionaler Anforderungen werden gezielt geeignete Optimierungsstrategien ausgewählt und in einer ganzheitlich angepassten Systemarchitektur kombiniert. Erst durch das präzise Zusammenspiel von Kommunikationsparadigma, Kommunikationstechnologien und Kommunikationsprotokollen entsteht ein optimiertes Gesamtsystem, welches die zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen effizient nutzt. Zur Bewertung kommt ein neu entwickeltes, erweitertes Quantifizierungsmodell zum Einsatz, welches die kommunikativen Aspekte verteilter Applikationsszenarien vollständig einbezieht. Im Rahmen umfangreicher Fallstudien werden ausgewählte Optimierungsverfahren simulativ sowie auf Basis unterschiedlicher Hardwareplattformen evaluiert. Aus den Ergebnissen resultieren qualitative und quantitative Rückschlüsse auf das mögliche Optimierungspotential unter realen Einsatzbedingungen. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse dienen als wichtige Richtgrößen für zukünftige Entwicklungen im Bereich eingebetteter, ressourcenbeschränkter Kommunikationssysteme. / Embedded systems are used in almost every domain of our daily lives. Actual research and development activities focus on wireless connected and mobile system architectures. The resulting network topologies represent embedded, distributed systems, which are able to process complex tasks in a collaborative way. Most of the respective hardware platforms are energy self-sufficient with strongly limited resources for data processing, data storage and communication. With focus on the energy resources, communication tasks have a huge impact on the systems power consumption. In order to optimise the energy efficiency of these communication tasks, one key challenge for engineers is the application-specific integration of adapted communication concepts, radio technologies, and protocol stacks into an all-embracing communication architecture. This book critically discusses energy efficiency in distributed, embedded systems with focus on the communication aspects. The first part introduces basic definitions as well as a novel estimation model for quantifying energy efficiency on both local (system) and global (network) layer. In the second part, this book proposes several optimisation approaches for energy-efficient, resource-limited communication systems. This include hardware approaches as well as software approaches to optimise the runtime environment and the data processing tasks. Each approach operates on different abstraction layers within the system architecture. The last part of the book deals with the evaluation of specific optimisation strategies under real-world conditions. The test cases includes simulation scenarios as well as hardware test benches within a heterogeneous network environment. The respective results and analyses represent important guidelines for future developments in field of distributed, embedded communication platforms.