Burkholderia pseudomallei est l’agent causal de la mélioïdose, une maladie tropicale endémique dans le Nord de l’Australie et en Asie du Sud-Est. Nous avons analysé le système d’efflux, mécanisme majoritairement impliqué la multi-résistance aux antibiotiques. Nous avons chercher à identifier des mutations dans les pompes d’efflux et des modulation de l’expression de ces dernières afin d’expliquer ces phénotypes de résistance. Les techniques de séquençage de l’ADN et de transcriptomique par RT-qPCR nous ont permis d’identifier deux mécanismes chez des souches cliniques. Un mécanisme transitoire responsable d'une résistance croisée du Cotrimoxazole, avec les quinolones, et le chloramphénicol, pour lequel nous suspectons une modulation de l’expression de l’efflux. Le second, impliqué dans la résistance au méropénème, par surexpression de l'efflux suite à une mutation dans le régulateur de la pompe AmrAB-OprA.Dans un second axe de recherche, nous avons également criblé plusieurs molécules afin d'identifier des candidats inhibiteurs de l'efflux, dérivant de la famille des phénothiazines et capables de restaurer une sensibilité aux antibiotiques. Nous avons analysé l’impact de ces molécules sur des souches modèles de multi-résistance (Burkholderia thailandensis) et sur des souches cliniques et environnementales de B. pseudomallei. Ces molécules sont capables d’impacter l’expression de l’efflux, mais nous pensons que le mécanisme majeur d’inhibition de cette famille de molécules reste l’entrée en compétition avec les antibiotiques efflués. Nous avons identifié une molécule, AST17, capable de restaurer la sensibilité au Cotrimoxazole, ainsi qu'aux quinolones. / Burkholderia pseudomallei is thecausal agent of melioidosis, a tropical disease, endemic in Notrhern Australia and South-East Asia. We have analyzed efflux systeme, known to be one of the main mecanism implicated in antibiotic resistance phenotypes. We have looked for mutations in efflux pumps and for transient modulations of the efflux pumps expression, that could explain resistance phenotypes. Whole genome sequencing and a the targeted method of RT-qPCR allowed us to identified two mecanisms in clinical strains. A transient mecanism, responsible of a cross-resistance to Cotrimoxazole, quinolones and chloramphenicol, and we suspect an implication of modulation of efflux. The second one is implicated in meropenem resistance by an overexpression of the AmrAB-OprA efflux pumps, due to a mutation of its regulator. In a second time, we also have screened several compounds, all derivated from phenothiazines, in order to identify efflux pump inhibitors for a restoration of the antibiotic susceptibility. We have analyzed the impact of these molecules in multi-resistant strain models, and on several clinical and environnemental strains. These molecules are able to modulate efflux pumps expression, however, we think that the main inhibition mecanism of these derivatives is about a competition between the molecule and the antibiotics. We have identified one molecule, AST17, that is able to restore Cotrimoxazole and quinolones susceptibilities.

<p dir="ltr">Tuberculosis remains a global health challenge, ranking as the second leading cause of mortality worldwide in 2022. The resilience of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is enhanced by the high expression of efflux pumps that confer antibiotic tolerance and the formation of biofilms that confer resistance to antibiotics. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) exhibit a broad-spectrum of antibacterial efficacy, making them promising candidates for combating drug-resistant bacterial strains. The effects of the novel carbon allotropes called fullertubes (C₉₀) on any living cell have not been studied. In our study, we employed <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> as a model organism for <i>M. tuberculosis</i> and exposed it to fullertubes and fullerenes. We explored the impact of these CNMs on efflux activity and biofilm formation through biochemical assays like ethidium bromide transport assay and crystal violet assay. We also investigated their impact on lipid biosynthesis associated with log-phase growth and biofilm formation using metabolic radiolabeling studies. We also investigated the effects of the efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) piperine, berberine, 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine and thioridazine on efflux activity, biofilm formation, and lipid biosynthesis associated with log-phase growth and biofilm formation in <i>M. smegmatis.</i> We utilized metabolic radiolabeling methods using ¹⁴C-palmitic acid and ¹⁴C-acetic acid which are precursors of lipid biosynthesis and analyzed the lipids by silica-thin layer chromatography and autoradiography. Our studies revealed that CNMs do not influence efflux activity. However, efflux pump inhibitors effectively block efflux activity in <i>M. smegmatis</i>. Biofilm formation was decreased by CNMs and EPIs. In biofilm cells, fullertubes increased the incorporation of radiolabeled ¹⁴C-palmitic acid into glycopeptidolipids on the cell surface as well as inside the cell. Piperine and berberine affected the incorporation of the radiolabels into lipids such as trehalose monomycolate, phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin in planktonic and biofilm cells. Our study provides insights into the diverse effects of CNMs and efflux pump inhibitors on <i>M. smegmatis</i>.</p>

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-08T14:21:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1859059 bytes, checksum: b132aa4cd1f20f233d8bac438414a9bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-08T14:21:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1859059 bytes, checksum: b132aa4cd1f20f233d8bac438414a9bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The mutual ineffective for many antibiotics called multidrug resistance (MDR), has undermined the therapeutic value of existing antibacterial. With the identification and characterization of efflux systems that confer clinical resistance to antimicrobial, has emerged interest in developing a new class of agents enhancers the antibiotic action that act as inhibitors of efflux pumps, this are also called antibiotic activity modifiers or antibiotics adjuvantes. In this study, were evaluated synthetic guanylhydrazones derivatives as antibacterial and agents modulators of drug resistance in strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial strains used express the genes NorA, MrsA or TetK encoding proteins efflux for norfloxacin and ethidium bromide (NorA), erythromycin (MsrA) and tetracycline(TetK), respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of the antibiotics and synthetic derivatives were determined in nutrient broth by the microdilution assay, and to evaluate the modulator activity, the MIC of antibiotics and ethidium bromide were determined in the absence and presence of subinibitory concentrations of guanylhydrazones. The compounds tested did not display relevant antibacterial activity for majority compounds at the concentrations tested, showing MIC ranging from (16 to > 256 μg/mL). When combined with the antibiotics tetracycline and erythromycin some compounds reduced their MIC 2-fold and 4-fold respectively. However, when combined with norfloxacin, except only one compound, all guanylhydrazones derivatives in different ratios and degrees of sensitivity, were able to potentiate the effect of this antibiotic, with three compounds which reduced its MIC 16-fold to norfloxacin, 32-fold to ethidium bromide and 8-fold for berberine used as positive controls for NorA pump. The molecular docking studies showed that both norfloxacin and compound 13 are recognized by the same binding site on the NorA pump, suggesting a competitive mechanism. The results presented here reported for the first time its great potential of guanylhydrazones derivatives to be putative inhibitors of bacterial efflux systems, especially for strains Staphylococcus aureus. / A ineficácia mútua para diversos antibióticos chamada de resistência múltipla as drogas (MDR), tem minado o valor terapêutico dos antibacterianos existentes. Com a identificação e caracterização de sistemas de efluxo que conferem resistência clínica aos antimicrobianos, tem surgido interesse no desenvolvimento de uma nova classe de agentes potenciadores da ação antibiótica que atuem como inibidores de bombas de efluxo, estes também são chamados de modificadores de atividade antibiótica ou adjuvantes de antibióticos. No presente trabalho, foram avaliados derivados sintéticos guanilhidrazônicos como antibacterianos e agentes moduladores da resistência à drogas em linhagens de Staphylococcus aureus. As linhagens bacterianas utilizadas expressam o gene norA, msrA ou tetK codificadores das proteínas de efluxo para norfloxacina e brometo de etídeo (NorA), eritromicina (MsrA) e tetraciclina (TetK), respectivamente. Foram determinadas por meio da técnica de microdiluição em caldo nutritivo os valores das concentrações inibitória mínima (CIM) dos antibióticos e dos derivados sintéticos, e para avaliar a atividade moduladora, as CIM dos antibióticos e do brometo de etídeo foram determinadas na ausência e na presença de concentrações subinibitórias dos compostos sintéticos. Os compostos ensaiados não mostraram atividade antibacteriana efetiva para a maioria dos compostos nas concentrações testadas, exibindo CIM variando entre (16 à >256 μg/mL). Quando combinados com os antibióticos tetraciclina e eritromicina alguns reduziram suas CIM em 2 e 4 vezes respectivamente. Entretanto quando combinado com norfloxacina, exceto apenas um composto, todos os derivados guanilhidrazônicos em diferentes proporções e graus de sensibilidade, foram capazes de potencializar o efeito deste antibiótico, apresentando três compostos que reduziram sua CIM até 16 vezes, 32 vezes para brometo de etídeo e 8 vezes para berberina usados como controles positivos para bomba NorA. Os estudos de docking molecular mostrou que tanto a norfloxacina quanto o composto 13 reconhecem o mesmo sítio de ligação na bomba NorA, sugerindo um mecanismo competitivo para atividade moduladora a drogas. Estes resultados aqui apresentados relatam pela primeira vez, o potencial de derivados guanilhidrazônicos em ser putativos inibidores dos sistemas de efluxo bacterianos, em especial para estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus.

La surexpression des pompes d’efflux (PE) appartenant à la famille Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) est l’un des contributeurs majeurs de la multirésistance (MDR) et la pathogénicité des bactéries Gram-négatives. Ces transporteurs sont capables d'expulser à l’extérieur de la cellule bactérienne différentes classes d'antibiotiques, ce qui contribue de manière significative à l'échec thérapeutique du traitement des maladies infectieuses. Dans ce contexte, les PEs sont des cibles intéressantes pour la découverte de nouveaux antimicrobiens. Afin de combattre ce mécanisme de résistance, des inhibiteurs des pompes d’efflux (EPIs) sont développés comme adjuvants d'antibiotiques dans le but de restaurer ou d'améliorer leur activité. L'archétype AcrAB-TolC est particulièrement répandu chez les espèces d’Enterobacter pertinentes en clinique (pathogènes « ESKAPE »). Cette étude décrit une stratégie basée sur des analogues des fluoroquinolones pour le drug design des EPIs, contre la pompe AcrB chez E. aerogenes. Ainsi, la synthèse et l'évaluation microbiologique des dérivés de quinazoline-4(3H)-one ont été effectuées. Les propriétés structurales et moléculaires des composés testés (i.e. rigidité et flexibilité) ont également été étudiées. Pour cela, de nouveaux scaffolds ont été évaluées. Plusieurs molécules ont montré une augmentation de la sensibilité des bactéries à la norfloxacine et au chloramphénicol. Les résultats obtenus, appuyés par la modélisation moléculaire, suggèrent que la flexibilité moléculaire et la nature des fonctions chimiques des EPIs jouent un rôle essentiel dans l'amélioration de l'activité et la sélectivité vis-à-vis des fluoroquinolones. / Overexpression of Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pumps (EP) is a major contributor in multidrug resistance (MDR) and pathogenicity in Gram-negative bacteria. These transporters are able to expel out of the bacterial cell clinically important antibiotic classes, contributing in a significant manner to the treatment failure of infectious diseases. With the worrying levels of bacterial resistance reported worldwide and the continuous spreading of MDR pathogens, EPs are interesting targets for the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, to overcome this mechanism, efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) are being developed as adjuvants in order to restore or improve the activity of usual antibiotics. The AcrAB-TolC archetype is particularly widespread in Enterobacter spp. presenting clinical relevance (ESKAPE pathogens). In this study, we described the drug design strategy based on fluoroquinolone antibiotic analogs, against the AcrB pump of E. aerogenes. Thus, synthesis and microbiological evaluation of quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives were performed. The structural and molecular properties of the tested compounds (i. e. rigidity and flexibility) were also investigated. In this purpose, a scaffold hopping of the quinazolinone core to homologous benzoquinazolinones and precursors benzamides were carried out. Several molecules increased the bacterial susceptibility towards norfloxacin and chloramphenicol. The obtained results, supported by molecular modeling, suggest that molecular flexibility and the nature of chemical functions play a critical role to improve activity and selectivity on fluoroquinolone potentiation targeting AcrB efflux pump.

Introducción: Durante los XX últimos años, Acinetobacter baumannii se ha posicionado como una de las principales infecciones intrahospitalarias resistentes a antibióticos. A. baumannii multidrogoresistente (MDR) está considerado por la OMS dentro del grupo más crítico de resistencia. Uno de los mecanismos de resistencia identificados en dicho patógeno son las bombas de eflujo, por lo que, se han desarrollado inhibidores de las mismas, generando así menos resistencia por parte de las bacterias hacia los antibióticos. Objetivos: En nuestro estudio, el objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la adición del inhibidor de bomba de eflujo CCCP sobre la actividad bactericida de imipenem y cefepime en cepas de A. baumannii Métodos: 49 cepas aisladas como A. baumannii fueron obtenidas en el Hospital Regional de Cajamarca. Mediante técnicas moleculares en el laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) se confirmaron 47 cepas positivas para A. baumannii. Se utilizó PCR- en tiempo real para identificar el gen blaOXA-51-like y para la determinación de la CMI el método de microdilución en caldo. Finalmente se añadió el inhibidor CCCP para poder evaluar si efecto sobre los antibióticos Resultados: Un total de 49 cepas aisladas de A. baumannii fueron obtenidas en el Hospital Regional de Cajamarca. Se determinó la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana mediante la concentración mínima inhibitoria y la actividad de la bomba de eflujo fue evaluada usando CCCP. Conclusiones: Las bombas de eflujo puede jugar un rol importante en la resistencia antibiótica de A. baumannii. El inhibidor CCCP junto a imipenem y cefepime, mejora la sensibilidad antibiótica. Asimismo, nuevas estrategias terapéuticas son requeridas para eliminar el transporte de eflujo de las cepas resistentes que causan infecciones nosocomiales / Introduction: In the last years the rapid expansion of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains have become a major health problem. Efflux pumps are a group of transport proteins that contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on the antimicrobial action of imipenem and cefepime on clinical strains of A. baumannii. Materials and methods: A total of 49 non-duplicate clinical samples were collected during January through December of 2018 from patients hospitalized in the Hospital Regional Docente de Cajamarca. Of the 49 samples obtained, the confirmatory identification of A. baumannii was performed on 47 samples by molecular methods. The amplification of the blaOXA-51-like gene was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was calculated using the microdilution method in culture broth. The susceptibility to both antibiotics (cefepime and imipenem) was evaluated in the presence and absence of the inhibitor carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Results: A total of 47 strains of A. baumannii were isolated: 97.87% (46/47) were resistant to Imipenem, 2.13% (1/47) of them were classified as intermediate and none of these strains were susceptible. On the other hand, 51.06% (24/47) of isolates were resistant to cefepime; 19.15% (9/47) intermediate and 29.79% (14/47) susceptible. We considered a significant difference in antibiotic susceptibility if the MIC changed at least 4 dilutions, after the addition of the inhibitor. In the case of CCCP in addition to imipenem, 2.1% (1/47) had a significant change of 4 or more reductions in MIC, 59.6% (28/47) achieved a change equal or less than 3 dilutions and 17.0% (8/47) did not have any change. In the case of CCCP with cefepime the percentage of strains with the significant change of MIC was 8.5% (4/47). On the other hand, 53.2% (24/47) presented a reduction equal or less than 3 dilutions and 12.8% (6/47) did not show changes. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the use of CCCP may improve the antibiotic effect of imipenem and cefepime on clinical strains of A. baumannii. The relevance of this study is that it provides evidence that this efflux pump inhibitor may be an alternative treatment against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. / Tesis

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-01T14:16:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1537357 bytes, checksum: 3061485d82261d42ece97a0bfe13405e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The mechanism of antimicrobial resistance is a genetic phenomenon related to the existence of genes contained in the microorganism that encode proteins responsible for biochemical mechanisms that prevent the action of drugs. The increasing incidence of resistant bacteria has undermined the therapeutic value of available antibacterials, creating the necessity, increasingly, the search for alternatives that can reverse or decrease the resistance, as the search for inhibitors of resistance mechanisms. Efflux pumps, which are transmembrane proteins involved in transport of substrates toxic, has been responsible for many cases of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and being associated with multidrug resistance. "Modifiers of drug resistance", "Modifiers of antibiotic activity" and "Adjuvant antibiotic" are terms used for drugs that modulate bacterial resistance to antibiotics, which may act by inhibiting the efflux system. In the present study, we evaluated extracts of Dictyota pulchella and Sargassum polyceratium and their isolated compounds, diterpene and pheophytin as possible efflux pump inhibitors; extracts: Gracilaria cervicornis, Sargassum polyceratiu,; Mexican Caulerpa, Caulerpa kempfii, hondrophycus papillosus, Dictyota pulchella and Sargassum polyceratium with antibacterial activity mediated by UV- A Light. We used bacterial strains expressing the gene norA, msrA or tetK encoding efflux proteins for some compounds, such as norfloxacin (Nora), erythromycin (MSRA) and tetracycline (TetK), respectively. Through the microdilution technique using nutrient broth, were determined values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of antibiotics, algae extracts and constituents, and to evaluate the activity modulator, MICs of the antibiotics were determined in the absence and presence of concentrations subinibitory natural products. None of the extracts or constituents tested showed significant antibacterial activity (MIC ≥ 256μg/mL), however, two of the extracts, Dictyota and Sargassum and their constituents phaeophytin and diterpene showed modulatory activity in the strains tested. They reduced values between 2 and 16 times. The extracts of Dictyota and Sargassum also showed antibacterial activity median for light. The results presented here describe for the first time tested these extracts and constituents acting as a putative inhibitor of the efflux system in bacteria, and also phototoxic activity. Therefore, natural products seaweed may serve as source products which modulate the bacterial resistance, ie as antibiotics adjuvants potential. / O mecanismo de resistência aos antimicrobianos é um fenômeno genético relacionado à existência de genes contidos no microrganismo que codificam diferentes proteínas, responsáveis por mecanismos bioquímicos que impedem a ação das drogas. A crescente incidência de bactérias resistentes tem minado o valor terapêutico dos antibacterianos existentes, criando a necessidade, cada vez maior, da busca por alternativas capazes de reverter ou diminuir a resistência. Bombas de efluxo, que são proteínas transmembrana envolvidas no transporte de substratos tóxicos, tem sido responsabilizada por diversos casos de resistência bacteriana a antibióticos, sendo associada à resistência a múltiplas drogas. Modificadores da resistência à drogas , Modificadores da atividade antibiótica e Adjuvantes de antibióticos são termos utilizados para drogas que modulam a resistência bacteriana a certos antibióticos, os quais podem agir inibindo o sistema de efluxo. No presente trabalho, foram avaliados: extratos de Dictyota pulchella e Sargassum polyceratium, bem como os respectivos compostos isolados, diterpeno e feofitina, como possíveis inibidores da bomba de efluxo; extratos de: Gracilaria cervicornis, Sargassum polyceratiu,; Caulerpa mexicana, Caulerpa kempfii, Chondrophycus papillosus, Dictyota pulchella e Sargassum polyceratium com atividade antibacteriana mediada por Luz UV-A. As linhagens bacterianas utilizadas expressam o gene norA, msrA ou tetK codificadores das proteínas de efluxo para alguns compostos, como: norfloxacina (NorA), eritromicina (MsrA) e tetraciclina (TetK), respectivamente. Foram determinados por meio da técnica de microdiluição em caldo nutriente os valores das concentrações inibitória mínima (CIM) dos antibióticos, extratos e constituintes de algas, e para avaliar a atividade moduladora, as CIM dos antibióticos foram determinadas na ausência e na presença de concentrações subinibitórias dos produtos naturais. Nenhum dos extratos ou constituintes ensaiados mostrou atividade antibacteriana relevante (CIM ≥ 256μg/mL), no entanto, dois dos extratos, Dictyota e Sargassum e seus respectivos constituintes diterpeno e feofitina, apresentaram atividade moduladora nas linhagens ensaiadas. Eles reduziram os valores entre 2 e 16 vezes. Os extratos de Dictyota e Sargassum também apresentaram atividade antibacteriana mediana por luz. Os resultados aqui apresentados relatam pela primeira vez a esses extratos e constituintes testados agindo como um putativo inibidor do sistema de efluxo em bactérias, e também com atividade fototóxica. Logo, produtos naturais da flora algológica podem servir como fonte de produtos que modulam a resistência bacteriana, ou seja, como potenciais adjuvantes de antibióticos.