Introduktion: Teknikutvecklingen och digitaliseringen i samhället sker i en hög hastighet. Äldre vuxna är en grupp som ofta saknar den kompetens, kunskap och de färdigheter som är nödvändiga för att kunna nyttja de hälsoresurser och hälsoinformation som finns tillgängliga online. För att kunna engagera sig i e-hälsa och söka hälsoinformation online krävs det att de äldre vuxna har en viss nivå av eHealth literacy. eHealth literacy är förmågan att söka, hitta, förstå och värdera hälsoinformation från elektroniska källor, och tillämpa den kunskap som erhålls för att lösa ett hälsoproblem. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att belysa om det finns ett förhållande mellan eHealth literacy och hälsobeteenden samt hälsoutfall hos äldre vuxna, 55 år och äldre. Metod: Metoden som användes var en strukturerad litteraturöversikt. Analysmetoden som användes var en induktiv tematisk analys av 10 kvalitetsgranskade tidskriftsartiklar. Resultat: Den tematiska analysen genererade i 3 teman; Förbättrad livsstil, Engagemang i egenvård och eHealth literacy en mellanliggande faktor till hälsobeteenden och hälsorelaterad livskvalité. Resultatet visade att en ökad nivå av eHealth literacy hos äldre vuxna förbättrade deras hälsobeteenden, hälsobeslut och hälsoutfall i form av välmående och hälsorelaterad livskvalité. eHealth literacy hade både en direkt och en indirekt effekt på de studerade utfallen. Slutsats: Resultatet belyste betydelsen av att arbeta förebyggande och hälsofrämjande med äldres eHealth literacy förmåga för att i sin tur stärka deras hälsa, livskvalité och delaktighet i sin egenvård. eHealth literacy är en central faktor för äldres hälsa och för att de ska kunna nyttja de e-hälsotjänster som finns tillgängliga till sin fulla potential. / Introduction: Older adults often lack the skills and competence necessary to be able to use health resources and health information available online. To be able to get involved in digital health and search for health information online older adults are required to have a certain level of eHealth literacy. eHealth literacy is defined as the ability to seek, find, understand, and appraise health information from electronic sources and apply the knowledge gained to addressing or solving a health problem. Aim: The purpose of the literature review was to shed light on whether there is a relationship between eHealth literacy and health behaviors and health outcomes in older adults. Methods: The method used was a structured literature review. The method of analysis used was an inductive thematic analysis of 10 peer-reviewed journal articles. Results: The thematic analysis generated in 3 themes; Improved lifestyle, Commitment to self-care and eHealth literacy an intermediate factor to health behaviours and health-related quality of life. The results showed that an increased level of eHealth literacy in older adults improved their health behaviours, health decisions and health outcomes in terms of well-being and health-related quality of life. eHealth literacy had both a direct and an indirect effect on the outcomes studied. Conclusion: The results highlighted the importance of working health-promoting with the elderly's eHealth literacy to be able to strengthen their health and participation in their own healthcare. eHealth literacy is a key factor for the health of the elderly and for theme to be able to use the e-health services available to their full potential.

eHealth Strategies in countries have shown a trend that countries are moving to Electronic Health Records(EHR). EHR implementation is expected to produce benefits for patients, professionals, organisations, and the population as a whole. The use of some format of an Electronic Health Record is used by many countries and others are in the implementation or planning phases. South Africa has kicked of the project to implement a national EHR as part of the national eHealth Strategy. This study aims to analyse the key success factors from other EHR implementation projects and evaluate if South Africa is ready to implement an EHR.

Prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in Maltese adolescents are amongst the highest in the world. Stress-induced eating and dysfunctional coping skills have been linked to overeating and obesity. This study was undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 examined the relationship between perceived stress, coping and eating behaviours in Maltese adolescents and devised a model to guide the development of an effective Internet-based intervention. Based on the findings, Phase 2 developed ACES – a novel online intervention for the reduction of perceived stress and emotional eating in Maltese adolescents – and assessed its feasibility. In Phase 1, cross-sectional data were gathered from 79 Maltese adolescents using an online questionnaire with 6 self-report measures examining perceived stress, coping responses, eating behaviours, self-efficacy, physical exercise and social support. Findings suggested that emotional eating behaviours can be decreased by reducing perceived stress and dysfunctional coping strategies (self-controlling and escape-avoidance) and increasing self-efficacy and functional coping strategies (seeking social support and planful problem solving). In Phase 2, ACES was developed and a feasibility study, with a one-group pretest-posttest design, carried out to assess the functionality, usability, perceived utility and acceptability of ACES and to test the design of a definitive randomized controlled trial. Forty-six out of 125 participants completed ACES. Findings suggested that ACES is feasible and well-received by participants. Preliminary effectiveness results provide additional support for the Phase 1 findings concerning the variables that need to be taken into account to decrease emotional eating behaviours. This study has made significant contributions to the literature and offered insights into specific functional and dysfunctional coping strategies impacting perceived stress and eating behaviours. It has produced an online intervention, which is a feasible avenue for the reduction of perceived stress and emotional eating, that could be built upon by practitioners and researchers, with potential implications for obesity prevention.

Introduction. The current age structure in Sweden is changing. At the same time, life expectancy is increasing in many parts of the world. This will lead to greater demands of accessible care resources and its application. Well implemented communication is paramount when the healthcare system is as information-intensive as it is. For maintenance of good healthcare, demands will be set on new kinds of services. With eHealth, information and healthpromotion through communication-based technology, healthcare can be performed efficiently with secure output within the healthcare sector. Aim. The aim of this study was to examine challanges for health professionals in the process of patient care through care at a distance. Method. An empirical study of six (6) people was conducted by semistructured interviews. Result. Indicated result show a result of the need of eHealth within the current use of healthcare, and that the technology can be of comparable quality to physical meetings. However, technical solutions should be seen as a complement within healthcare, and not as a substitute of physical interaction. Conclusion. eHealth services is not something that will become relevant within a timeperiod of ten to fifteen years. It is a currently usable service that can be established to be of comparable quality to the person-centered care the nursing profession is striving for. / Indroduktion. Den nuvarande Svenska åldersstrukturen håller på att förändras samtidigt som den förväntade livslängden ökar i många delar av världen. Detta kommer att ställa större krav på tillgängliga vårdresurser och dess tillämpning. God kommunikation mellan olika aktörer är av största vikt då vården är informationsintensiv. För att upprätthålla god vård kommer krav att ställas på nya tjänster. Med eHälsa, informations och hälsofrämjande insatser genom kommunikationsbaserad teknik, kan vården utföras effektivt med säkerställda insatser inom vård- och omsorgssektorn. Syfte. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka utmaningar för vårdpersonal i arbetet med patientmöten via vård på distans. Metod. En empirisk studie utfördes och sex (6) personer intervjuades med en semistrukturerad intervjuform. Resultat. Resultat visar på ett behov inom vården av eHälsa och att tekniska lösningar kan ha en jämförbar kvalité med fysiska möten. Tekniska lösningar borde dock ses som ett komplement inom vården, och inte som en ersättning till fysiska möten. Konklusion. eHälsotjänster är inte någonting som kommer att bli aktuellt om först tio eller femton år, utan det är idag en brukbar tjänst som kan konstateras vara jämförbar med den personcentrerade vård sjuksköterskor arbetar efter.

The aim of this research programme was to explore ehealth technology in pharmacy practice in Scotland and, by doing so, contribute original knowledge to this area. Strategists worldwide believe technology has the potential to promote quality, safety and efficiency in healthcare. This has been reflected in national ehealth policies designed to support collaborative working between medical and non-medical healthcare practitioners and, more recently, the whole health and social care team. A meta-narrative systematic review was conducted to explore and contextualise research related to healthcare professionals’ views of the adoption of ehealth technologies to support shared care. Findings indicate the importance of organisational development and training for core and optional ehealth services with pharmacists particularly under-represented in ehealth research. Socio-technical systems theory and the computer supported cooperative working framework were adopted to explore healthcare practitioners’ perceptions of ehealth in relation to integrated care. Findings from the review indicate ehealth research continues to focus on doctors and nurses. No ehealth application was perceived to be an unqualified success with the socio-technical gap still evident. Multiple case studies were conducted to develop explanatory theory around the digital literacy experiences, education and training related needs of pharmacy staff in the NHS Grampian area. Digital literacy levels were self-reported as basic with mixed views on the need for formal education and training. Findings indicate organisational and social factors may act as restraining forces against implementation of technology in pharmacy and associated digital literacy training. A final theory testing, systematic review was conducted into digital literacy training experiences of pharmacy staff applying Kirkpatrick’s four level model. It found a lack of evidence of specific, measurable digital literacy levels but indications that suggest digital literacy should be included in pharmacy education at all levels and career stages. This research provides novel insight into ehealth and digital literacy in pharmacy practice. Combined ehealth, education and pharmacy research has been demonstrated to be an under-researched area therefore these findings contribute original knowledge.

eHealth Strategies in countries have shown a trend that countries are moving to Electronic Health Records(EHR). EHR implementation is expected to produce benefits for patients, professionals, organisations, and the population as a whole. The use of some format of an Electronic Health Record is used by many countries and others are in the implementation or planning phases. South Africa has kicked of the project to implement a national EHR as part of the national eHealth Strategy. This study aims to analyse the key success factors from other EHR implementation projects and evaluate if South Africa is ready to implement an EHR.

Bakgrund: Vårdinformatik bearbetar och för fram informatik med hjälp av teknologi.Vårdinformatiken ska vara ett stöd för att nå åtgärder inom omvårdnad. Med växandepatientgrupper ökar behovet av vårdinformatik inom omvårdnad. Syfte: Belysapatienters upplevelse av vårdinformatik inom omvårdnad. Metod: En litteraturstudiegenomfördes av nio vetenskapliga artiklar från en systematisk sökning i databaser. De vetenskapliga artiklarna analyserades med hjälp av hermeneutisk analysmetod. Resultat: Nio teman framkom; patient-vårdinformatik-bekräftelse, patient- vårdinformatik-osäkerhet, patient-vårdinformatik-tillgänglighet, patient- vårdinformatik-ovisshet, patient-vårdinformatik-tid, patient-vårdinformatik-önskemål, patient-vårdinformatik-hemmiljö, patient-vårdinformatik-personcentrerat och patient- vårdinformatik-självständigt. Patienters upplevelse är beroende av utbildning,information och bemötande i samband med vårdinformatiken. Upplevelsen avvårdinformatik kan skilja sig beroende på ålder, sjukdom, utbildning och/ ellerteknologi. Slutsats: Patienters upplevelse är viktig att belysa för att kunna utvecklautbildning, informationsdelgivning och stöd i samband med vårdinformatik. Fokus på utbildning och information bör läggas på både patienter och sjuksköterskor. Med individanpassad vårdinformatik ökar livskvalitén hos patienter. / Background: Nursing informatics process and perform informatics throughtechnology. Nursing informatics should be a support in reaching measures in nursing. With a growing population, the need for care increase and an increasing need fornursing informatics arise within nursing. Aim: Highlighting patients´ experienceof nursing informatics within nursing. Method: A literature review of nine scientificarticles was conducted from a systematic search of databases. The scientific articleswere analyzed using hermeneutic analysis. Results: Nine themes emerged; patient- nursing informatics-confirmation, patient- nursing informatics -uncertainty, patient- nursing informatics- availability, patient- nursing informatics- home environment, patient- nursing informatics- person-centered and patient- nursing informatics- independent. Patients experience of nursing informatics is dependent on education,information and treatment. The experience of nursing informatics is dependingon age, illness, training and/or technology. Conclusion: Patients experience is important to highlight in order to develop education, information, service and supportin connection with nursing informatics. Focus on education and information should be added to both patients and nurses. With individualized nursing informatics, thepatient`s quality of life increases.

I detta arbete bearbetas forskning om eHälsa, dess användande inom vården och motivationsteorierna Transteoretiska modellen, Maslows behovshierarki och självbestämmandeteorin. Vidare presenteras egna observationer på hur vården i dagsläget kan stötta patienter med hjärtkärlsjukdom till bättre levnadsvanor, samt intervju med uppföljning på hur en PCI-patient upplever att ta emot kost- och träningsrekommendationer via ett digitalt hälsoverktyg.   Syftet är att med en fallstudiedesign undersöka hur vården stöttar hjärtpatienter till bättre levnadsvanor och om digitala hälsoverktyg kan öka den upplevda motivationen hos PCI-patienter till att äta bättre och aktivera sig mer.   Metoderna som använts är kvalitativa, där resultaten bygger på en halvdags observationer på en fysioterapeutmottagnings arbete med hjärtkärlpatienter och en intervju samt uppföljning med en PCI-patient som använt ett digitalt hälsoverktyg under tio dagars tid.   Huvudresultatet från denna studie tyder på att någon form av stöd är viktigt för att uppleva sig kunna börja och klara en förändringsprocess. Motivationen tycks öka av socialt stöd eller stöd som bidrar till ökad kompetens och självbestämmande, varav det första exemplifieras vid observationerna av vården, och de andra två gick att se blev positivt påverkade hos PCI-patienten efter sin användning av det digitala hälsoverktyget. Patienten upplevde sig mer motiverad av att alltid ha informationen lättillgänglig, att det gick att individanpassa efter sig själv och gav inspiration, samt ett mervärde av kunskap.   Patienten började äta bättre och ta dagliga promenader på egen hand, från att tidigare upplevt sig ”glömma” och föredragit en bilresa till att få promenera med andra än att promenera själv. Patienten beskriver även ett förbättrat självförtroende och mer positiv framtidssyn.   Dock behöver detta testas i större skala för att kunna uttala sig om det skulle kunna ge effekter på en majoritet och om dessa effekter skulle vara bestående. Men en öppenhet för framtiden bör finnas för att eHälsoverktyg kan fungera som ett stöd, vara informerande och kanske till och med motiverande när det behövs. / In this study research about eHealth, its usage in health care and the motivation theories Transtheoretical model, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and the self-determinant theory is processed. The study is also presenting results from personal observations on how the health care supports patients with cardiovascular disease to better habits and an interview with a follow-up on how a PCI-patient is experiencing receiving eating and exercising recommendations through a digital health tool.   The purpose of the case study is to find out how the health care supports patients with cardiovascular disease to better eating and exercising habits, and if digital health tools can increase the experienced motivation to eat better and exercise more.   The methods that have been used are qualitative, and the results are based on observations of the work with patients who have cardiovascular disease, conducted at a physiotherapist’s office and an interview with a follow-up with a PCI-patient who used a digital health tool for ten days.   The main result of this study indicates that some kind of support is essential to feeling able to start and make a process of change. The motivation seems to increase through social support or other support which contributes to higher competence and self-determination. The patient felt more motivated by always having the information easily accessible, the fact that the tool was customizable to his own needs and that it gave him inspiration and knowledge.   The patient began to eat better and take daily walks on his own. Previously he had ”forgotten” and preferred to drive to town just to walk together with other people rather than just walking by himself. The patient also describes an improved self-confidence and has a more positive vision of the future.   However, this needs testing in a larger scale to be able to express whether it could effect a majority, and if these effects would be permanent. Nevertheless, an openness for the future should exist regarding eHealth tools to work as a support, to be informative and perhaps even motivating when needed.

This thesis deals with the problems of e-Health in the Czech Republic within the European Union. The thesis is divided into five main parts. The first of them describes the definition and concept of e Health together with other selected topics. It also describes the reasons why e-health needs support. The second part is focused on the computerization of health care and describes the recommendations of the EU standards and documents for support of e-health. The third part describes the state of e-health in selected EU Member States. The fourth part is focuses on e-health in the Czech Republic. The final part suggests possible ways how to solve problems of IZIP project in the Czech Republic to be more useful. The first goal is to analyze the e-Health environment and current trends in this area in the Czech Republic. The goal is to analyze the EU initiative on data interoperability and support from European Union to member states. The third goal is to analyze the situation of e-health in at least three other EU countries (excluding the CR). All the objectives will be achieved by studying available electronic materials issued by the EU, national government agencies, private experience and consultations with professional public. The benefit of this work is the current view of the state of e-Health in the Republic and in selected EU countries, according to available resources. Another benefit is the proposal addressing some of weaknesses IZIP project in the CR, which I chose as the most important representative e-health solution in the country.

Coopetition, the activity of competing firms cooperating, comes with both benefits and risks for the parties involved. The approach to studying coopetition differ among scholars, however the phenomenon continues to be relevant in the area of research with several articles published in recent years. While coopetition has gained momentum in research, what drives coopetition is still argued to be an area that needs further development. Research on coopetition in regulated environments, is especially called for. Therefore, this study has the purpose to explore what motivational factors and risks in coopetition may apply to a regulated market. A case study was conducted by looking into two ongoing coopetition relationships in the Swedish eHealth market. The findings show that there are previously identified motivational factors and risks that are relevant in the context of a technological and regulated market. The study contributes with two propositions that suggest that customer demand and occasional low competitiveness are motivational factors for coopetition in a regulated market. Additionally, the findings resulted in two propositions that enclose financial risks and cultural differences as risks.