M.Ing. / Type 3CR12 steel is a corrosion resisting steel which is intended to be an alternative structural steel to replace the use of coated mild steel and low alloy steels in mild corrosive environments. This necessitate the experimental verification of the structural behaviour thereof. The purpose of this dissertation is therefore to compare the experimental structural bending behaviour regarding elastic and inelastic lateral torsional buckling of doubly symmetric I-beams and monosymmetric channel sections with the existing theories for carbon steel beams and to modify or develop new applicable theories if necessary. From the theoretical and experimental results it is concluded that the behaviour of heat treated Type 3CR12 beams can be estimated fairly accurate with existing theories and that the tangent modulus approach should be used for more accurate estimates as well as for beams that are not heat treated.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le contexte des recherches menées pour la modélisation des composites aléatoires, permettant de déterminer leurs propriétés mécaniques effectives (élasticité et résistance). Parmi les modèles micromécaniques, numériques ou analytiques, développés dans ce but, on retrouve certains qui prennent en compte les effets d'interfaces se produisant aux frontières des inclusions des composites. Ces interfaces ont, selon plusieurs auteurs, une grande influence sur les propriétés élastiques et de rupture. Les modèles les considérant à ce jour sont néanmoins limités aux cas d'inclusions sphériques ou cylindriques. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons plusieurs approches et modèles micromécaniques (ou multi-échelles) qui permettent de déterminer les propriétés élastiques et poroélastiques ainsi que les modes de ruptures de matériaux composites granulaires présentant divers effets d'interfaces. Les morphologies inclusionnaires étudiées ne se limitent pas à la forme sphérique mais s'étendent également aux inclusions ellipsoïdales ce qui nous a amené à examiner une rupture inter-granulaire anisotrope. Les modèles de rupture développés dans ce travail ont été appliqués aux gels de C-S-H (hydrates de la pâte de ciment) ce qui a permis d'améliorer les modèles de rupture consacrés aux pâtes durcies. Les prédictions de ces modèles ont pu être confrontées à des données expérimentales de résistance à la compression simple des pâtes / Modelling composite media in view of determining its effective mechanical behaviour has been the topic of a large number of research papers. Some analytical and numerical models that can be found in the scientific literature on this topic take into account the interface effects that can arise at inclusions' boundaries. These interfaces have a major influence on the mechanical properties of composites according to some researchers. However, the models considering them are limited to spherical and cylindrical inclusions. In this work, several multi-scale approaches and models are developed to consider interface effects in the determination of the effective elastic and poroelastic properties and the failure mechanisms of granular composites. These models are performed on both spherical and ellipsoidal shapes of inclusions. The latter has led us to investigate an anisotropic inter-granular failure in granular media. The failure models developed in this work are applied to the microstructure of C-S-H gels (a cement paste hydrate) in order to improve the existing models on cement paste failure. The predictions of these improved models are compared to experimental data on the compressive strength of cement pastes

My thesis is aiming to answer the question what are the impacts of alcohol regulative legislation (especially the excise tax) on demand for it. The theoretical part presents various opinions and conclusions regarding the regulatory measures (apart from others Stigler, 1975) and the impact of alcohol price change on the demand for it (Becker, 1988 and his successors). Further on, individual regulatory measures, their development in time and basic reasoning for introducing of the measures are introduced in the work. In its analytical part, the thesis deals with comparison of states with different alcohol consumption levels and with different regulatory measures in effect; the work thus divides the EU-countries to groups of different traditions and level of control (the Global Alcohol Policy Report by WHO is used as a source of information in this regard). The data available for the selected countries are then subject to research regarding statistical relevance of the excise tax - consumption relation. The paper thus answers a question of alcohol demand elasticity and also the question of the differences in the consumption attributes in various cultural and regulatory conditions. As a source of the relevant information, analytical parts of OECD, WHO and CSU (Czech Statistical Office) databases are used in the paper.

Orientadores: Euclides Jose Bonet, Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PompeoNeto_LuizBenedicto_M.pdf: 311727 bytes, checksum: f5aafe4c0c4ba7418df2f2fc710c02a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram verificados experimentalmente os efeitos da vibração mecânica na permeabilidade absoluta de meios porosos saturados com água e sob a imposição simultânea de um escoamento uniforme. Após a identificação de uma faixa de excitação em que se excluem efeitos indiretos da vibração, como os decorrentes do aquecimento ultra-sônico do conjunto e da desintegração mecânica da matriz rochosa, foi possível verificar que a vibração a freqüências ultra-sônicas reduz a diferença de pressão ao longo da amostra e reduz a vazão através da amostra. A combinação de magnitude desses dois efeitos pode resultar em aumento da permeabilidade absoluta, sendo que as variações, além da freqüência, ainda dependem da velocidade do escoamento externamente imposto. A análise do problema através da mecânica do contínuo permitiu introduzir a descrição de um modelo físico, baseado no conceito da película viscosa de espessura inversamente proporcional à freqüência. O mecanismo é capaz de explicar o comportamento observado. Os fenômenos mostraram-se decorrência das propriedades elásticas, dadas as propriedades hidrodinâmicas, do sistema composto pela matriz sólida e pelo fluido que preenche o meio poroso saturado e por ele escoa / Abstract: This work verifies experimentally the effects of the mechanical vibration on the absolute permeability of saturated porous media upon which a uniform flow is simultaneously imposed. After finding a driving range within which indirect effects of the vibration are excluded, such as those resulting from ultrasonic heating and mechanical disintegration of the rock matrix, it was possible to verify that vibration at ultrasonic frequencies reduces the pressure drop across the sample and reduces the flow rate through it. The combination of amplitude of both these effects may result the improvement of the absolute permeability. Besides depending on the frequency, such changes depend on the velocity of the externally imposed flow. Analysis of the problem making use of continuum mechanics permitted introducing the description of a physical model, based on the concept of the viscous skin depth inversely proportional to the frequency. The mechanism is capable of explaining the observed behavior. The phenomena turned out to result from the elastic properties ¿ given the hydrodynamic properties ¿ of the system composed by the solid matrix together with the fluid, which fills and flows through the saturated porous medium / Mestrado / Instrumentação e Controle Industrial / Mestre Profissional em Engenharia Mecanica

Thesis advisor: Richard Sweeney / Public transportation is found across almost all major cities and differ widely in structure. Notably, transportation agencies adopt different fare structures to suit the idiosyncratic needs of cities. In the United States, the two most common fare structures are: distance based fares, and flat fares. This study evaluates the fairness of these two structures through the lens of consumer surplus and how it varies across different levels of poverty under each structure. Using ridership and demographic data from Washington D.C.'s "Metro" network, price elasticities of demand across demographic groups are determined and then applied to estimate the results of a hypothetical switch in fare structure. The resulting changes in consumer surplus are then compared between stations with different levels of poverty to determine whether one structure is more regressive than the other. The results of this analysis suggest that flexible fares such as distance based fares are more equitable as they charge higher prices for high-income individuals, who are also more price inelastic. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Economics.

Em função da especificação do módulo de elasticidade ou módulo de deformação do concreto ser cada vez mais frequente, se faz necessário o conhecimento da variabilidade desta propriedade, relacionada ao processo de produção, de modo a tornar mais confiável sua avaliação e que possibilite melhores condições no controle de produção para o atendimento aos requisitos associados a esta propriedade. Várias pesquisas têm comprovado que a variabilidade das propriedades mecânicas dos materiais de construção obedece a processos aleatórios. Portanto, os métodos de segurança no projeto estrutural devem estar fundamentados no conceito da teoria das probabilidades e não em métodos deterministas. Isso já acontece para a determinação da resistência à compressão, conforme estabelecido pela ABNT NBR 12655 (2006). A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal estudar o controle experimental do módulo estático de deformação do concreto, mostrando a influência da variação dos materiais constituintes do concreto, dentro da realidade de uma Central de Concreto. Também objetiva apresentar uma discussão da aplicabilidade do conceito semiprobabilístico das normas nacionais de projeto, dosagem e controle tecnológico à propriedade módulo de deformação do concreto. A metodologia da pesquisa envolveu a escolha de uma central dosadora de concreto localizada na cidade de São Paulo, com a avaliação em dois concretos de resistências características (f ck ) de 25 e 30 MPa, que são comumente solicitados no mercado em que se insere. Para cada f ck foram realizados ensaios para determinação do módulo de deformação secante, E cs, três vezes por semana por um período de nove meses. Em função da precisão observada em pesquisa recente, foi utilizada a instrumentação clip gage para avaliação da propriedade módulo de deformação. Foram realizados ensaios sob o plano de carregamento secante, previsto na ABNT NBR 8522 (2008). Concluiu-se que, pelo fato do módulo de deformação do concreto ser influenciado pela resistência à compressão, que obedece a uma distribuição probabilística, não se pode atribuir à propriedade uma característica determinística, incorrendo no risco de não atendimento da propriedade. Recomendou-se o estabelecimento de tolerâncias para a especificação do módulo de deformação, uma vez que é uma variável com distribuição de probabilidade de rejeição. Sugeriu-se a discussão de mudança de enfoque no controle do módulo de deformação do concreto, com o controle por valor característico, tal qual ocorre para a resistência à compressão, atribuindo-se um estimador que atribua valores inferiores ao módulo de deformação, considerando-se uma rejeição aceitável. Também pode-se atribuir uma faixa de variação aceitável do valor em torno da média, uma vez que a responsabilidade estrutural do parâmetro módulo de deformação é menor do que o da resistência à compressão. / The modulus of elasticity requirements for concrete structures is becoming even more frequent. So, the knowledge of the variables involved in the experimental results became more important in order to make more reliable its assessment and enabling better conditions for specifications requirements attendance in relation to this property. Several studies have shown that the variability of mechanical properties of construction materials is subjected to random processes. Therefore, the security methods in the structural design must be based in the probability theory concept rather than deterministic methods. The randomness of the, compressive strength of concrete is already take in account in the quality control process according to the Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 12655 (2006). The present work aims to study the experimental control of static modulus of elasticity of concrete, showing the influence of the constituent materials used in a Concrete Ready Mix Plant. It also intends to present a discussion on the applicability of the semi-probabilistic concept of national design standards in the mix design and production control of concrete in order to attend the elastic modulus requirements. The research methodology had two main steps: the first one, developed at a Concrete Ready Mix Plant located in São Paulo City, was based on the assessment of two characteristic compressive strength (f ck ) of 25 MPa and 30 MPa, which are commonly demanded in this market. For each strength class, tests were done to evaluate the variability of static modulus of elasticity of concrete, E cs, three times per week, during a period of nine months. On the second step, an analysis of elastic modules of concretes provided at six different sites, where the characteristic strength was 30 MPa, which was made using the same materials used in the first step. It has been used the clip gage instrumentation for measuring deformation to the assessment of static modulus of elasticity of concrete. It was used due to the precision that has been observed in recent research. The evaluation has been done according to the Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 8522 (2008). It was possible to conclude that the modulus of elasticity of concrete is influenced by the compressive strength, so it follows a probabilistic distribution and cannot be associated to a deterministic model of quality control, due to the risk of non-compliance of the requirement. It was recommended the establishment of tolerances for the measured modulus of elasticity results, taking in account its random characteristic. The possibility of changing the focus on modulus of elasticity quality control was proposed, turning the deterministic criterion as occurs for the compressive strength, giving an estimator that assigns lower values to the modulus of elasticity, considering an acceptable rejection. It can be also based in a method that allows the acceptance of a concrete that lies within a predetermined tolerance around the average value, because the structural responsibility of modulus of elasticity is lower than the compressive strength.

O texto normativo NBR 7190/1997, da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), adota três ciclos de carregamento nos ensaios para a determinação de propriedades de rigidez e resistência da madeira. A partir das recomendações de tal documento foram realizados ensaios de compressão normal às fibras, compressão paralela às fibras, flexão estática e tração paralela às fibras com corpos-de-prova de Cambará Rosa (Erisma sp), Eucalipto Grandis (Eucalyptus grandis), Envira (Xylopia sp), Champanhe (Dipteryx odorata), Pinus Caribaea (Pinus caribaea var. caribaea), Pinus Elliottii (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) e Pinus Hondurensis (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis). Os valores dos módulos de elasticidade (E) obtidos mostraram-se estatisticamente equivalentes no segundo e terceiro ciclos de carregamento. Esta análise sugere, então, que o terceiro ciclo de carregamento é desnecessário. Foram comparados, também, os valores dos módulos de elasticidade de trinta e quatro espécies de madeiras tropicais brasileiras, obtidos nos ensaios de compressão paralela às fibras, tração paralela às fibras e flexão estática. Concluiu-se que estes são estatisticamente equivalentes. / The NBR 7190/1997, adopted by of Brazilian Technical Standard Association (ABNT), indicates three loading cycles for tests to determine wood stiffness and strength. Based on recommendations of ABNT methods tests were carried out in compression perpendicular to grain, compression parallel to grain, static bending and tension parallel to grain, with Cambará Rosa (Erisma sp), Eucalipto Grandis (Eucalyptus grandis), Envira (Xylopia sp), Champanhe (Dipteryx odorata), Pinus Caribaea (Pinus caribaea var. caribaea), Pinus Elliottii (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) and Pinus Hondurensis (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis) species. Modulus of elasticity values (E) obtained were statistically equivalent in second and third loading cycles. This analysis suggests that the third loading cycle is not necessary. Modulus of elasticity values of thirty four Brazilian tropical wood species were compared in compression parallel to grain, tension parallel to grain and static bending. The analysis showed that these values are statistically equivalent.

This paper describes a practice- based research project in which physical and emotional comfort and discomfort is experienced by the human body. A variety of different Comfort Zones are presented. All of them deal with the relationship between filling material and cover, in which knitted structures and materials play a central role in order to create comfort. The elasticity of the knit is challenged when creating volume and emphasizes the idea that comfort is elastic in material/physical way, as well as well in emotions. The use of filling materials gives a new dimension, sensitivity and offers new opportunities. This form exploration discusses the potential of knit to serve as a cover and decorative element, but most importantly the possibility of a textile to create its own filling. By rolling up a knitted tube, volume is built up layer by layer; a torus appears and captures a void in the center of the form, required by the tube, the fundament. Hints of discomfort are given and emphasized by either surface/structure, volume or garments on the body.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de concevoir des méthodes de décomposition de domaine qui sont robustes même pour les problèmes difficiles auxquels on est confronté lorsqu'on simule des objets industriels ou qui existent dans la nature. Par exemple une difficulté à laquelle est confronté Michelin et que les pneus sont constitués de matériaux avec des lois de comportement très différentes (caoutchouc et acier). Ceci induit un ralentissement de la convergence des méthodes de décomposition de domaine classiques dès que la partition en sous domaines ne tient pas compte des hétérogénéités. Pour trois méthodes de décomposition de domaine (Schwarz Additif, BDD et FETI) nous avons prouvé qu¿en résolvant des problèmes aux valeurs propres généralisés dans chacun des sous domaines on peut identifier automatiquement quels sont les modes responsables de la convergence lente. En d¿autres termes on divise le problème de départ en deux : une partie où on peut montrer que la méthode de décomposition de domaine va converger et une seconde où on ne peut pas. L¿idée finale est d¿appliquer des projections pour résoudre ces deux problèmes indépendemment (c¿est la déflation) : au premier on applique la méthode de décomposition de domaine et sur le second (qu¿on appelle le problème grossier) on utilise un solveur direct qu¿on sait être robuste. Nous garantissons théorétiquement que le solveur à deux niveaux qui résulte de ces choix est robuste. Un autre atout de nos algorithmes est qu¿il peuvent être implémentés en boite noire ce qui veut dire que les matériaux hétérogènes ne sont qu¿un exemple des difficultés qu¿ils peuvent contourner / The objective of this thesis is to design domain decomposition methods which are robust even for hard problems that arise when simulating industrial or real life objects. For instance one particular challenge which the company Michelin is faced with is the fact that tires are made of rubber and steel which are two materials with very different behavior laws. With classical domain decomposition methods, as soon as the partition into subdomains does not accommodate the discontinuities between the different materials convergence deteriorates. For three popular domain decomposition methods (Ad- ditive Schwarz, FETI and BDD) we have proved that by solving a generalized eigenvalue problem in each of the subdomains we can identify automatically which are the modes responsible for slow convergence. In other words we can divide the original problem into two problems : the first one where we can guarantee that the domain decomposition method will converge quickly and the second where we cannot. The final idea is to apply projections to solve these two problems independently (this is also known as deflation) : on the first we apply the domain decomposition method and on the second (we call it the coarse space) we use a direct solver which we know will be robust. We guarantee theoretically that the resulting two level solver is robust. The other main feature of our algorithms is that they can be implemented as black box solvers meaning that heterogeneous materials is only one type of difficulty that they can identify and circumvent.

Source d'émerveillement et d'inspiration poétique, la beauté éphémère des films de savon recèle des questions scientifiques fondamentales, qui ont de nombreuses répercussions pour des applications allant de la formulation des shampoings à la récupération du pétrole. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre comment la vie d'un film de savon, depuis sa génération jusqu'à sa rupture, dépend des propriétés physico-chimiques des tensioactifs qui le stabilisent.Dans une première partie, je m'intéresse à la génération de films savonneux verticaux, que je modélise à l'aide d'un modèle stationnaire supposant des tensioactifs insolubles. Je montre que l'épaisseur de tels films est gouvernée à la fois par la vitesse de génération et l'élasticité de surface du film. Le modèle décrit avec succès les données expérimentales pour des tensioactifs solubles, au moins dans le cas où l'adsorption est lente. Je présente également un dispositif expérimental original permettant de générer des films stabilisés par des tensioactifs insolubles, qui constituent un système modèle prometteur.Dans un second temps, j'étudie l'évolution temporelle – i.e. le drainage et la rupture – de films liquides minces en génération continue, en commençant par le cas simplifié des liquides purs. A l'aide d'une simulation non-stationnaire, je parviens à prédire le temps de vie de films d'huile silicone fonction de la vitesse de génération, qui se montre en accord quantitatif avec les expériences. Je caractérise ensuite expérimentalement le drainage des films savonneux en fonction de différents paramètres – position dans le film, vitesse de génération et humidité ambiante – et montre l'influence de la concentration en tensioactif dTAB et de l'humidité sur le temps de vie du film. Pour terminer, j'explore l'influence de la concentration en tensioactifs sur le drainage et la rupture de bulles hémisphériques flottant à la surface d'un bain savonneux, un système se rapprochant des mousses réelles. / The ephemeral beauty of soap films is not only a source of wonder and poetic inspiration, but also conceals fundamental scientific questions, which are at the heart of various applications, ranging from shampoo formulation to oil recovery. This work aims at understanding how the life of a soap film, from its generation until its rupture, is affected by the physical-chemical properties of the surfactants used to stabilise it.First, I present a stationary model describing the generation of vertical soap films, under the assumption of insoluble surfactants. I show that the film thickness is controlled by both the generation velocity and the film surface elasticity. The model successfully describes experimental data for soluble surfactants, at least when adsorption is slow. I also introduce an original experimental set up for the generation of liquid films stabilised by insoluble surfactants, which are certainly a promising model system. Secondly, I study the time evolution – i.e. the drainage and rupture – of thin films pulled from a liquid bath, starting with the simplified case of pure liquids. Implementing a non-stationary simulation, I am able to predict the lifetime of silicone oil thin films as a function of the generation velocity, which I find in quantitative agreement with experimental data. I then carry out systematic experiments to characterise the drainage of soap films for various generation velocities, environmental humidities and positions in the film. I also demonstrate the influence of dTAB concentration and humidity on film lifetime. Finally, I investigate how surfactant concentration affects the drainage and break-up dynamics of hemispherical soap bubbles at the surface of a liquid pool, which is a system somewhat closer to real foams.