More and more people commute to work, travel and use the electric bicycle as a daily means of transport. The need for bicycle racks, adapted for electric bicycles is growing and the demands on bicycle racks are higher than for bicycle racks for ordinary bicycles. This as they are very expensive to buy. On behalf of NOLA Industries, a bicycle rack for electric bicycles will be designed. The bicycle rack must also meet the need to recharge the batteries while the bicycle is parked and meet all found requirements from all stakeholders, which were collected during the project. The project is carried out by one student from Luleå University of Technology, who is studying M.Sc. in industrial design with a focus on product development. The project was carried out in Luleå with NOLA at a distance in Stockholm. The aim of the project was to come up with an idea for a bicycle rack that is suitable for public environments and that also fits into NOLA’s existing product range. At the beginning of the project, the time was planned using a Gantt scheme. The process used was CDIO consisting of four different phases. After the planning was completed, a benchmarking was made of how the situation looked and how the electric bicycles in today’s society work. The theory section was planned and introduced with a description of the line of technical design. The chapter was then followed up with relevant theory for the project. In order to find out what users think of existing bicycle racks and what were the desires for future bicycle racks, a survey was sent out. The work continued with several different information collection methods which were then followed up with creative work in the design phase. The final work included CAD models and renderings from keyshot of the finished concept. The final concept meets stakeholder requirements for an electric bike rack. It fulfill the need to be able to recharge the electric bike’s battery and to lock the electric bike in several points. The roof and the bicycle racks are equipped with led lighting, counteracting vandalism and theft of the electric bicycles. The roof also protects the electric bicycles against weather conditions.

The thesis consists of the design of an electric bike. Based on the analysis of the needs arising from urban transport in Sweden and its people.We wanted to develop a bicycle that could be manufactured in the coming years and be widely accepted by the Swedish population and later also in Europe.

<p>The thesis consists of the design of an electric bike.</p><p>Based on the analysis of the needs arising from urban transport in Sweden and its people.We wanted to develop a bicycle that could be manufactured in the coming years and be widely accepted by the Swedish population and later also in Europe.</p>

One of the main causes of premature mortality is decreased physical activity. The purpose of the study is to investigate, based on self-determination theory, the motives for choosing active transportation in the form of an electric bike instead of passive transportation such as bus or car among participants in the Elcyklist project. A qualitative research method was used, and 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted based on a motivational perspective. The results showed that the motive for electric biking was the experience of independence, challenge, community, and inspiration, which represented a sense of well-being. Additionally, enjoyment, environmentally, economically, and health were motives for electric biking that represented benefits in everyday life. Participants' choice to use electric bikes satisfied their basic needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Furthermore, the study showed that the participants were motivated to use the electric bike mainly by self-determined motivation. The main conclusion is the importance to address and promote self-determined motivation to support and maintain motivation healthy behaviors and lifestyles. The study showed that the opportunity to borrow an e-bike as offered in the Electric Biking project can be a good way to promote self-determined motivation for active transportation as well as health-promoting behaviors.

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In the recent years, pedelecs (pedal electric cycles) have seen a massive growth. in ridership. In 2013, around 1.3 million e-bilces were on German roads, while in 2020, this number was already at 8.5 million (with about 99% of the e-bikes being pedelecs). The rapid spread of pedelecs has given rise to concerns for road safety, especially due to the fact that riders of electric bicycles reach higher speeds. Indeed, some studies have reported that pedelec riders suffer from more severe crashes than users of conventional bikes. However, the highly dynamic development in pedelec ownership and use might cast some doubts on the long term validity of investigations of pedelec accidents and their characteristics that have to rely on data collected over shorter periods of time. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate pedelec accidents and their characterutics over several years in a longitudinal fashion. and compare them to accidents involving cyclists, tobe able to identify trends, and to clarify whether such trends are specifiic to pedelecs. [From: Introduction]

In Europe, the use of electric bicycles is rapidly increasing. This trend raises important safety concerns: Is their use compatible with existing infrastructure and regulations? Do they present novel safety issues? How do they impact other traffic? This study sought to address these concerns, using instrumented electric bicycles to monitor e-cyclists’ behavior in a naturalistic fashion. Data was collected from 12 bicyclists, each of whom rode an instrumented bicycle for two weeks. In total, 1500 km worth of data were collected, including 88 critical events (crashes and near-crashes). Analysis of these critical events identified pedestrians, light vehicles and other bicycles as main threats to a safe ride. Other factors also contributed to crash causation, such as being in proximity to a crossing or encountering a vehicle parked in the bicycle lane. A comparison between electric and traditional bicycles was enabled by the availability of data from a previous study a year earlier, which collected naturalistic cycling data from traditional bicycles using the same instrumentation as in this study. Electric bicycles were found to be ridden faster, on average, than traditional bicycles, in addition to interacting differently with other road users. The results presented in this study also suggest that countermeasures to bicycle crashes should be different for electric and traditional bicycles. Finally, increasing electric bicycle conspicuity appears to be the easiest, most obvious way to increase their safety.

The use of bicycle as a transportation mode has increased in popularity during the last four decades. The reasons that could explain why the use of bicycles have increased in popularity are many. Nevertheless, three possible reasons for the increasing in popularity are because of the benefit in terms of health, reduced motorised traffic congestion, and air pollution. As bicycle traffic flows increase, the evaluating of the bicycle traffic infrastructure will become more important for bicyclist safety, and comfort. One possible evaluating tool for bicycle traffic is microscopic traffic simulation and one key component is the free-riding. The free-riding is a bicyclist that is not interacting with other bicyclist, and other road users during a ride. Furthermore, to develop a suitable simulation model of the free-riding needs data and a possible methodology for data collection on the free-riding is using instrumented bicycles. Therefore, this thesis will investigate a methodology that can be used to collect, process, and analyse data for two bicyclist and their interactions with the infrastructure. The methodology for data collection using instrumented bicycle includes a pre-defined travel route, two types of bicycles as a conventional, and an electric bicycle. Additionally, the equipment is used in the methodology should be easy to switch between bicycles to keep the behaviour as natural as possible for bicyclists. Nevertheless, the equipment is easy to switch between bicycles, if only a few tools is needed to switch between bicycles in the methodology. Moreover, data collection using instrument bicycle includes an interview survey on each participating bicyclist, and investigate weather conditions, and effort experience during the data collection on each participating bicyclist. Results indicate that negative acceleration i.e., deceleration, at intersections, curves, uphill when a conventional bicycle is used. Meanwhile, it is also negative acceleration i.e., deceleration at downhills when an electric bicycle is used. Furthermore, the use of electric bicycle leads to higher travel speed and lower power output usage on average than when a conventional bicycle is used as expected. Moreover, at downhills the speed can still increase even though the power output usage is zero, according to the analysis of free-riding behaviour. In addition, data collection using instrumented bicycle collects other measurement of the effort for the bicyclist such as the heart rate, and cadence. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

Cycling, as one of the oldest forms of mobility, is currently experiencing a renaissance. It supports active mobility and can have a positive influence on public health, the environment, climate and the traffic situation. Pedelecs (bicycles with an electric motor supporting the user up to a speed of 25 kmph) represent a new form of active mobility and are currently enjoying great popularity as they have the same benefits compared to conventional bicycles and, in addition, make cycling accessible to new user groups. With the growing number of pedelecs, however, potential for conflict also increases. Unfortunately, the majority of accidents cannot yet be analysed accordingly, as pedelec-specifiic characteristics are missing from the accident data. This fact in itself has already been proven as a barrier. Most accident studies focusing on pedelecs are based on police data from standardised accident forms [e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4]. Their findings can be summarised in the following key statements: Accidents with pedelecs are less frequent but more severe than those with conventional bicycles. For both, accidents on urban roads dominate, but pedelec accidents occur significantly more often on rural roads than conventional bicycle accidents. And: injured pedelec users, especially those fatally injured, are on average significantly older than injured users of conventional bicycles. But, standardised accident forms were initially designed for accidents with double-track motor vehicles, in particular passenger cars. Accidents with bicycles (especially pedelecs), are difficult to categorise with this systematic as important information is missing. For example, 'falling on ground' is not an accident category as cars normally won't do so, but for pedelec accidents, this information is fundamental. This acts as a barrier as bicycle-specific causes of accidents cannot be analysed. However, accident statistics are the most important basis for evidence-based measures in road safety work. The aim of this paper is therefore to identify and categorise pedelec-specific accident characteristics and to evaluate pedelec accidents on the basis of these characteristics to identify frequent and severe accident constellations. [From: Introduction]

This dissertation contains a comprehensive analysis of both non-coupled and mutually coupled switched reluctance motors with concentrated windings for an electric bicycle traction application. Multiple pole configurations are analyzed and compared for each motor type. Includes magnetic design, thermal analysis, and structural analysis. A prototype is designed, manufactured, and validated. / This thesis discusses the design of both a conventional non-coupled switched reluctance motor (CSRM) and a mutually-coupled SRM (MCSRM) for an exterior rotor e-bike application. Several novel pole configurations were analyzed for each machine type, and the performance of the final CSRM and MCSRM designs were compared for this application. A commercially available e-bike permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) was purchased, reverse engineered, and validated to define the geometry constraints and performance targets for the designs. Since switched reluctance motors do not use rare-earth permanent magnets, they are often seen as a potential low-cost alternative to permanent magnet machines. The goal of this research is to explain the relative advantages of CSRMs and MCSRMs when compared to PMSM machines for a direct-drive e-bike application. The final CSRM and MCSRM designs are analyzed in detail; electromagnetic, controls, thermal, and structural considerations are all studied. A prototype of the final CSRM design was manufactured and validated experimentally, using a dynamometer setup. The finalized CSRM design is shown to be competitive with the PMSM machine when considering torque output, and is superior in terms of peak efficiency, and high speed torque performance. However, the CSRM noise output and torque ripple were not compared to the PMSM, and a less-common asymmetric-bridge converter is required for the CSRM, which may hinder the ability for the machine to be implemented into existing e-bike packages. The high speed torque performance of the MCSRM is shown to be inferior to both the CSRM and PMSM, as is the torque quality and efficiency. The MCSRM is shown to be highly resistant to saturation which gives it the potential for high torque output at low speed (if thermal limits are not breached), though low saturation levels also contribute to low machine power factor. The MCSRM may be better suited to lower speed, high torque applications, for this reason. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis studies the design process and analysis of two different motor types, for an electric bicycle application. They are designed to replace a commercially available permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). This type of motor is typically expensive due to the rare-earth magnet material it requires. The two motors discussed in this thesis are switched reluctance motors (SRMs), which do not require magnet material, and thus have the potential to save cost (in addition to other benefits). One of the SRMs has magnetic fields that are independently controlled (CSRM), and one has fields that are controlled together to produce torque (MCSRM). The magnetics, control, thermal, and structural aspects of the CSRM and MCSRM are studied in detail. Novel geometry considerations (i.e. novel pole configurations) which impact the magnetics of each machine are compared to find the best-performing configuration for each machine type.