Syftet med undersökningen är ta reda på vilken förståelse elever från årskurs 5 har för ljuskällans tekniska utveckling. Syftet har uppnåtts med hjälp av frågeställningarna Vilken kunskap visar elever i årskurs 5 om ljuskällans tekniska utveckling? och Vilken kunskap visar elever i årskurs 5 om glöd- och lågenergiglödlampan som komponent i ett tekniskt system? Metoden som valts är kvalitativa intervjuer och innefattar totalt tio olika djupgående intervjuer. Under intervjuerna har eleverna fått placera fem olika ljuskällor i historisk ordning, med hjälp av dessa bilder har de fått beskriva den tekniska utvecklingen för att tillslut hamna på elsystemet. Resultatet visar att eleverna har mycket god kunskap om ljuskällans tekniska utveckling och god kunskap om systemet bakom glöd- och lågenergiglödlampan. Vid ljuskällans tekniska utveckling kan eleverna nämna material- och användningsskillnader samt skillnaden i hur de lyser. När det gäller elsystemet kan de nämna elsystemets delkomponenter, elens ursprungskällor samt hur energin färdas i systemet. Undersökningen visar att eleverna har en likartad förståelse jämfört med tidigare liknande forskning inom ämnet teknik, förståelse som också kan relateras till tidigare erfarenheter och ålder.

O processo de integração regional busca implementar o atendimento de questões gerais que os Estados Nacionais, pela sua limitação de recursos, não conseguem enfrentar isoladamente. O exemplo mais tangível destes processos no sistema internacional é a integração europeia. Na América do Sul, embora exista um número significativo de instituições com o objetivo de fomentar a integração regional, ela não tem evoluído. As disputas políticas e fiscais têm embaçado a visão dos principais atores que poderiam estimular essa nova ordem regional. Contudo algumas áreas, sobretudo aquelas que possuem um baixo nível de controvérsias, podem incentivar ou até mesmo incrementar o processo de integração regional. No continente sul americano, o setor elétrico, pela a abundância de recursos de fontes primárias para geração, poderá ser o elemento catalizador desse novo sistema de cooperação. Assim, esse trabalho analisou como a Comunidade Europeia para o Carvão e o Aço (ECSC/CECA) impulsionou a integração europeia, com o objetivo de verificar o potencial sinérgico para a cooperação que uma eventual instituição supranacional de energia elétrica teria para estimular a integração da América do Sul. A experiência europeia foi utilizada, portanto, como um caso de controle e comparação, para verificar se as condições de integração ocorridas naquele continente podem se assemelhar com aquelas do processo sul-americano. Nesse sentido, utilizando o referencial teórico Neo-funcionalista de Ernst Haas e sua micro-teoria do spill-over ou desborde, o estudo pretendeu observar se esse tipo de fenômeno pode ser repetido no caso de uma possível constituição de um sistema elétrico integrado na América do Sul. Para isso, verificam-se os elementos contextuais, a forma e o conteúdo dos discursos sobre a integração realizados no interior dos principais blocos da região, bem como se interrelacionam os grupos políticos, os grupos de interesse e os governos nacionais a respeito da questão. O trabalho utiliza pesquisas do Latinobarômetro, documentos das principais intituições para integração na região e um trabalho realizado pelo NUPRI/USP sobre integração sul americana. Ainda que os aspectos sociais, econômicos e políticos sejam diferentes da experiência europeia, o trabalho colheu evidências convergentes e satisfatórias para a formação do spill-over, a partir da eventual integração do setor energético na América do Sul, apontando assim, para a possibilidade de construção de um processo de integração regional que pode ser explicado e inspirado pela teoria Neofuncionalista. / The regional integration process seeks to implement the care of general issues that the National States, for its limited resources, can not cope alone. The most tangible example of these processes in the international system is European integration. In South America, although there are a significant number of institutions in order to foster regional integration, it has not evolved. Policies and tax disputes have blurry vision of the key players that could stimulate this new regional order. However some areas, especially those with a low level of disputes, can encourage or even enhance the process of regional integration. In the South American continent, the electric sector by the abundance of resources for primary generation sources may be the catalyst element of this new system of cooperation. Thus, this study examined how the European Community for Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) boosted European integration, with the aim of verifying the synergistic potential for cooperation that any supranational institution of electricity would have to stimulate the integration of South America. The European experience was therefore used as a case-control comparison and to verify that the conditions of integration occurring in that continent may be similar to those of the South American process. Accordingly, using the theoretical framework Neo-functionalism of Ernst Haas and his micro-theory of spillover or overflowing, the study aimed to observe whether this type of phenomenon can be repeated in case of a possible establishment of an integrated electric system in America South. For this, there are contextual elements, the form and content of the discourse on integration performed inside the main blocks in the region, as well as interrelate political groups, interest groups and national governments on the issue. The work uses surveys of Latinbarometer, documents the main institutions for integration in the region and work done by NUPRI / USP on South American integration. While the social, economic and political aspects are different from the European experience, work reaped satisfactory convergent and for the formation of the spill-over from the eventual integration of the energy sector in South American evidence, thus pointing to the possibility of construction of a regional integration process that can be explained and inspired by the Neo-functionalist theory.

O processo de integração regional busca implementar o atendimento de questões gerais que os Estados Nacionais, pela sua limitação de recursos, não conseguem enfrentar isoladamente. O exemplo mais tangível destes processos no sistema internacional é a integração europeia. Na América do Sul, embora exista um número significativo de instituições com o objetivo de fomentar a integração regional, ela não tem evoluído. As disputas políticas e fiscais têm embaçado a visão dos principais atores que poderiam estimular essa nova ordem regional. Contudo algumas áreas, sobretudo aquelas que possuem um baixo nível de controvérsias, podem incentivar ou até mesmo incrementar o processo de integração regional. No continente sul americano, o setor elétrico, pela a abundância de recursos de fontes primárias para geração, poderá ser o elemento catalizador desse novo sistema de cooperação. Assim, esse trabalho analisou como a Comunidade Europeia para o Carvão e o Aço (ECSC/CECA) impulsionou a integração europeia, com o objetivo de verificar o potencial sinérgico para a cooperação que uma eventual instituição supranacional de energia elétrica teria para estimular a integração da América do Sul. A experiência europeia foi utilizada, portanto, como um caso de controle e comparação, para verificar se as condições de integração ocorridas naquele continente podem se assemelhar com aquelas do processo sul-americano. Nesse sentido, utilizando o referencial teórico Neo-funcionalista de Ernst Haas e sua micro-teoria do spill-over ou desborde, o estudo pretendeu observar se esse tipo de fenômeno pode ser repetido no caso de uma possível constituição de um sistema elétrico integrado na América do Sul. Para isso, verificam-se os elementos contextuais, a forma e o conteúdo dos discursos sobre a integração realizados no interior dos principais blocos da região, bem como se interrelacionam os grupos políticos, os grupos de interesse e os governos nacionais a respeito da questão. O trabalho utiliza pesquisas do Latinobarômetro, documentos das principais intituições para integração na região e um trabalho realizado pelo NUPRI/USP sobre integração sul americana. Ainda que os aspectos sociais, econômicos e políticos sejam diferentes da experiência europeia, o trabalho colheu evidências convergentes e satisfatórias para a formação do spill-over, a partir da eventual integração do setor energético na América do Sul, apontando assim, para a possibilidade de construção de um processo de integração regional que pode ser explicado e inspirado pela teoria Neofuncionalista. / The regional integration process seeks to implement the care of general issues that the National States, for its limited resources, can not cope alone. The most tangible example of these processes in the international system is European integration. In South America, although there are a significant number of institutions in order to foster regional integration, it has not evolved. Policies and tax disputes have blurry vision of the key players that could stimulate this new regional order. However some areas, especially those with a low level of disputes, can encourage or even enhance the process of regional integration. In the South American continent, the electric sector by the abundance of resources for primary generation sources may be the catalyst element of this new system of cooperation. Thus, this study examined how the European Community for Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) boosted European integration, with the aim of verifying the synergistic potential for cooperation that any supranational institution of electricity would have to stimulate the integration of South America. The European experience was therefore used as a case-control comparison and to verify that the conditions of integration occurring in that continent may be similar to those of the South American process. Accordingly, using the theoretical framework Neo-functionalism of Ernst Haas and his micro-theory of spillover or overflowing, the study aimed to observe whether this type of phenomenon can be repeated in case of a possible establishment of an integrated electric system in America South. For this, there are contextual elements, the form and content of the discourse on integration performed inside the main blocks in the region, as well as interrelate political groups, interest groups and national governments on the issue. The work uses surveys of Latinbarometer, documents the main institutions for integration in the region and work done by NUPRI / USP on South American integration. While the social, economic and political aspects are different from the European experience, work reaped satisfactory convergent and for the formation of the spill-over from the eventual integration of the energy sector in South American evidence, thus pointing to the possibility of construction of a regional integration process that can be explained and inspired by the Neo-functionalist theory.

O processo de integração regional busca implementar o atendimento de questões gerais que os Estados Nacionais, pela sua limitação de recursos, não conseguem enfrentar isoladamente. O exemplo mais tangível destes processos no sistema internacional é a integração europeia. Na América do Sul, embora exista um número significativo de instituições com o objetivo de fomentar a integração regional, ela não tem evoluído. As disputas políticas e fiscais têm embaçado a visão dos principais atores que poderiam estimular essa nova ordem regional. Contudo algumas áreas, sobretudo aquelas que possuem um baixo nível de controvérsias, podem incentivar ou até mesmo incrementar o processo de integração regional. No continente sul americano, o setor elétrico, pela a abundância de recursos de fontes primárias para geração, poderá ser o elemento catalizador desse novo sistema de cooperação. Assim, esse trabalho analisou como a Comunidade Europeia para o Carvão e o Aço (ECSC/CECA) impulsionou a integração europeia, com o objetivo de verificar o potencial sinérgico para a cooperação que uma eventual instituição supranacional de energia elétrica teria para estimular a integração da América do Sul. A experiência europeia foi utilizada, portanto, como um caso de controle e comparação, para verificar se as condições de integração ocorridas naquele continente podem se assemelhar com aquelas do processo sul-americano. Nesse sentido, utilizando o referencial teórico Neo-funcionalista de Ernst Haas e sua micro-teoria do spill-over ou desborde, o estudo pretendeu observar se esse tipo de fenômeno pode ser repetido no caso de uma possível constituição de um sistema elétrico integrado na América do Sul. Para isso, verificam-se os elementos contextuais, a forma e o conteúdo dos discursos sobre a integração realizados no interior dos principais blocos da região, bem como se interrelacionam os grupos políticos, os grupos de interesse e os governos nacionais a respeito da questão. O trabalho utiliza pesquisas do Latinobarômetro, documentos das principais intituições para integração na região e um trabalho realizado pelo NUPRI/USP sobre integração sul americana. Ainda que os aspectos sociais, econômicos e políticos sejam diferentes da experiência europeia, o trabalho colheu evidências convergentes e satisfatórias para a formação do spill-over, a partir da eventual integração do setor energético na América do Sul, apontando assim, para a possibilidade de construção de um processo de integração regional que pode ser explicado e inspirado pela teoria Neofuncionalista. / The regional integration process seeks to implement the care of general issues that the National States, for its limited resources, can not cope alone. The most tangible example of these processes in the international system is European integration. In South America, although there are a significant number of institutions in order to foster regional integration, it has not evolved. Policies and tax disputes have blurry vision of the key players that could stimulate this new regional order. However some areas, especially those with a low level of disputes, can encourage or even enhance the process of regional integration. In the South American continent, the electric sector by the abundance of resources for primary generation sources may be the catalyst element of this new system of cooperation. Thus, this study examined how the European Community for Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) boosted European integration, with the aim of verifying the synergistic potential for cooperation that any supranational institution of electricity would have to stimulate the integration of South America. The European experience was therefore used as a case-control comparison and to verify that the conditions of integration occurring in that continent may be similar to those of the South American process. Accordingly, using the theoretical framework Neo-functionalism of Ernst Haas and his micro-theory of spillover or overflowing, the study aimed to observe whether this type of phenomenon can be repeated in case of a possible establishment of an integrated electric system in America South. For this, there are contextual elements, the form and content of the discourse on integration performed inside the main blocks in the region, as well as interrelate political groups, interest groups and national governments on the issue. The work uses surveys of Latinbarometer, documents the main institutions for integration in the region and work done by NUPRI / USP on South American integration. While the social, economic and political aspects are different from the European experience, work reaped satisfactory convergent and for the formation of the spill-over from the eventual integration of the energy sector in South American evidence, thus pointing to the possibility of construction of a regional integration process that can be explained and inspired by the Neo-functionalist theory.

<p>The optimization of the electrical system voltage range of a mild hybrid electric vehicle is examined in this research study. The objective is to evaluate and propose the optimized vehicle voltage level for the mild hybrid electric vehicle from both technical and economic aspects. The approach is to evaluate the fuel economy improvement from the mild hybrid electric vehicle of various voltage level for the cost benefit study. The evaluation is conducted from the vehicle system level with discussions of components selection for system optimization. Autonomie, a simulation tool widely used by academic and automotive industry, is used for the vehicle simulation and fuel economy evaluation. The cost analysis is based on the system cost factoring in the component cost based forecasted production volume. </p> <p>The driver for this study is to propose an optimized voltage for the mild hybrid electric vehicle for the vehicle manufacturers and suppliers to standardize the implementation to meet the fuel economy and emission requirements and vehicle power demand. The standardization of the vehicle voltage level can improve design and development efficiency, reusability and reduce cost in developing non-standard voltage levels of the mild hybrid vehicle. The synergy in standardized voltage level for the mild hybrid vehicle can accelerate technology implementation toward mass production to meet regulatory emission and fuel economy requirements. </p>

<p>  </p> <p>This dissertation is composed of three main articles, which are detailed below.</p> <p>First article: The proliferation of prosumers generates the opportunity to have a more decentralized and open energy market. Given this opportunity, the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) trading energy paradigm appears, where consumers and prosumers can exchange energy without an intermediary. Because P2P energy trading plays a fundamental role in the proliferation of renewable energies and the system flexibility for a low-carbon energy transition, this article provides a review of the P2P energy trading that is necessary to understand the current approaches, challenges, and future research that should be conducted in this area. As a result, areas for consideration were identified and grouped into the following six topics: (1) trading platform, (2) blockchain, (3) game theory, (4) simulation, (5) optimization, and (6) algorithms. The study identified several challenges that may give way to future research, such as integrating generation, transmission, and distribution into studies, large-scale studies, and modeling consumer and prosumer complex behavior. Given that P2P energy trading is a relatively new topic, there is still much work to be done to implement the real-world model successfully.</p> <p>Second article: Along with the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/exponential-growth" target="_blank">exponential growth</a> of distributed energy sources in the last decade, net-metering programs have expanded to encourage investment in renewable energy. However, several countries and some states in the United States are ending these programs. Therefore, it is needed to explore alternatives to net-metering programs to continue encouraging the adoption of renewable energies. In this paper, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) models are studied as viable options to net-metering. In particular, the evaluation and comparison of the net-metering model to two P2P models is proposed. The first P2P model used the power grid for electricity exchange, and the other used electric vehicles. Simulations of a 50 household <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/micro-grids" target="_blank">microgrid</a> with access to electric vehicles and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/photovoltaics" target="_blank">photovoltaic</a> generation were run to achieve this objective. Technical and economic indexes were established to measure the performance of the three models. The results indicated that the P2P model using the grid shows the best performance, followed by the P2P model using electric vehicles. </p> <p>Third article: Solar generation has increased rapidly in recent years worldwide, and it is projected to continue to grow exponentially. A problem exists in that the increase in solar energy generation will increase the probability of grid disturbances. This article focused on analyzing the grid disturbances caused by the massive integration to the transmission line utility-scale solar loaded to the balancing authority high voltage transmission lines in four regions of the United States electrical system: (1) California, (2) Southwest, (3) New England, and (4) New York. Statistical analysis of equality of means was carried out to detect changes in the energy balance and peak power. Results show that when comparing the difference between hourly net generation and demand, energy imbalance occurs in the regions with the highest solar generation: California and Southwest. No significant difference was found in any of the four regions in relation to the energy peaks. The results imply that regions with greater utility level solar energy adoption must conduct greater energy exchanges with other regions to reduce potential disturbances to the grid. It is essential to bear in mind that as the installed solar generation capacity increases, the potential energy imbalances created in the grid increase. </p>

Master of Science / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / John Hatcliff / The Heart is a specialized muscle that contracts regularly and continuously, pumping blood to the body and the lungs. Heart’s natural Pacemaker, the SA node is responsible for this pumping action by causing a flow of electricity through the heart. These electrical impulses cause the atria and ventricles to contract and thereby pump the blood to different parts of the body. Malfunction of the SA node leads to a disturbance in the heart’s rhythm in which heart beats lower than 60 times a minute ending up with Bradycardia. It also leads to ventricular arrhythmia which disrupts the ability of the ventricles to pump blood effectively to the body. This can cause a loss of all blood pressure leading to cardiac arrest and eventually death. In order to restore the heart’s natural healthy rhythm, an artificial pacemaker is necessary. A Pacemaker adapts to the present condition of the heart and responds to the heart by either pacing or just sensing it. It paces whenever there is some problem in the heart’s electrical activity and inhibits the pace when there is a proper intrinsic beat. There are various modes in which Pacemaker can operate based on the condition of the heart. Ventricles and atria are individually paced in few modes such as VOO, VVT, VVI, AOO, AAT, and AAI and paced together in some modes such as DVI, DI, DDD, DDDR as per the requirement of the heart. The main goal of this report is to understand the various modes, their nomenclature, working strategy, developing the pseudo code and implementing different modes namely VOO, AOO, VVI, AAI, VVT and AAT modes using an academic, dual chamber pacemaker.

Esta dissertação aborda o cálculo da taxa de crescimento da tensão de restabelecimento transitória (TCTRT), considerando o caso de falha na barra, durante a abertura do primeiro polo e o cálculo da tensão de restabelecimento transitória (TRT) nos primeiros instantes de tempo, incluindo o efeito da capacitância. Os principais casos possíveis de falha na barra foram analisados e os resultados demonstraram a precisão das expressões obtidas. Normalmente, o cálculo da TCTRT e da TRT é feito por meio de simulações em programas de transitórios eletromagnéticos em que há rotinas específicas para a extração dos valores destas, porém, em determinadas condições, podem ocorrer oscilações ou imprecisões numéricas. Por ser um assunto de grande interesse convém desenvolver expressões que possam esclarecer resultados duvidosos sem a necessidade de artifícios de redução do passo de integração a valores muitas vezes não factíveis. As expressões obtidas neste trabalho podem ser utilizadas não só para se obter de forma precisa e simplificada os valores da taxa de crescimento da tensão de restabelecimento transitória de um circuito real, assim como os valores da TRT nos primeiros instantes de tempo. / This study is focused on the rate of rise of transient recovery voltage (RRTRV) calculation considering the case of bus fault, during the first pole to open, and also includes the transient recovery voltage (TRV) calculation, in the first instants of time, including the capacitance effect. The main cases of bus fault have been evaluated and demonstrate that the expressions developed in this study are relevant and with good precision. Usually, the RRTRV and the TRV are calculated with the use of simulation programs, using specific routines, nevertheless, in certain conditions, there might be oscillations and numeric imprecisions which requires a mathematic expression. This topic is of great interest and it is important to have mathematical expressions that could clarify doubtful results. The expressions obtained in this study can be use in a very simples and effective mode to calculate RRTRV and the TRV in the first instants of time, considering a real life circuit.

Esta dissertação aborda o cálculo da taxa de crescimento da tensão de restabelecimento transitória (TCTRT), considerando o caso de falha na barra, durante a abertura do primeiro polo e o cálculo da tensão de restabelecimento transitória (TRT) nos primeiros instantes de tempo, incluindo o efeito da capacitância. Os principais casos possíveis de falha na barra foram analisados e os resultados demonstraram a precisão das expressões obtidas. Normalmente, o cálculo da TCTRT e da TRT é feito por meio de simulações em programas de transitórios eletromagnéticos em que há rotinas específicas para a extração dos valores destas, porém, em determinadas condições, podem ocorrer oscilações ou imprecisões numéricas. Por ser um assunto de grande interesse convém desenvolver expressões que possam esclarecer resultados duvidosos sem a necessidade de artifícios de redução do passo de integração a valores muitas vezes não factíveis. As expressões obtidas neste trabalho podem ser utilizadas não só para se obter de forma precisa e simplificada os valores da taxa de crescimento da tensão de restabelecimento transitória de um circuito real, assim como os valores da TRT nos primeiros instantes de tempo. / This study is focused on the rate of rise of transient recovery voltage (RRTRV) calculation considering the case of bus fault, during the first pole to open, and also includes the transient recovery voltage (TRV) calculation, in the first instants of time, including the capacitance effect. The main cases of bus fault have been evaluated and demonstrate that the expressions developed in this study are relevant and with good precision. Usually, the RRTRV and the TRV are calculated with the use of simulation programs, using specific routines, nevertheless, in certain conditions, there might be oscillations and numeric imprecisions which requires a mathematic expression. This topic is of great interest and it is important to have mathematical expressions that could clarify doubtful results. The expressions obtained in this study can be use in a very simples and effective mode to calculate RRTRV and the TRV in the first instants of time, considering a real life circuit.

Dans le contexte de l’avion plus électrique, les réseaux électriques aéronautiques sont en pleine évolution. Cette évolution est poussée par le besoin d’une intégration à forte densité énergétique ce qui pose des défis aux concepteurs en termes d’architectures, de systèmes et de méthodes de dimensionnement.Un réseau de bord est composé d’un ensemble de systèmes électriques multidisciplinaire qui proviennent de différents fournisseurs dont le design est actuellement effectué en répondant à des standards de qualité spécifiés par l’agrégateur. L’objectif de la thèse est de proposer de nouvelles approches intégrées qui permettent de gérer la complexité des réseaux électriques tout en convergeant vers un résultat optimal, offrant des gains de masses en référence à un design par des « approches mécanistes » reposant sur un agrégat de boucles d’optimisation locales. Une approche multiniveau a été développée en s’inspirant des travaux sur la MDO « Multidisciplinary Design Optimization ». L’élaboration de cette approche a été le résultat d’une expertise accumulée en appliquant différentes méthodes disponibles dans la bibliographie. L’optimisation porte plus spécifiquement sur les filtres d’entrée des charges du réseau ainsi que sur le filtre de sortie du canal de génération du réseau électrique embarqué. L’optimisation multiniveau vise, dans un contexte collaboratif, à itérer entre le niveau agrégateur (niveau réseau) et le niveau équipementier (charges et source du réseau). L’utilisation d’une formulation agrégée au niveau réseau et le respect des causalités au niveau des sous-problèmes sont les principaux atouts de cette approche qui conduit à des solutions proches de l’optimum global de masse de filtres. / Within more electric aircraft context, electric systems and networks have to evolve. High energy density integration pushes designers to reconsider their systems, architectures and tools.An aircraft network contains a large number of multidisciplinary systems which come from different manufacturers. Each manufacturer designs its system separately following quality standards specified by the aggregator. The goal of this thesis is to provide system approaches which could deal with the high-level of complexity of the network while reaching the optimal design of all the system and so reduce the total weight in comparison with mechanistic approaches based on independent optimization loops for the different subsystems.Consulting MDO “Multidisciplinary Design Optimization” researches, we have developed a multilevel approach based on our previous studies and conclusions on classical approaches used in the design of electrical systems. The optimization concerns the input filters of the loads connected to the HVDC bus and the output filter of the generating channel which supply the electric power. The multilevel collaborative optimization allows an automated exchange of data between the aggregator (system level) and manufacturers (sub-system level) and thanks to that, the optimal design of all the system is joined. The strong points of this approach are the aggregated formulation and causality connections between sub-systems.