Aujourd’hui les réseaux électriques sont exploités dans un marché dérégulé. Les gestionnaires des réseaux électriques sont tenus d’assurer un certain nombre de critères de fiabilité et de continuité du service, tout en minimisant le coût total consacré aux efforts effectués pour maintenir la fiabilité des installations. Il s’agit de trouver une stratégie, qui répond à plusieurs exigences, comme :le coût, les performances, la législation, les exigences du régulateur, etc. Cependant, le processus de prise de décision est subjectif, car chaque participant ramène sa contribution sur base de sa propre expérience. Bien que ce processus permette de trouver la « meilleure » stratégie, cette dernière n’est pas forcément la stratégie « optimale ». Ce compromis technico-économique a sensibilisé les gestionnaires des réseaux électriques à la nécessité d’un recours à des outils d’aide à la décision, qui doivent se baser sur des nouvelles approches quantitatives et une modélisation plus proches de la réalité physique.<p>Cette thèse rentre dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche lancé par ELIA, et dénommé COMPRIMa (Cost-Optimization Models for the Planning of the Renewal, Inspection, and Maintenance of Belgian power system facilities). Ce projet vise à développer une méthodologie qui permet de modéliser une partie du réseau électrique de transport (par les réseaux de Petri stochastiques) et de simuler son comportement dynamique sur un horizon donné (simulation de Monte Carlo). L’évaluation des indices de fiabilité permet de comparer les différents scénarios qui tentent d’améliorer les performances de l’installation. L’approche proposée est basée sur la stratégie RCM (Reliability-Centered Maintenance).<p>La méthodologie développée dans cette thèse permet une modélisation plus réaliste du réseau qui tient compte, entre autres, des aspects suivants :<p>- La corrélation quantitative entre le processus de maintenance et le processus de vieillissement des composants (par un modèle d’âge virtuel) ;<p>- Les dépendances liées à l’aspect multi-composant du système, qui tient compte des modes de défaillance spécifiques des systèmes de protection ;<p>- L’aspect économique lié à la stratégie de maintenance (inspection, entretien, réparation, remplacement), aux coupures (programmées et forcées) et aux événements à risque (refus disjoncteur, perte d’un client, perte d’un jeu de barres, perte d’une sous-station, etc.). / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The present research is an experimental investigation of the atomization of a superheated pressurized liquid jet that is exposed to the ambient pressure due to a sudden depressurization. This phenomena is called flashing and occurs in several industrial environments.<p><p>Liquid flashing phenomena holds an interest in many areas of science and engineering. Typical examples one can mention: a) the accidental release of flammable and toxic pressure-liquefied gases in chemical and nuclear industry; the failure of a vessel or pipe in the form of a small hole results in the formation of a two-phase jet containing a mixture of liquid droplets and vapor, b) atomisation improvement in the fuel injector technology, c) flashing mechanism occurrence in expansion devices of refrigerator cycles etc. The interest in flashing events is especially true in the safety field where any unexpected event is undesirable. In case of an accident, flammable or toxic gas clouds are anticipated in close regions of the release because of the sudden phase change .Due to the non-equilibrium nature of the flow in these near field regions, conducting accurate data measurements for droplet size and velocity is a challenging task resulting in scarce data in the very close area.<p><p>This research has been carried out at the von Karman Institute (VKI) within the 5th framework of European Commission to fulfill the goal of understanding of source processes in flashing liquids in accidental releases. The program is carried out under name of FLIE (Flashing Liquids in Industrial Environments)(Contract no: EVG1-CT-2000-00025). The specific issues that are presented in this thesis study are the following:a) a comprehensive state of art of the jet break up patterns, spray characteristics and studies related to flashing phenomena; b)flashing jet breakup patterns and accurate characterization of the atomized jet such as droplet diameter size, velocity and temperature evolution through carefully designed laboratory-scale experiments; c) the influence of the initial storage conditions on the final atomized jet; d) a physical model on the droplet transformation and rapid evaporation in aerosol jets.<p><p>In order to characterize the atomization of the superheated liquid jet, laser-based optical techniques like Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) are used to obtain information for particle diameter and velocity evolution at various axial and radial distances. Moreover, a high-speed video photography presents the possibility to understand the break-up pattern changes of the simulating liquid namely R-134A jet in function of driving pressure, superheat and discharge nozzle characteristics. Global temperature measurements with an intrusive technique such as thermocouples, non-intrusive measurements with Infrared Thermography are performed. Cases for different initial pressures, temperatures, orifice diameters and length-to-diameter ratios are studied. The break-up patterns, the evolution of the mean droplet size, velocity, RMS, turbulence<p>intensity and temperature along the radial and axial directions are presented in function of initial parameters. Highly populated drop size and velocity count distributions are provided. Among the initial storage conditions, superheat effect is found to be very important in providing small droplets. A 1-D analytical rapid evaporation model is developed in order to explain the strong temperature decrease during the measurements. A sensitivity analysis of this model is provided.<p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This work is dedicated to faulty induction motors. These motors are often used in industrial applications thanks to their usability and their robustness. However, nowadays optimisation of production becomes so critical that the conceptual reliability of the motor is not sufficient anymore. Motor condition monitoring is expanding to serve maintenance planning and uptime maximisation. Moreover, the use of drive control sensors (namely stator current and voltage) can avoid the installation and maintenance of dedicated sensors for condition monitoring.<p><p>Many authors are working in this field but few approach the diagnosis from a detailed and clear physical understanding of the localised phenomena linked to the faults. Broken bars are known to modulate stator currents but it is shown in this work that it also changes machine saturation level in the neighbourhood of the bar. Furthermore, depending on the voltage level, this change in local saturation affects the amplitude and the phase of the modulation. This is of major importance as most diagnosis techniques use this feature to detect and quantify broken bars. For stator short-circuits, a high current is flowing in the short-circuited coil due to mutual coupling with the other windings and current spikes are flowing in the rotor bars as they pass in front of the short-circuited conductors. In the case of rotor eccentricities, the number of pole-pairs and the connection of these pole-pairs greatly affect the airgap flux density distribution as well as the repartition of the line currents in the different pole-pairs.<p><p>These conclusions are obtained through the use of time-stepping finite element models of the faulty motors. Moreover, circuit models of faulty machines are built based on the conclusions of previously explained fault analysis and on classical Park models. A common mathematical description is used which allows objective comparison of the models for representation of the machine behaviour and computing time.<p><p>The identifiability of the parameters of the models as well as methods for their identification are studied. Focus is set on the representation of the machine behaviour using these parameters more than the precise identification of the parameters. It is shown that some classical parameters can not be uniquely identified using only stator measurements.<p><p>Fault detection and identification using computationally cheap models are compared to advanced detection through motor stator current spectral analysis. This last approach allows faster detection and identification of the fault but leads to incorrect conclusions in low load conditions, in transient situations or in perturbed environments (i.e. fluctuating load torque and unideal supply). Efficient quantification of the fault can be obtained using detection techniques based on the comparison of the process to a model.<p><p>Finally, the work provides guidelines for motor supervision strategies depending on the context of motor utilisation. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished