L'industrie minière produit d'énormes quantités de déchet (millions de tonnes par an), souvent sous forme de boue à cause de la forte teneur en eau et en argile. Ces boues liquides sont problématiques car elles se consolident très lentement : elles limitent la réhabilitation des parcs à résidus où elles sont stockées et augmentent le risque de rupture des barrages entourant les parcs à résidus (coulée de boue). Améliorer l'assèchement des boues minières est nécessaire afin d'augmenter la stabilité des parcs à résidus et de recycler l'eau contenue dans la boue. La solution proposée dans cette thèse consiste à insérer des géocomposites de drainage (GCP) dans les parcs à résidus afin de permettre à l'eau contenue dans la boue de s'évacuer. Pour mobiliser l'eau dans ces boues à faible conductivité hydraulique, deux phénomènes ont été investigués : la consolidation des boues sous contrainte mécanique et la migration de l'eau par électro-osmose (EO). Afin d'attester de la faisabilité d'appliquer ces 2 phénomènes avec des GCP, chacune des fonctions des GCP a été évaluée : les fonctions de base (filtration et drainage) pour provoquer l'asséchement mécanique et une nouvelle fonction de conduction électrique pour appliquer l'EO.La filtration de boue par géotextile (GTX) a été investiguée car contrairement à la filtration de sol, elle demeurait peu décrite dans la littérature et semblait délicate à cause de l'argilosité de la boue. Des tests de filtration sous pression ont permis de tester 8 GTX avec une même boue argileuse, puis 8 boues de granularités différentes avec un même GTX. Les résultats indiquent que les GTX n'ont un impact qu'au début de la filtration : ils retiennent les particules les plus grossières ce qui induit la formation d'un gâteau de filtration qui devient rapidement l'élément filtrant, le GTX n'est alors plus qu'un support. Une même boue filtrée par 8 GTX différents conduit à un même assèchement alors que les 8 boues différentes filtrées avec un même GTX conduisent à 8 assèchements différents : l'assèchement final est contrôlé par la composition de la boue et est totalement indépendant du GTX utilisé. Ces essais de filtration ont permis d'évaluer l'assèchement mécanique des boues : la pression appliquée (50kPa) conduit à l'expulsion de l'eau libre, alors que l'eau liée reste dans la boue. Cela est dû aux différents niveaux de liaison de l'eau dans la boue : l'eau liée ne peut être extraite mécaniquement. Ainsi les fonctions de base des GCP provoquent un asséchement mécanique du à l'augmentation de la contrainte lors du remplissage des parcs à résidus. En revanche, l'asséchement mécanique est limité à l'extraction de l'eau libre ; il est apparu essentiel de proposer un nouveau moteur pour extraire l'eau liée.La principale innovation de ce travail est l'ajout d'une nouvelle fonction au GCP : l'ajout d'éléments conducteurs dans les GCP permet d'appliquer l'EO dans les boues. Ce phénomène permet de mobiliser une partie de l'eau liée en imposant un courant électrique. Des prototypes de GCP électrocinétique (eGCP) ont été développés et testés dans un dispositif expérimental dédié. Les résultats montrent que la filtration et la conduction électrique sont assurées efficacement par les eGCP disposés de part et d'autre de la boue. La boue testée est issue des sables bitumineux (FFT) et est très problématique car sa consolidation est extrêmement lente. Les résultats obtenus sont très encourageants : la phase mécanique porte la siccité de la boue de 45% à 61%, puis l'EO permet d'atteindre une siccité de 77% et une résistance au cisaillement de 77 kPa, alors que la réglementation exige d'atteindre 10 kPa.Pour conclure, les différentes expérimentations montrent que les boues minières peuvent être asséchées par des GCP en cumulant les effets de la compression mécanique, grâce aux fonctions classiques des GCP et de l'EO grâce à l'ajout d'une nouvelle fonction de conduction électrique. Cette solution a fait l'objet d'un brevet / A host of mining practices produces huge quantity of fine-grained mineral sludges whose disposal in ponds is often challenging. The key problem caused by these sludges is their very poor geotechnical properties, which are caused by their high water and clay content. These sludges are hard to dewater because of their low hydraulic conductivity. Dewatering sludges to increase its shear strength and reduce the volume of material to be contained thus represents a preferred path to reduce the risk of pond's failure, reduce the pond's footprint, and maximize water recycling. To dewater mining sludges, the solution foreseen in this PhD is to intercalate some geocomposites (GCPs) layers within the sludge-disposal area to create draining horizons to permit mechanical dewatering and to apply electro-osmosis (EO) across sludges layers to induce water migration. To evaluate the efficiency of GCPs at enhancing sludges dewatering by both of these phenomena, the different functions of GCPs (filtration, drainage, and electric conduction) were experimentally investigated during this PhD.To study sludge filtration by geotextile (GTX), pressure filtration tests were used to filter 8 different high-clay-content sludges with 8 different nonwoven GTXs. Only a few studies have considered the filtration of sludge by GTXs. The sludges were formulated by mixing kaolinite and silt to obtain 8 different grain-size distributions. The results indicate that sludges can be filtered with nonwoven GTXs selected on the basis of their pore-opening size. In addition, only during the early stage of filtration GTXs really influence filtering because it is at this stage that, by retaining coarser particles, they allow progressive formation of filter cake. Upon forming, the filter cake becomes the major contributor to particle retention. The sludge composition is found to be the most significant factor affecting the final state of dewatering. In other words, the GTX does not control the final dewatering; the sludge itself controls the final solid content. These filtration tests showed that mechanical dewatering is effective for removing free water, but bounded water remains in the sludge because of the high bonding forces between water and solid matter. Facing this limitation of mechanical dewatering, a new way to extract bounded water had to be proposed.The main innovation brought by this PhD concerns the addition of a new function to GCP, by adding conductive elements into the GCP to apply EO in the sludge. Electro-osmosis (EO) forces water to migrate from anode to cathode and is sufficient to remove a significant portion of bounded water that cannot be removed by mechanical dewatering. Some prototypes of electro-kinetics GCP (eGCP) were developed, and tested in a new laboratory setup. This experimental device was developed to evaluate simultaneously the different functions of eGCPs, namely, drainage or filtration and electrical conductivity. It has the particularity that it uses eGCPs as both a draining medium and electrode. The results show that fluid fine tailings (FFTs), a particularly hard to dewater sludge from oil-sand exploitation, are significantly dewatered by the combination of normal stress compression, and then EO treatment: the FFT solids content increased from 45% to 61% during the compression phase and to 77% during the EO phase. The applied treatment led to a significant consolidation of the FFT: shear strength increased from zero to about 77 kPa which is significantly greater than the 10 kPa required by government regulations.To conclude, eGCPs can drain water expulsed during sludge consolidation in response to the filling of the disposal area, thanks to the classical function of GCP, as well as impose a voltage across FFT to displace water by electro-osmosis from anode to cathode, thanks to conductive elements embedded in eGCP. This solution was patented at the end of the PhD.

L'électrodialyse peut être utilisée pour traiter des effluents salins contenant de la matière organique. La compréhension des mécanismes de transfert (eau, ions, espèces organiques) à travers les membranes échangeuses d'ions et particulièrement l'influence de la composition ionique est un point clé vis-à-vis des performances du procédé. L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude du transfert et la relation avec les performances de dessalement. Les nombres d'hydratation des ions sont tout d'abord calculés à partir des mesures du transfert des ions et de l'eau. Ils sont indépendants du courant et de la composition saline. La comparaison avec des valeurs de la littérature montre que les membranes ont peu d'effet sur l'hydratation des ions. Le transfert d'espèces organiques est ensuite étudié pour différentes compositions salines. Outre la diffusion, une contribution additionnelle est mise en évidence (convection pour les espèces neutres, migration pour les espèces chargées). Pour les espèces neutres, diffusion et convection sont du même ordre de grandeur et fixées par l'effet stérique. Des tendances inverses sont obtenues concernant l'hydratation des ions, la diffusion étant limitée par les modifications des membranes, la convection étant limitée par l'hydratation des espèces organiques en solution. Pour les espèces chargées, la migration domine la diffusion, les deux contributions étant influencées par la présence de sel. Les performances de dessalement sont enfin discutées sur la base d'un modèle phénoménologique à 4 paramètres liés au transfert de l'eau, des ions et des espèces organiques. La robustesse du modèle est validée pour différentes conditions. Ce travail montre que l'électrodialyse est une technologie très prometteuse pour le dessalement d'effluents contenant de la matière organique. / Electrodialysis can be used to treat saline water containing organic solute, separating organic solutes from salt. The understanding of salt, water and organic solute transfer through ion- exchange membranes and especially the influence of salt composition is a key factor regarding the process performances. The aim of the Thesis is to investigate the mass transfer and the relationship with the desalination performance. Firstly, hydration numbers of individual ion transferring through the membranes are computed based on experimental measurements of ion- water flux. They are independent from the salt compositions and current. Comparison with literatures values shows that the membranes have a weak influence on the ion hydration. Secondly, the transfer of different organic solutes is investigated with different salt compositions. Two contributions are pointed out, diffusion and additional one (convection for neutral solute, migration for charged one). For neutral solutes, diffusion and convection are comparable and both fixed by steric effect. Ion hydration leads to reversed trend for diffusion due to membrane swelling and convection due to solute dehydration. For charged solute, migration is more important than diffusion, both being influenced by the presence of salt. Then, desalination performance is discussed based on a phenomenological model, consisting of 4 parameters, related to ion, water and organic solute transfer respectively. The robustness of the model is demonstrated for different conditions. This work shows that electrodialysis can be a very promising process for the desalination of saline water containing organic solutes.

Thermally developing, electro-osmotically generated flow has been analyzed for a circular microtube under imposed constant wall temperature (CWT) and constant wall heat flux (CHF) boundary conditions. Established by a voltage potential gradient along the length of the microtube, the hydrodynamics of such a flow dictate either a slug flow velocity profile (under conditions of large tube radius-to-Debye length ratio, a/lambda_d) or a family of electro-osmotic flow (EOF) velocity profiles that depend on a/lambda_d. The imposed voltage gradient results in Joule heating in the fluid with an associated volumetric source of energy. For this scenario coupled with a slug flow velocity profile, the analytical solution for the fluid temperature development has been determined for both thermal boundary conditions. The local Nusselt number for the CHF boundary condition is shown to reduce to the classical slug flow thermal development for imposed constant wall heat flux, and is independent of Joule heating source magnitude. For the CWT boundary condition, a local minimum in the streamwise variation in local Nusselt number for moderate positive dimensionless inlet temperature is predicted. For negative dimensionless inlet temperature, which arises if the fluid entrance temperature is below the tube wall temperature, the fluid is initially heated, then cooled, resulting in a singularity in the local Nusselt number at the axial location of the heating/cooling transition. The thermal development length is considerably larger than for traditional pressure-driven flow heat transfer, and is a function of the magnitudes of Peclet number and dimensionless inlet temperature. For the EOF velocity profile scenario, numerical techniques were used to predict the fluid temperature development for both wall boundary conditions by utilizing a finite control volume approach. In addition to Joule heating as an energy source, viscous dissipation is also considered. The results predict that for decreasing a/lambda_d, the local Nusselt number decreases for all axial positions and the thermal development shortens for both wall boundary conditions. Viscous dissipation has significant effect only at intermediate values of a/lambda_d. Results predict local Nusselt numbers to increase for a CWT boundary condition and to decrease for an imposed constant wall heat flux with increasing viscous dissipation.

In this thesis, microelectrode arrays of micropumps have been designed, fabricated and characterized for transporting microfluid by AC electro-osmosis (ACEO). In particular, the 3D stepped electrode design which shows superior performance to others in literature is adopted for making micropumps, and the performance of such devices has been studied and explored. A novel fabrication process has also been developed in the work, realizing 3D stepped electrodes on a flexible substrate, which is suitable for biomedical use, for example glaucoma implant. There are three major contributions to ACEO pumping in the work. First, a novel design of 3D “T-shaped” discrete electrode arrays was made using PolyMUMPs® process. The breakthrough of this work was discretizing the continuous 3D stepped electrodes which were commonly seen in the past research. The “T-shaped” electrodes did not only create ACEO flows on the top surfaces of electrodes but also along the side walls between separated electrodes. Secondly, four 3D stepped electrode arrays were designed, fabricated and tested. It was found from the experiment that PolyMUMPs® ACEO electrodes usually required a higher driving voltage than gold electrodes for operation. It was also noticed that a simulation based on the modified model taking into account the surface oxide of electrodes showed a better agreement with the experimental results. It thus demonstrated the possibility that the surface oxide of electrodes had impact on fluidic pumping. This methodology could also be applied to metal electrodes with a native oxide layer such as titanium and aluminum. Thirdly, a prototype of the ACEO pump with 3D stepped electrode arrays was first time realized on a flexible substrate using Kapton polyimide sheets and packaged with PDMS encapsulants. Comprehensive experimental testing was also conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties as well as the pumping performance. The experimental findings indicated that this fabrication process was a promising method to create flexible ACEO pumps that can be used as medical implants and wearable devices. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-05-06 10:57:48.077

The developing flow field in a parallel plate microchannel, induced by wall motion, has been modeled numerically. This type of flow simulates the physical driving mechanism that exists in electro-osmotically generated flow with large channel diameter-to-Debye length ratios (Z). The physics of the flow field were compared between the moving wall model (MWM) and electro-osmotic flow (EOF) at Reynolds numbers of 1 and 1800, and Z > 2500. Also, Z-values between 50 and 500 were studied to investigate the accuracy of the MWM. Results show that for Z-values greater than 100 the MWM shows good agreement with EOF. The dynamics of the developing flow field for the MWM were explored for channel length-to-hydraulic diameter ratios (aspect ratio) of 5, 10, 20 and 40 at ten Reynolds numbers, Re (based on the wall velocity), below Re < 2000. The results show that far from the inlet the maximum fluid velocity occurs at the walls, as is expected, and the minimum velocity occurs at the channel center. Near the channel inlet, however, the centerline velocity is not a minimum but reaches a local maximum due to a resulting pressure imbalance generated by the wall motion. As the aspect ratio increases, the centerline velocity tends to approach the wall velocity far downstream from the inlet. Increases in the Reynolds number have the opposite effect on the centerline velocity. The hydrodynamic developing region, defined by that section of the channel where the wall shear stress is changing, also depends on the channel aspect ratio and Re, and is greater than the developing region for classical pressure-driven flow of a parallel plate channel. Also, the flow field physics was analyzed for a process called electro-mobility focusing (EMF). EMF is a process that separates and detects species of like charge with the use of electro-phoresis and EOF utilizing a varying voltage gradient. The velocity distribution and the effective diffusion were solved for analytically, for both a linear and non-linear voltage gradient, using the MWM and the creeping flow approximations. The resulting equations aid in optimizing the detection system by forcing the lowest effective diffusion (uniform velocity profile) to the detection location.

Algorithms and simulators comprised of SPICE3 as a circuit level simulator and two device simulators EOFLOW and PROPHET for accurate simulation of new types of devices are presented in this thesis. An integration of EOFLOW with SPICE3 creates a capability for efficient simulation of a system containing interconnected electroosmotic flow channels together with control electronics. Using this simulator, an accurate simulation of a complex interconnection of channels has been performed. In addition, various flow control schemes have been evaluated for their effectiveness. Coupling of PROPHET and SPTCE3 allows for the simulation of accurate semiconductor device models. This capability is necessary for critical RF and analog applications. The coupled SPICE3-HB-PROPHET simulator incorporates the harmonic balance algorithm for large-signal frequency domain analysis. Applications of this analysis are demonstrated in the noise coupling between devices sharing the same silicon substrate. / Graduation date: 2003

The present work is aimed at investigating the mechanisms of nanowire growth from aqueous solutions through a physical and chemical modeling. Based on this modeling, deriving an optimized process control is intended. The work considers two methods of nanowire growth. The first is the dielectrophoretic nanowire assembly from neutral molecules or metal clusters. Secondly, in the directed electrochemical nanowire assembly metal-containing ions are reduced in an AC electric field in the vicinity of the nanowire tip and afterwards deposited at the nanowire surface. To describe the transport and growth processes, continuum models are employed. Furthermore, it has been necessary to consider electro-kinetic fluid flows to match the experimental observations. The occurring partial differential equations are solved numerically by means of finite element method (FEM). The effect of the process parameters on the nanowire growth are analyzed by comparing experimental results to a parameter study. The evaluation has yielded that an AC electro-osmotic fluid flow has a major influence on the dielectrophoretic nanowire assembly regarding the growth velocity and morphology. In the case of directed electrochemical nanowire assembly, the nanowire morphology can be controlled by the applied AC signal shape. Based on the nanowire growth model, an optimized AC signal has been designed, whose parametrization allows to adjust to the chemical precursor and the desired nanowire diameter. / Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, mittels physikalischer und chemischer Modelle die Mechanismen des Nanodrahtwachstums aus wässrigen Lösungen zu erforschen und daraus eine optimierte Prozesskontrolle abzuleiten. Dabei werden zwei Verfahren des Nanodrahtwachstums näher betrachtet: Dies sind die dielektrophoretische Assemblierung von neutralen Molekülen oder Metallclustern sowie die gerichtete elektrochemische Nanodrahtabscheidung (engl. directed electrochemical nanowire assembly), bei der metallhaltige Ionen im elektrischen Wechselfeld an der Nanodrahtspitze zunächst reduziert und anschließend als Metallatome abgeschieden werden. Zur Beschreibung der Transport- und Wachstumsprozesse werden Kontinuumsmodelle eingesetzt. Darüber hinaus hat es sich als notwendig erwiesen, elektrokinetische Fluidströmungen zu berücksichtigen, um die experimentellen Beobachtungen zu reproduzieren. Die auftretenden partiellen Differenzialgleichungen werden mittels der Finiten Elemente Methode (FEM) numerisch gelöst. Die Auswirkungen der Prozessparameter auf das Nanodrahtwachstum werden durch den Vergleich von experimentellen Ergebnissen mit Parameterstudien analysiert. Die Auswertung hat ergeben, dass für das dielektrophoretische Wachstum ein durch Wechselfeldelektroosmose (engl. AC electro-osmosis) angetriebener Fluidstrom die Drahtwachstumsgeschwindigkeit und -morphologie maßgeblich beeinflusst. Im Falle der gerichteten elektrochemischen Nanodrahtabscheidung lässt sich die Drahtmorphologie über das angelegte elektrische Wechselsignal steuern. Unter Verwendung des Wachstumsmodells ist ein optimiertes Signal generiert worden, dessen Parametrisierung eine gezielte Anpassung auf den chemischen Ausgangsstoff und den gewünschten Drahtdurchmesser erlaubt.

Cette thèse porte sur le développement d’un capteur plasmonique intégrant une fonction d’actuation des objets visés. L’objectif est de passer outre la limite de diffusion rencontrée à basse concentration en piégeant les particules sur la surface de détection. La stratégie adoptée est de structurer le film d’or servant à la détection de manière à pouvoir l’utiliser pour mettre en mouvement le fluide et les molécules par le biais de champs électriques. Le transfert de masse est réalisé par diélectrophorèse et électroosmose, deux effets électrocinétiques mis en oeuvre par des électrodes servant à la fois d’actuateur et de capteur plasmonique. Un état de l’art exhaustif et des simulations multiphysiques ont permis de concevoir un prototype de capteur intégré constitué d’électrodes interdigitées en or permettant la détection plasmonique. Le dispositif proposé a été obtenu par microfabrication en salle blanche puis caractérisé avant l’étude de ses performances. Une première phase de tests sur un système modèle, des billes de polystyrène dans de l’eau, a permis d’apporter la preuve de concept du fonctionnement du capteur, qui est effectivement capable de piéger rapidement les objets visés à sa surface afin de les détecter. Les mécanismes de transfert de masse ont été expliqués et la preuve de l’amélioration de la limite de détection par un facteur supérieur à 100 a été apportée. Dans un second temps, les performances du capteur appliqué à des objets biologiques ont été évaluées. Celui-ci piège efficacement des levures et des protéines, mais aucune amélioration n’a été observée dans le cas de la détection spécifique de l’hybridation entre deux brins d’acide désoxyribonucléique (ADN). Les causes de ce résultat ont été discutées et comprises et deux solutions différentes ont été explorées : l’adaptation de la fréquence d’opération et l’optimisation de la géométrie des électrodes. Ainsi, cette étude a permis de souligner la problématique de la mise en oeuvre d’effets électrocinétiques dans des milieux biologiques et de réfléchir aux pistes pertinentes pour sa résolution. / This thesis focuses on the development of an integrated plasmonic sensor capable to perform mass transport on targeted objects. The goal is to overcome the diffusion limit by trapping particules directly on the sensing surface. The adopted strategy was to structure the gold layer used for plasmonic detection in order to use the sofabricated structures to set the fluid and the molecules in motion by applying electric fields in the fluid. The mass transfer is realized through dielectrophoresis and electroosmosis, those two electrokinetic effects being operated by electrodes acting as sensor and actuator at the same time. An exhaustive state of the art as well as multiphysical simulations allowed us for designing a prototype for an integrated sensor consisting in gold interdigitated electrodes enabling plasmoninc sensing. The proposed device was obtained through microfabrication in clean room facilities and was characterized before the study of its performances. A first sequence of tests on a model system – polystyrene microbeads in water – brought the proof of concept we needed to validate the correct operation of the sensor, which is indeed capable of quickly trapping targeted objects on its surface and detecting them. The mass transfer mechanisms were explained and we showed the enhancement of the limit of detection by a factor greater than 100. In a second phase, performances of the sensor applied to biological objects were evaluated. It can effectively trap yeasts and proteins but no enhancement has been observed while detecting DNA hybridization events. Causes for this result were discussed and understood and two different solutions were explored: the adaptation of the operating frequency and the optimization of the electrodes geometry. Thus, this study highlighted the problematic of operating electrokinetic effects in biological media and suggested relevant leads towards its resolution.

The present work is aimed at investigating the mechanisms of nanowire growth from aqueous solutions through a physical and chemical modeling. Based on this modeling, deriving an optimized process control is intended. The work considers two methods of nanowire growth. The first is the dielectrophoretic nanowire assembly from neutral molecules or metal clusters. Secondly, in the directed electrochemical nanowire assembly metal-containing ions are reduced in an AC electric field in the vicinity of the nanowire tip and afterwards deposited at the nanowire surface. To describe the transport and growth processes, continuum models are employed. Furthermore, it has been necessary to consider electro-kinetic fluid flows to match the experimental observations. The occurring partial differential equations are solved numerically by means of finite element method (FEM). The effect of the process parameters on the nanowire growth are analyzed by comparing experimental results to a parameter study. The evaluation has yielded that an AC electro-osmotic fluid flow has a major influence on the dielectrophoretic nanowire assembly regarding the growth velocity and morphology. In the case of directed electrochemical nanowire assembly, the nanowire morphology can be controlled by the applied AC signal shape. Based on the nanowire growth model, an optimized AC signal has been designed, whose parametrization allows to adjust to the chemical precursor and the desired nanowire diameter. / Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, mittels physikalischer und chemischer Modelle die Mechanismen des Nanodrahtwachstums aus wässrigen Lösungen zu erforschen und daraus eine optimierte Prozesskontrolle abzuleiten. Dabei werden zwei Verfahren des Nanodrahtwachstums näher betrachtet: Dies sind die dielektrophoretische Assemblierung von neutralen Molekülen oder Metallclustern sowie die gerichtete elektrochemische Nanodrahtabscheidung (engl. directed electrochemical nanowire assembly), bei der metallhaltige Ionen im elektrischen Wechselfeld an der Nanodrahtspitze zunächst reduziert und anschließend als Metallatome abgeschieden werden. Zur Beschreibung der Transport- und Wachstumsprozesse werden Kontinuumsmodelle eingesetzt. Darüber hinaus hat es sich als notwendig erwiesen, elektrokinetische Fluidströmungen zu berücksichtigen, um die experimentellen Beobachtungen zu reproduzieren. Die auftretenden partiellen Differenzialgleichungen werden mittels der Finiten Elemente Methode (FEM) numerisch gelöst. Die Auswirkungen der Prozessparameter auf das Nanodrahtwachstum werden durch den Vergleich von experimentellen Ergebnissen mit Parameterstudien analysiert. Die Auswertung hat ergeben, dass für das dielektrophoretische Wachstum ein durch Wechselfeldelektroosmose (engl. AC electro-osmosis) angetriebener Fluidstrom die Drahtwachstumsgeschwindigkeit und -morphologie maßgeblich beeinflusst. Im Falle der gerichteten elektrochemischen Nanodrahtabscheidung lässt sich die Drahtmorphologie über das angelegte elektrische Wechselsignal steuern. Unter Verwendung des Wachstumsmodells ist ein optimiertes Signal generiert worden, dessen Parametrisierung eine gezielte Anpassung auf den chemischen Ausgangsstoff und den gewünschten Drahtdurchmesser erlaubt.