Non-invasive electrical imaging of the heart aims to quantitatively reconstruct information about the electrical activity of the heart from multiple thoracic ECG signals. The computational framework required to produce such electrical images of the heart from non-invasive torso surface signals is presented. It is shown reliable electrical images of the heart can be obtained under a controlled environment. This has been demonstrated using an anatomically realistic boundary element porcine torso model. The procedures required to create a subject specific model using a small number of control points and to create a specific heart model from three-dimensional ultrasound images using a linear fitting procedure are presented. From discrete ECG electrodes a continuous representation of the potential field over the entire torso surface can also be produced using this linear fitting procedure. The construction of the transfer matrices for the two predominant electrocardiographic sources (epicardial potentials and myocardial activation times) are described in detail. The transfer matrices are used to compute activation times within the heart and epicardial potentials on the heart surface. Myocardial activation times are computed using an algorithm based on the Critical Point Theorem while epicardial potentials are computed using standard Tikhonov and Truncated SVD spatially regularised methods as well as Greensite's spatial and temporal regularisation method. The regularisation parameters for the epicardial potentials are determined using a variety of methods (e.g., CRESO criterion, L-curve, zero-crossing). The potential and activation based formulations are compared in a comprehensive inverse simulation study. To try and capture the dynamic and variable nature of cardiac electrical activity, the study is performed with three different types of cardiac sources with a realistic porcine model. These simulations investigate the effect on the computed solutions of individual and combinations of modelling errors. These errors include corruption in the torso surface signals, changes in material properties and geometric distortion. In general, the activation based formulation is preferred over the epicardial potential formulations, with Greensite's method found to be the best method for reconstructing epicardial potentials. Under optimal conditions, the activation approach could reconstruct the activation times to within RMS. Both potential and activation based formulations were found to be relatively insensitive to changes in material properties such as lung conductivities and activation function shapes. When examining individual errors, the geometry and positions of the torso and heart had the greatest effects on the inverse solutions. The relative heart position needed to be determined to within to obtain results within of the solutions obtained under control conditions. When the modelling errors are combined to produce errors which can be expected in a clinical or experimental situation the activation based solutions were consistently more accurate than potential based solutions. The next necessary step in this project is the detailed validation of the results against in-vivo data. This step is necessary before such algorithms can be reliably used to aid in the assessment of heart function in a clinical environment.

Κατά τη διάρκεια των δύο τελευταίων δεκαετιών, στο χώρο της τεχνολογίας έχουν αναπτυχθεί δίαφορα ενσωματωμένα συστήματα λήψης σημάτων φυσιολογίας, ικανά να καταγράφουν σύνθετα σήματα για πάνω απο 48 ώρες. Η εξέλιξη αυτή βοήθησε ιδιαίτερα τον τομέα της βιοϊατρικής. Τέτοια ενσωματωμένα συστήματα χρησιμοποιούνται στις μελέτες ηλεκτροκαρδιογραφίας (ECG ή EKG) για τον εντοπισμό σποραδικών αρρυθμιών ή ανωμαλιών στη καρδιακή λειτουργία.Σήμερα τα καρδιακά σήματα καταγράφονται σε κάρτες μνήμης και μπορούν εύκολα να μεταφερθούν για ανάλυση και επεξεργασία. Η εξέλιξη της τεχνολογίας επιφέρει συνεχως αλλαγές και βελτιώσεις στις συσκευές καταγραφής ΗΚΓ, περιορίζοντας συνεχώς το μέγεθός τους και την κατανάλωσή τους σε ενέργεια. Στην εργασία αυτή θα παρουσιαστούν ενσωματωμένα συστήματα καταγραφής, αποθήκευσης και επεξεργασίας ηλεκτροκαρδιογραφικών σημάτων.Η εργασία αυτή χωρίζεται ουσιαστικά σε πέντε κομμάτια. Το πρώτο τμήμα ασχολείται με τη φυσιολογία της καρδιάς, με τη δομή ενός ηλεκτροκαρδιογράφου και τους τρόπους με τους οποίους μπορούμε να το λάβουμε από τα διάφορα σημεία του ανθρώπινου σώματος.Το επόμενο τμήμα αφορά τη χρήση και τις δυνατότητες των ενσωματωμένων συστημάτων και μικροελεγκτών δίνοντας μεγαλύτερη έμφαση στην παρουσίαση του μικροελεγκτή ADUC7026 και των περιφερειακών του. Επιπλέον συνοψίζονται κάποιες βασικές λειτουργίες προγραμματισμού και δυνατότητες που παρουσιάζει ο ADUC7026 της Analog Devices και παρουσιάζονται κάποιες βασικές εφαρμογές του.Το τρίτο τμήμα επικεντρώνεται στην ανάλυση κάποιων τεχνικών κατασκευής ψηφιακών συσκευών παρακολούθησης καρδιακού παλμού με τη χρήση πυκνωτικών ηλεκτροδίων. Η ανάλυση περιλαμβάνει, τα υλικά από τα οποία αποτελούνται, τα χαρακτηριστικά τους, την αποδοτικότητά τους στην αντιμετώπιση του θορύβου και μια γενικότερη αξιολόγησή τους.Το τέταρτο τμήμα ασχολείται με μια πιο προηγμένη τεχνική καταγραφής σήματος που πραγματοποιείται ασύρματα. Αναλύεται τόσο ο τρόπος κατασκεής ασύρματων συσκευών μέτρησης ΗΚΓ όσο και ο τρόπος χρήσης τους. Στη συνέχεια αυτού του κεφαλαίο δίνεται βάση στην ανάλυση του μικροελεγκτή MSP430FG439 της Olimex και στη χρήση του στη μέτρηση ΗΚΓ.Στο τελευταίο τμήμα δίνεται ο κώδικας προγραμματισμού του μικροελεγκτή MSP430 για την καταγραφή ηλεκτροκαρδιογραφήματος και μία σχετική επεξήγηση της λειτουργίας του. / During the last two decades there have been developed embedded systems, for the receive of physiology signals, that are able to record composite signals for more than 48 hours. This evolution plays a very important role in the field of biomedics. These embedded systems are used at research on electrocardiography (ECG) for the locating of sporadic cardiac arrhythmias, or abnormal heart function.Nowadays, cardiac signals are recorded on memory cards and can easily be transferred for analysis and processing. The technological evolution brings a lot of changes and improvements on the recording devices of ECG, reducing their size and the power they consume. At this thesis, embedded systems for recording, saving and processing ECG signals are presented. The thesis is divided into five sections. The first part deals with the physiology of the heart, the structure of the electrocardiograph and how we can receive it from different parts of the human body. The next section covers the use and potential of embedded systems and microcontrollers emphasizing on presentation of the microcontroller ADUC7026 and its peripherals. In addition, some basic programming functions are summarized and three basic applications of ADUC7026 of Analog Devices are presented. The third section focuses on analyzing methods of constructing digital devices for heartbeat monitoring with the use of capacitive electrodes. Constructive materials, features, efficiency in dealing with noise and a more general evaluation, are included in the analysis.The fourth section refers to a more advanced method of recording signals that has wireless function. The method of constructing wireless ECG recording devices and their usage are also analyzed here. In this section, microcontroller MSP430FG439 of Olimex is presented and there is a description about its use on ECG measurements.At the last section there is the programming code of MSP430 for ECG recording and a brief explanation of its function and purpose.

In response to the augmented haemodynamic load placed upon the heart by intense and prolonged exercise, various forms of physiological remodelling are elicited. The resultant cardiac structural, functional and electrical adaptations are coined the athlete’s heart. Due to the nature of the remodelling, in some cases these adaptations may however overlap with the diagnostic criteria for varying pathological conditions, often related to sudden cardiac death. Several variables are associated with the athlete’s heart including age, sex, sport, body size, and ethnicity. Ethnicity is of particular importance as athletes of an African/Afro-Caribbean ethnicity demonstrate a greater prevalence of abnormal changes suggestive of pathology. There is however paucity in the literature of the athlete’s heart among other ethnicities. For this reason Study 1 investigated the impact of Arabic ethnicity upon the structure, function and electrophysiology of the heart in male athletes. Study 1 identified that while Arabic athletes had larger hearts than Arabic controls, they had significantly smaller hearts than their Black and Caucasian athletic counterparts. While Black athletes had a significantly greater prevalence of training unrelated/abnormal ECG findings, Arabic and Caucasian both had similar levels of training unrelated/abnormal findings, suggesting the European Society of Cardiology guidelines for ECG interpretation in athletes are applicable for the ethnicity. Study 2 investigated another important facet of the athlete’s heart, which is body size. Study 2 identified that while there was a progressive relationship between body size and cardiac dimensions, the previously identified upper limits of cardiac structural remodelling were applicable even among those with a body surface area (BSA) over 2.3m2. Among the cohort of athletes with a BSA >2.3m2, Black athletes demonstrated significantly greater wall thickness’ than Caucasian and Arabic athletes. The second aspect to the thesis highlighted how the findings of Study 1 and 2 impact upon pre-participation screening. While debate still exists around the most effective methodology to screen for pathological cardiac conditions, several organisations mandate the use of the echocardiography alongside the resting 12-Lead ECG. Study 3 established that should echocardiography be limited to use as a follow up investigation, significant cost benefits could be elicited (47% reduction). The premise of this significant cost reduction was that no pathological case was identified by echocardiography in isolation. While still found to be useful in confirming pathology, significantly, in our study the investigation failed to identify two cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Study 4 investigated the implications of adopting modified ECG interpretation guidelines in light of the criticism that ECG screening should be avoided due to a high false positive rate. Utilising an ethnically diverse cohort, Study 4 demonstrated that using the ‘Refined’ criteria reduced the false positive rate from 22% when using the 2010 ESC guidelines to 5%. Importantly both criteria achieved 100% sensitivity, highlighting the importance of the ECG in cardiovascular screening.

Nos últimos 15 anos, o uso do propofol vem se popularizando na prática clínica como anestésico intravenoso para indução e manutenção da anestesia em cães e gatos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do propofol na pressão arterial, freqüência e ritmo cardíacos, quando empregado na indução e na manutenção anestésica de cães, verificar a correlação entre os valores de freqüência cardíaca e pressão arterial média, obtidos durante a indução e a manutenção anestésica e avaliar a incidência de efeitos colaterais deste fármaco. Foram utilizados 53 cães, 15 machos e 38 fêmeas, clinicamente sadios, com idades entre 1 e 12 anos, peso entre 2 e 44 kg, de diferentes raças, categoria de risco ASA 1 ? 2. Após avaliação clinica, foi administrada a medicação pré-anestésica (T0) constituída de acepromazina (0,05mg/kg) e meperidina (3mg/kg) pela via intramuscular. A indução da anestesia foi realizada em dois momentos, no primeiro momento infundiu-se metade da dose de propofol calculada (T1), no segundo momento procedeu-se o término da administração da dose total de indução da anestesia (T2), o terceiro momento correspondeu a intubação orotraqueal (T3). Durante a manutenção da anestesia, avaliou-se os momentos após 5 minutos de manutenção (T4), 10 minutos (T5) e 20 minutos (T6), onde o grupo 1 recebeu o agente inalatório isofluorano em O2 a 100% e o grupo 2 infusão contínua de propofol na dose de 0,6mg/kg/min e O2 a 100%, ambos os grupos permanecendo em plano anestésico adequado. Pode-se observar que a freqüência cardíaca foi, em média, superior durante o período de indução anestésica e a pressão arterial média foi, em média inferior, porém, clinicamente, a magnitude destas alterações pode ser considerada de pouca importância clínica. Não existiu correlação estatisticamente significante entre a queda da pressão arterial média e o aumento da freqüência cardíaca em nenhum dos tempos analisados, o que leva a crer que o aumento da freqüência cardíaca se deve provavelmente à diminuição da atividade parassimpática neural cardíaca e prevalência da atividade simpática cardíaca, e a diminuição da pressão arterial encontrada pode ser secundária à diminuição da atividade simpática periferia. A avaliar o ritmo cardíaco notou-se diminuição da incidência de bradiarritmias e arritmia sinusal e um aumento do ritmo sinusal, provavelmente pela diminuição da atividade parassinpática cardíaca. Tais observações sustentam a hipótese de que o propofol pode agir diferentemente na atividade simpática periférica e cardíaca também nos cães. Pode-se ainda levantar a hipótese de que a atividade barorreflexa também pode estar diminuída nos cães já que não houve correlação significante entre a diminuição da pressão arterial e o aumento subseqüente da freqüência cardíaca. Durante a manutenção da anestesia houve uma queda da pressão arterial, sem importância clinica e não houve alteração significante em relação a freqüência cardíaca. Foi possível observar excitação em apenas dois animais no momento T1 e um animal em T2. Apnéia foi observada em apenas oito animais (15,1%) sete no momento T3. Outros trabalhos utilizando-se medidas da atividade barorreceptora, análise espectral da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca, neuromicrografia ou até mesmo medida do clearence de norepinefrina para melhor avaliação da atividade simpática de cães durante a anestesia ainda devem ser realizados para comprovação destas hipóteses fortemente sugestivas pelos dados encontrados neste estudo. O propofol demonstrou ser um fármaco seguro quando empregado na indução e na manutenção da anestesia em cães, não causando alterações cardiovasculares clinicamente importantes. / In the last 15 years, using propofol has being popular in the practical clinic as intravenous anesthetic for induction and maintenance of the anesthesia in dogs and cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of propofol in arterial pressure, cardiac frequency and rhythm, when used in the induction and in the anesthetical maintenance of dogs, to verify the correlation between values of cardiac frequency and average arterial pressure, taken during the induction and the anesthetical maintenance and to evaluate the incidence of side effects of this drug. Had been used 53 dogs, 15 males and 38 females, clinically healthy, with ages between 1 and 12 years, weight between 2 and 44 kg, from different breeds, ASA classification 1 - 2. After clinical evaluation, the anesthetical drug was administered (T0) consisting of acepromazine (0,05mg/kg) and meperidine (3mg/kg) through intramuscular injection. The induction of the anesthesia was carried through at two moments: at the first moment was administered half of the dose of propofol calculated (T1), at second moment was proceeded the ending of the administration of the total dose of induction of the anesthesia (T2); the third moment corresponded the orotracheal intubation (T3). During the maintenance of the anesthesia, were evaluated the moments after 5 minutes of maintenance (T4), 10 minutes (T5) and 20 minutes (T6), when group 1 received isofluorane inhalatory agent in 100% O2 and group 2 continuous infusion of propofol in the dose of 0,6mg/kg/min and 100% O2, both groups remaining in adequate anaesthetic stage. It can be observed that the cardiac frequency was, in average, superior during anesthetical induction period and the average arterial pressure was often inferior, however, clinically the magnitude of these alterations can be considered of little clinical importance. Statiscally significant correlation did not exist between the fall of the average arterial pressure and the increase of the cardiac frequency in none of the analyzed periods, leading to believe that the increase of the cardiac frequency is must probably due to the reduction of the cardiac parasympathetic neural activity and prevalence of the cardiac sympathetic activity, and the reduction of arterial pressure can be secondary to the reduction of the periphery sympathetic activity. Evaluating the cardiac rhythm noticed reduction of the incidence of low cardiac frequency and sinusal arrhythmia and an increase of the sinusal rhythm, probably due to the reduction of the cardiac parasympathetic activity. Such comments support the hypothesis that propofol can act differently in the peripheral and cardiac sympathetic activity also in dogs. The hypothesis that pressure-induced activity could be also decreased in dogs can be raised, since there was not significant correlation between the reduction of arterial pressure and the subsequent increase of cardiac frequency. During the maintenance of the anesthesia there was a fall of the arterial pressure, of no clinical importance and there was no cardiac frequency significant change. It was possible to observe excitement in only two animals at moment T1 and one animal in T2. Apnea was observed in only eight animals (15.1%) seven at moment T3. Other studies using measurement of the pressure-induced activity, spectral analysis of the variability of cardiac frequency, neuromicrography or even though norepinephrine clearance measurement for better evaluation of the sympathetic activity of dogs during the anesthesia still must be done to prove these strong suggestive hypotheses for the data found in this study. Propofol demonstrated to be a safe drug when used in the induction and the maintenance of the anesthesia in dogs, not causing important cardiovascular clinical changes.

This thesis deals with acquisition and wireless transmission of EKG from isolated heart. Basic of heart anatomy and physiology are discussed in thesis. Practical part of thesis covers the idea of ECG acqusition system design and development. Arduino platform is used for implementation of proposed device. Evaluation of ECG is performed in Matlab workspace.

The location of accessory pathways in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome patients is performed manually during open heart surgery at Groote Schuur Hospital, using a hand-held roving electrode. This manual procedure is slow and tedious, prolonging the operation and the time for which the patient remains on cardiac bypass. A multichannel electrogram acquisition and display system with a storage facility would significantly reduce the time taken and improve the reliability of locating the accessory pathways. Having considered a number of currently available cardiac mapping systems it was decided that a new system be developed for specific application within Groote Schuur Hospital. The main design goals of this system are to improve accuracy, increase reliability and enhance the speed of the entire mapping procedure with direct benefit to staff and patients. The system is based on an IBM compatible computer and allows for the acquisition of a maximum of thirty-two electrogram inputs. A typical configuration would acquire twenty epicardial, two references (one each from atrium and ventricle), one roving electrode and two surface lead signals. The epicardial signals are obtained from a custom-built electrode belt which is placed around the heart over the atrioventricular groove. The project includes the development of front-end hardware and software for processing, display and storage of electrogram signals. The relative activation times of the signals are displayed under software control in order to facilitate the location of any accessory pathway(s).

No description available.

Several systems of criteria have been offered for the electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy (1,6,7,8,11,13,14,16). None is completely satisfactory since one system errs in including too many normals and at the other end of the spectrum the other system excludes too many cases of anatomically proven left ventricular hypertrophy. However, a number of patients with proven left ventricular hypertrophy have normal electrocardiograms, or show nonspecific electrocardiographic abnormalities. It has been suggested that spatial vectrocardiogram, recorded utilizing a corrected lead system, may be more sensitive in detecting left ventricular hypertrophy than routine scalar electrocardiogram (1,3,12,15,21,28,29,30). The purpose of this study is to evaluate this contention and to establish reliable vectorcardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy.

by Leung Sze-wing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-84). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.II / ABSTRACT --- p.III / 摘要 --- p.V / CONTENTS --- p.VI / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Objectives --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Prevalence of Heart Diseases --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Importance of ECG Monitoring --- p.2 / Chapter 1.4 --- Wireless Electrode --- p.2 / Chapter 1.5 --- Analogue-to-Digital Converters --- p.3 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of Thesis --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Telemetry --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- "Definitions of ""Telemetry “" --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Advantages of Telemetry --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- History of Telemetry --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Special Considerations on Telemetry System --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Sigma-Delta Converter --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Conventional Digitizing Circuitry --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- "Single, Dual-Slope A/D Converters" --- p.13 / Single-Slope A/D Converter --- p.13 / Dual-Slope Converter --- p.75 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Successive Approximation (SAR) --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Flash Converters --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Sigma-Delta Converter --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Conclusion --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- WIRELESS ELECTRODE --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- """Single Electrode"" Measurement" --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- VSE (Virtual Single Electrode) --- p.21 / Concentric Electrode --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3 --- WE (Wireless Electrode) --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SIGMA-DELTA CONVERTER FOR ECG SIGNALS --- p.30 / Chapter 4.1 --- Motivations --- p.30 / Chapter 4.2 --- Baseband Application --- p.31 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Simulation Results --- p.31 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Experimental Results --- p.48 / Chapter 4.3 --- Wireless Application --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- General Description --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Simulation Results --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Scenario 1 (Analogue Decoding) --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Scenario II (Digital Decoding) --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.76 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK --- p.77 / Chapter 5.1 --- General Conclus ion --- p.77 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future Work --- p.78 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.79 / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.85

Wu, Kin Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-91). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 槪要 --- p.ii / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Outline of the Proposed Design --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Purposes of the Present Study --- p.2 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Background and Literature Review --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Electrocardiogram --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Conventional ECG Measurement --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- Heart Rate --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4 --- Heart Rate Variability --- p.9 / Chapter 2.5 --- Capacitive Sensing --- p.11 / Chapter 2.6 --- Review of ECG Monitoring System by Capacitive Sensing On a Sleeping Bed --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- System Design and Implementation --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- Hardware --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Bedsheet Sensor --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Pre-amplifier --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Measuring Device --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Power Supply & PCB Layout --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- Software --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Detection of R Waves --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Tracking of HR & Mean RR Intervals --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Estimation of Signal-to-Noise Ratios --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Preliminary Tests on the Functionality of the Proposed System --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1 --- Test I - Test on the Arrangement of Electrodes --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Methods --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Results --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2 --- Test II - Test on the ECG Measurement of Subjects in Different Sleeping Postures --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Methods --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Results --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Experiments on the Performance of Continuous Monitoring of ECG and HR --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1 --- Experiment I - Experiment on the Reliability of the Proposed System for Continuous Monitoring of ECG and HR on Thirty Subjects --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Methods --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Results --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2 --- Experiment II - Experiment on the Feasibility of the Proposed System for Continuous Monitoring of ECG and HR on a Subject During an Eight-hour Sleep --- p.75 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Materials --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Methods --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Results --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussions --- p.81 / Chapter 6.1 --- Selection of the Passband of the Proposed Circuit --- p.81 / Chapter 6.2 --- Arrangement of Electrodes on the Bedsheet --- p.82 / Chapter 6.3 --- Practical Design of Electrodes --- p.83 / Chapter 6.4 --- Performance of Continuous Monitoring of HR by Using the Proposed System --- p.84 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.86 / References --- p.88