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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
341

Mechanisms and implications of sodium loss in sweat during exercise in the heat for patients with cystic fibrosis and healthy individuals

Brown, Mary Beth 17 November 2009 (has links)
Our aim was to understand mechanisms responsible for excessive electrolyte loss in the sweat gland and the potential impact on fluid balance during exercise in heat stress conditions. Human physiological testing under exercise/heat stress and immunofluorescence staining of sweat glands from skin biopsies were compared between healthy individuals (with normal and high sweat sodium chloride concentration, [NaCl]) and with cystic fibrosis patients (CF), who exhibit excessively salty sweat due to a defect of Cl- channel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Three novel findings are presented. First, excessively salty sweat may be associated with reduced expression of CFTR in the sweat gland reabsorptive duct of healthy individuals in addition to in those with CF; however, although a link to a CF gene mutation in healthy individuals with high sweat [NaCl] was not demonstrated, the possibility of an undetected CFTR mutation or polymorphism remains to be investigated as an underlying mechanism. Two, CF and healthy individuals with excessively salty sweat respond to moderate dehydration (3% body weight loss during exercise) with an attenuated rise in serum osmolality, greater relative loss in plasma volume, but similar perceived thirst compared to healthy individuals with "normal" sweat [NaCl]. However, individuals with CF respond to rehydration with hypotonic beverage by drinking less ad libitum in response to reduced serum [NaCl], suggesting that thirst-guided fluid replacement may be more appropriate for this population rather than restoring 100% of sweat loss following dehydration as is often recommended in healthy individuals.
342

Dystocia in the bitch : epidemiology, aetiology and treatment /

Bergström, Annika, January 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
343

Synthesis and Fabrication of Graphene/Conducting Polymer/Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Materials for Supercapacitor Applications

Khawaja, Mohamad 01 January 2015 (has links)
The rising energy consumption worldwide is leading to significant increases in energy production with fossil fuels being the major energy source. The negative environmental impact of fossil fuel use and its finite nature requires the use of alternative sources of energy. Solar energy is a clean alternative energy source; however, its intermittent nature is a major impediment that needs to be reduced or eliminated by the development of cost effective energy storage. Thermal storage in tanks filled typically with molten salt at elevated temperatures is widely used in concentrating solar power plants to generate electricity during periods of low daytime solar radiation or night time. Similarly, electrical storage in batteries, etc. is used in conjunction with photovoltaic solar power plants. Electrochemical supercapacitors can be effectively used for electrical storage, either alone or in a hybrid configuration with batteries, for large scale energy storage as well as in electric vehicles and portable electronics. Unlike batteries’, supercapacitor electrodes can be made of materials that are either less toxic or biodegradable and can provide almost instantaneous power due to their unique charge storage mechanism similar to conventional capacitors found in most electronics. Unfortunately, the same storage mechanism prevents supercapacitors from having high energy density. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate organic and inorganic electrode materials that can increase the specific capacitance and energy density of supercapacitors. Additionally, certain types of supercapacitor electrode materials store the charges at the electrode/electrolyte interface preventing any deformation of the material and thus increasing its cycle life by two to three orders of magnitude. Transition metal oxides, layered transition metal chalcogenides, and their composites with graphene and conducting polymers have been synthesized, characterized, and their electrochemical performances evaluated for suitability as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. Morphology and crystalline structure characterization methods used, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), were used throughout this work. Electrochemical characterization involved cyclic voltammetry (CV), constant current charge and discharge (CCCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in two and three electrode configuration using aqueous and organic electrolytes. Ruthenium oxide-graphene (RuO2-G) electrodes were tested in the two-electrode cell configuration and exhibit an areal capacitance of 187.5 mF cm-2 in 2M H2SO4 at a RuO2:G ratio of 10:1. Due to RuO2 high toxicity, scarcity, and high cost, manganese oxide-graphene (MnO-G) was used as an alternative but its low specific capacitance remains a major stumbling block. The electrodes’ mass loading was studied in detail to understand the effects of thickness on the measured specific capacitance. Layered transition metal chalcogenides are structurally similar to graphene but possess different characteristics. Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) is a two-dimensional material that has lower conductivity than graphene but larger sheet spacing making it easy for other materials to intercalate and form composites such as molybdenum sulfide-polyaniline (MoS2-PANI). MoS2-PANI electrodes, with different thicknesses, were measure in a three-electrode cell configuration resulting in gravimetric capacitance of 203 F g-1 for the thinnest electrode and areal capacitance of 358 mF cm-2 for the thickest electrode; all measurements performed using 1M H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. Attempts were also made to reduce the supercapacitor self-discharge by depositing on the electrode a blocking thin layer of barium strontium titanate (BST). The results were rather inconclusive because of the large thickness of the deposited BST layer. However, they strongly suggest that a very thin BST layer could improve the overall capacitance because of the very large dielectric constant of the BST material. Additional work is required to determine its effects on self-discharge.
344

Ηλεκτροχημική ενίσχυση και συμπαραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και χρησίμων χημικών προϊόντων σε κυψελίδες στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη

Κωτσιονόπουλος, Νικόλαος 14 February 2008 (has links)
Οι στερεοί ηλεκτρολύτες μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως ενεργοί καταλυτικοί φορείς για την αντιστρεπτή μεταβολή της ενεργότητας καταλυτικών στρωμάτων (films) μετάλλων και μεταλλικών οξειδίων, κατόπιν πόλωσης του ηλεκτροδίου-καταλύτη και συνακόλουθης άντλησης ειδών-ενισχυτών από ή προς την καταλυτική επιφάνεια. Το φαινόμενο αυτό, το οποίο επιτρέπει τη ρύθμιση της καταλυτικής ενεργότητας in situ, είναι γνωστό στην βιβλιογραφία ως Ηλεκτροχημική Ενίσχυση (Electrochemical Promotion) ή Μη-Φαρανταϊκή Ηλεκτροχημική Τροποποίηση της Καταλυτικής Ενεργότητας (NEMCA effect), καθώς οι επαγόμενες μεταβολές στον καταλυτικό ρυθμό είναι δυνατό να υπερβαίνουν τον αντίστοιχο ρυθμό μεταφοράς ιόντων μέσα από τον στερεό ηλεκτρολύτη κατά αρκετές τάξεις μεγέθους. Στα πλαίσια του πρώτου μέρους της διατριβής αυτής παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα που αφορούν στη μελέτη της επίδρασης του φαινομένου της Ηλεκτροχημικής Ενίσχυσης στην αντίδραση οξείδωσης του προπανίου πάνω σε πορώδη καταλυτικά στρώματα Pt και Rh εναποτεθειμένα σε στερεό ηλεκτρολύτη YSZ, αγωγό ιόντων οξυγόνου, καθώς και πάνω σε πορώδες καταλυτικό στρώμα Pt, εναποτεθειμένο σε στερεό ηλεκτρολύτη β²-Al2O3, έναν αγωγό ιόντων Na+. Στην περίπτωση της οξείδωσης του προπανίου πάνω σε καταλυτικά στρώματα Rh/YSZ και Pt/YSZ, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα στη θερμοκρασιακή περιοχή 425 - 520οC, για υποστοιχειομετρικό λόγο οξυγόνου προς προπάνιο. Επιβολή είτε θετικών είτε αρνητικών ρευμάτων οδήγησε σε μη-φαρανταϊκή αύξηση του καταλυτικού ρυθμού, έως 6 φορές στην περίπτωση του Rh και έως 1350 φορές στην περίπτωση της Pt. Η επαγόμενη μεταβολή του καταλυτικού ρυθμού Δr βρέθηκε μεγαλύτερη από τον αντίστοιχο ηλεκτροχημικό ρυθμό μεταφοράς I/2F ιόντων οξυγόνου κατά 2330 φορές στην περίπτωση του καταλύτη Pt και κατά 830 φορές στην περίπτωση του καταλύτη Rh. Η αύξηση του ρυθμού που παρατηρήθηκε στην περίπτωση καταλύτη Pt είναι από τις υψηλότερες που έχουν αναφερθεί σε μελέτες Ηλεκτροχημικής Ενίσχυσης με χρήση στερεών ηλεκτρολυτών αγωγών ιόντων οξυγόνου. Στην περίπτωση της οξείδωσης του προπανίου πάνω σε καταλυτικό στρώμα Pt/ β²-Al2O3, έγιναν πειράματα στην θερμοκρασιακή περιοχή 320-440 οC και για στοιχειομετρικό λόγο οξυγόνου προς προπάνιο. Το σύστημα παρουσίασε ηλεκτρόφοβη συμπεριφορά, δηλαδή επιβολή αρνητικού δυναμικού και συνακόλουθη προσθήκη νατρίου στην καταλυτική επιφάνεια οδήγησε σε μείωση του ρυθμού παραγωγής CO2. Παρατηρήθηκαν σχετικές μεταβολές του καταλυτικό ρυθμού έως και 60 φορές μεγαλύτερες από την αντίστοιχη μεταβολή της κάλυψης του νατρίου. Επιπλέον, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα γραμμικής σάρωσης δυναμικών και κυκλικής βολταμμετρίας στη θερμοκρασιακή περιοχή 320 – 480 οC, κάτω από συνθήκες ηλεκτροχημικής ενίσχυσης οξείδωσης του προπανίου, αλλά και κάτω από ατμόσφαιρες Ο2, CO2 και προπανίου σε Ηe όπου και παρατηρήθηκαν περισσότερες της μιας κορυφές. Ο αριθμός, η θέση και το ύψος των κορυφών αυτών, βρέθηκε ότι εξαρτώνται από τη σύσταση της αέριας φάσης, τη θερμοκρασία, το δυναμικό εκκίνησης και την κατάσταση του καταλύτη πριν από τη σάρωση. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι σχηματίζονται περισσότερες της μιας φάσεις νατρίου πάνω στην καταλυτική επιφάνεια Pt κατά την ηλεκτροχημική μεταφορά ιόντων νατρίου προς αυτή. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό συζητούνται οι πιθανές ηλεκτροχημικές αντιδράσεις που περιλαμβάνουν είδη νατρίου και η ταυτότητα των σχηματιζόμενων ειδών νατρίου. Τα αποτελέσματα του πρώτου μέρους της διατριβής εξηγήθηκαν με βάση τις γενικές αρχές του φαινομένου της Ηλεκτροχημικής Ενίσχυσης, λαμβανομένου υπόψη του μηχανισμού της αντίδρασης και της επίδρασης της μεταβολής του δυναμικού και του έργου εξόδου της καταλυτικής επιφάνειας πάνω στην ισχύ των δεσμών χημορόφησης και στην οξειδωτική κατάσταση του καταλύτη. Στο δεύτερο τμήμα της διατριβής εξετάζονται μια σειρά από καθοδικά περοβσκιτικά ηλεκτρόδια με άμεσο στόχο την διερεύνηση της ηλεκτροκαταλυτικής τους ενεργότητας για την αναγωγή του οξυγόνου στο θερμοκρασιακό εύρος 600-850 οC. Δοκιμάστηκαν συνολικά τέσσερα περοβσκιτικά καθοδικά ηλεκτρόδια από τα οποία το ένα ήταν σύνθετο ηλεκτρόδιο (LSM(La0.65Sr0.3MnO3)-ZrO2(Y2O3)) και τα υπόλοιπα τρία L58SCF (La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ), LS2F (La0.9Sr1.1FeO4-δ) και L78SCF (La0.78Sr0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ) μικτής ηλεκτρονιακής-ιοντικής αγωγιμότητας. Προκειμένου να γίνει η σύγκριση της ηλεκτροκαταλυτικής ενεργότητας των καθόδων σε συνθήκες που να προσομοιώνουν τη λειτουργία τους σε κελιά καυσίμου, έγινε σύγκριση σε διαφορετικές θερμοκρασίες των πυκνοτήτων ρεύματος i που αντιστοιχούν στην ίδια υπέρταση, σε ένα εκτεταμένο εύρος καθοδικών υπερτάσεων. Η σειρά ηλεκτροκαταλυτικής ενεργότητας βρέθηκε ότι αυξάνει σύμφωνα με τη σειρά: LS2F/CGO/YSZ£ LSM/LSMSZ/CGO/YSZ<L58SCF/CGO/YSZ<L78SCF/CGO<YSZ. Η σειρά αυτή επιβεβαιώθηκε και από φάσματα σύνθετης αντίστασης σε συνθήκες ανοιχτού κυκλώματος. Στη συνέχεια της διατριβής, έγινε μελέτη της λειτουργίας κυψελίδος καυσίμου L58SCF-CGO (κάθοδος)/CGO/YSZ/Ni (1% at Au)-YSZ (άνοδος) με καύσιμο προπάνιο υπό συνθήκες εσωτερικής αναμόρφωσης του καυσίμου (συντροφοδοσία προπανίου με υδρατμό). Σαν κάθοδος χρησιμοποιήθηκε το σύνθετης αγωγιμότητας ηλεκτρόδιο L58SCF-CGO το οποίο στην παρούσα διατριβή βρέθηκε ότι έχει πολύ καλή ηλεκτροκαταλυτική ενεργότητα για την αναγωγή του οξυγόνου. Ως άνοδος χρησιμοποιήθηκε το state of the art ηλεκτρόδιο Ni-YSZ με προσθήκη μιας μικρής ποσότητας Au (1% at Au), με σκοπό την μείωση της ποσότητας του άνθρακα στην καταλυτική επιφάνεια. Τα πειράματα πραγματοποιήθηκαν στο θερμοκρασιακό εύρος 600-750 οC, στην περιοχή δηλαδή ενδιάμεσων θερμοκρασιών στην οποία εστιάζεται σήμερα το μεγαλύτερο ερευνητικό ενδιαφέρον και σε στοιχειομετρικό λόγο υδρατμού προς προπάνιο, βασισμένο στη συνολική αντίδραση αναμόρφωσης του προπανίου από υδρατμό. Τα κύρια προϊόντα της αντίδρασης αναμόρφωσης ήταν τα H2, CO, CO2 και CH4 με το Η2 και το CO να ευνοούνται ισχυρά με την αύξηση της θερμοκρασίας. Η μέγιστη ισχύς στους 750 οC βρέθηκε ίση με 34.3 mW/cm2 με αντίστοιχη πυκνότητα ρεύματος ίση με i = 100 mA cm-2. Η ισχύς αυτή είναι αρκετά ικανοποιητική δεδομένου του μεγάλου πάχους του στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη (0.5 mm). Το σύστημα επέδειξε εξαιρετική σταθερότητα κατά τη διάρκεια των μετρήσεων κάτι που επιβεβαιώθηκε και μέσα από ένα πείραμα σταθερότητας στους 800 oC διάρκειας 100 ωρών. / The current study consists of two parts. In the first part, the effect of electrochemical promotion (EP) or non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity (NEMCA) was studied, in the catalytic reaction of the total oxidation of propane on Pt and Rh films deposited on Y2O3-stabilized-ZrO2 (or YSZ), an O2- conductor, in the temperature range 420–520 oC. In the case of Pt/YSZ and for oxygen to propane ratios lower than the stoichiometric ratio it was found that the rate of propane oxidation could be reversibly enhanced by application of both positive and negative overpotentials (‘‘inverted volcano’’ behavior), by up to a factor of 1350 and 1130, respectively. The induced rate increase Δr exceeded the corresponding electrochemically controlled rate I/2F of O2- transfer through the solid electrolyte, resulting in absolute values of the apparent faradaic efficiency Λ=Δ r/(I/2F) up to 2330. The Rh/YSZ system exhibited similar EP behavior. Abrupt changes in the oxidation state of the rhodium catalyst, accompanied by changes in the catalytic rate, were observed by changing the O2 to propane ratio and catalyst potential. The highest rate increases, by up to a factor of 6, were observed for positive overpotentials with corresponding absolute values of faradaic efficiency K up to 830. Rate increases by up to a factor of 1.7 were observed for negative overpotentials. The observed EP behavior is explained by taking into account the mechanism of the reaction and the effect of catalyst potential on the binding strength of chemisorbed reactants and intermediates and on the oxidative state of the catalyst surface. The effect of electrochemical promotion (EP) of propane combustion was also studied over a platinum film catalyst deposited on sodium β"-Al2O3, a Na+ conductor, in the temperature range 320–440oC. It was found that electrochemical pumping of sodium to the platinum surface markedly modifies its catalytic properties. For stoichiometric oxygen to propane ratio the system exhibited electrophobic behavior, i.e. addition of sodium resulted in decrease of the CO2 production rate. Relative changes in the catalytic rate by up to 60 times larger than the corresponding change in sodium coverage were measured. The observed behavior is explained by taking into account the reaction mechanism and the effect of the electrochemically controlled sodium coverage on the bonding of coadsorbed reactant species. Linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry were used to investigate the electrochemical processes taking place at the Pt/sodium β"-Al2O3 interface under conditions of electrochemical promotion of propane combustion and in mixtures of O2, CO2 or propane with helium, at temperatures between 320 and 480oC. The number, position and magnitude of the peaks in the obtained voltammograms were found to depend on gas phase composition, temperature, starting potential and pre-scan conditions. The results showed that under conditions of electrochemical promotion of propane combustion more than one sodium phases can be formed on the Pt catalyst surface as a result of electrochemical pumping of sodium ions to it. The possible electrochemical reactions involving sodium species and the identity of the formed sodium phases during electrochemical pumping are discussed on the basis of the results obtained and those of former studies. In the second part of the study, the electrochemical performance of L58SCF (La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ), LS2F (La0.9Sr1.1FeO4-δ), L78SCF (La0.78Sr0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ) and composite LSM (La0.65Sr0.3MnO3)/LSM-YSZ (50%wt-50%wt) cathode electrodes interfaced to a double layer CGO (Ce0.8Gd0.2O2)/YSZ electrolyte was studied using impedance spectroscopy and current-overpotential measurements. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range 600-850oC and, mainly, under flow of 21% O2/He mixture over the perovskite electrodes. The highest electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction was observed for the L78SCF cathode, according to the order: LS2F/CGO/YSZ £LSM/LSMSZ/CGO/YSZ<L58SCF/CGO/YSZ<L78SCF/CGO<YSZ. The composite electrode L58SCF-CGO was used in the last part of this study, combined with a carbon tolerant Au-modified (1% atomic ratio with respect to Ni) Ni-YSZ anode, prepared by combustion synthesis, to study the steam reforming of propane under stoichiometric oxygen to steam ratio. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range 600-750 oC, which is the target range for the successful commercialization of the intermediate temperature fuel cells. The main products of the reforming reaction were H2, CO, CO2 and CH4 with H2, CO to be strongly favored by the temperature increase. The maximum power density was found to be 34.3 mW/cm2 at 750oC with corresponding current density equal to i = 100 mA cm-2. The relatively low values of the current and power densities were mainly due to the large thickness of the electrolyte (0.5 mm). Overall, the system exhibited excellent stability during the experiment, which was confirmed through a 100 h stability test.
345

Functionalization of polymer electrolytes for electrochromic windows

Bayrak Pehlivan, İlknur January 2013 (has links)
Saving energy in buildings is of great importance because about 30 to 40 % of the energy in the world is used in buildings. An electrochromic window (ECW), which makes it possible to regulate the inflow of visible light and solar energy into buildings, is a promising technology providing a reduction in energy consumption in buildings along with indoor comfort. A polymer electrolyte is positioned at the center of multi-layer structure of an ECW and plays a significant role in the working of the ECW. In this study, polyethyleneimine: lithium (bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (PEI:LiTFSI)-based polymer electrolytes were characterized by using dielectric/impedance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, viscosity recording, optical spectroscopy, and electrochromic measurements. In the first part of the study, PEI:LiTFSI electrolytes were characterized at various salt concentrations and temperatures. Temperature dependence of viscosity and ionic conductivity of the electrolytes followed Arrhenius behavior. The viscosity was modeled by the Bingham plastic equation. Molar conductivity, glass transition temperature, viscosity, Walden product, and iso-viscosity conductivity analysis showed effects of segmental flexibility, ion pairs, and mobility on the conductivity. A connection between ionic conductivity and ion-pair relaxation was seen by means of (i) the Barton-Nakajima-Namikawa relation, (ii) activation energies of the bulk relaxation, and ionic conduction and (iii) comparing two equivalent circuit models, containing different types of Havriliak-Negami elements, for the bulk response. In the second part, nanocomposite PEI:LiTFSI electrolytes with SiO2, In2O3, and In2O3:Sn (ITO) were examined. Adding SiO2 to the PEI:LiTFSI enhanced the ionic conductivity by an order of magnitude without any degradation of the optical properties. The effect of segmental flexibility and free ion concentration on the conduction in the presence of SiO2 is discussed. The PEI:LiTFSI:ITO electrolytes had high haze-free luminous transmittance and strong near-infrared absorption without diminished ionic conductivity. Ionic conductivity and optical clarity did not deteriorate for the PEI:LiTFSI:In2O3 and the PEI:LiTFSI:SiO2:ITO electrolytes. Finally, propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC) were added to PEI:LiTFSI in order to perform electrochromic measurements. ITO and SiO2 were added to the PEI:LiTFSI:PC:EC and to a proprietary electrolyte. The nanocomposite electrolytes were tested for ECWs with the configuration of the ECWs being plastic/ITO/WO3/polymer electrolyte/NiO (or IrO2)/ITO/plastic. It was seen that adding nanoparticles to polymer electrolytes can improve the coloring/bleaching dynamics of the ECWs. From this study, we show that nanocomposite polymer electrolytes can add new functionalities as well as enhancement in ECW applications.
346

Li+, Vo superjonikų struktūros, elementinės sudėties ir krūvininkų pernašos sąsajų tyrimas / Investigation of the Correlation between Structure, Elemental Composition, and Charge Carriers’ Transport in Li+, Vo Solid Electrolytes

Šalkus, Tomas 26 May 2009 (has links)
Disertacijoje yra nagrinėjama, kokią įtaką ličio katijonų ir deguonies vakansijų (Vo) kietųjų elektrolitų elektrinėms savybėms daro jų struktūra ir elementinė sudėtis. Darbe yra aprašomos technologinės superjoninių junginių (SJ) keramikų ir sluoksnių gamybos sąlygos, lemiančios jų mikrostruktūrą, bei pateikiami SJ paviršių, temperatūrinio stabilumo ir elektrinių savybių tyrimo rezultatai. Li+ SJ priklauso monoklininei, ortorombinei arba romboedrinei singonijoms. Keramikų mikrostruktūra labiausiai priklauso nuo jų kepinimo temperatūros. LiCe2/3PO4 keramiką paveikus elektriniu lauku, XPS buvo parodyta, kad šioje medžiagoje vyksta Li+ jonų pernaša. Kompleksinės varžos spektroskopijos tyrimai parodė, kad sistemose Li1+xScxZr2-x(PO4)3, Li1+xZr2-2xAlxTix(PO4)3 ir Li1+xGe2-2xAlxTix(PO4)3 (čia x = 0,1, 0,2, 0,3), didinant x, didėja kristalitiniai keramikų laidžiai, o jų aktyvacijos energijos mažėja. Li3Sc2–xBx(PO4)3 junginiuose vykstančio superjoninio fazinio virsmo temperatūra priklauso nuo x. Li3-xSc2-x-yYyZrx(PO4)3 sistemoje kai x = 0,1, y = 0, 0,1 temperatūrinėse kristalitinio laidžio prieklausose yra stebimos anomalijos, susijusios su superjoniniais faziniais virsmais šiose medžiagose, o kai x = 0,2 tirtame temperatūrų intervale faziniai virsmai nevyksta. Magnetroninio dulkinimo metodu suformuotų YSZ storųjų sluoksnių joninis laidis ir šio laidžio aktyvacijos energija priklauso nuo jų paruošimo technologinių sąlygų. Didinant NiO-CGO sluoksnių, suformuotų purškimo pirolizės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The influence of the structure and elemental composition of lithium ions’ and oxygen vacancies’ (Vo) solid electrolytes (SE) on their electrical properties are investigated in the dissertation. The technological conditions of SE ceramics’ and films’ fabrication, which influence their microstructure, are described. The results of the investigation of the surfaces, temperature stability, and electrical properties are presented. Li+ SE belong to monoclinic, orthorhombic, or rhombohedral symmetries. The microstructure of the ceramics is mainly influenced by the temperature of their sintering. It has been shown by XPS that LiCe2/3PO4 ceramic is Li+-ion conductor. Complex impedance spectroscopy investigation showed that the increase of x in the systems Li1+xScxZr2-x(PO4)3, Li1+xZr2-2xAlxTix(PO4)3, and Li1+xGe2-2xAlxTix(PO4)3 (where x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) leads to the increase of bulk ionic conductivity of the ceramics and to the decrease of its activation energy. Phase transition temperature in Li3Sc2–xBx(PO4)3 compounds depends on x. The anomalies of temperature dependencies of bulk conductivity of Li3-xSc2-x-yYyZrx(PO4)3 system were observed when x = 0.1, y = 0, 0.1. The anomalies are related to superionic phase transitions in the materials, but no phase transitions have been detected for x = 0.2 compound in the studied temperature range. Ionic conductivity and its activation energy of YSZ thick films prepared by magnetron sputtering depend on their preparation’s technological... [to full text]
347

Investigation of the Correlation between Structure, Elemental Composition, and Charge Carriers’ Transport in Li+, Vo Solid Electrolytes / Li+, Vo superjonikų struktūros, elementinės sudėties ir krūvininkų pernašos sąsajų tyrimas

Šalkus, Tomas 26 May 2009 (has links)
The influence of the structure and elemental composition of lithium ions’ and oxygen vacancies’ (Vo) solid electrolytes (SE) on their electrical properties are investigated in the dissertation. The technological conditions of SE ceramics’ and films’ fabrication, which influence their microstructure, are described. The results of the investigation of the surfaces, temperature stability, and electrical properties are presented. Li+ SE belong to monoclinic, orthorhombic, or rhombohedral symmetries. The microstructure of the ceramics is mainly influenced by the temperature of their sintering. It has been shown by XPS that LiCe2/3PO4 ceramic is Li+-ion conductor. Complex impedance spectroscopy investigation showed that the increase of x in the systems Li1+xScxZr2-x(PO4)3, Li1+xZr2-2xAlxTix(PO4)3, and Li1+xGe2-2xAlxTix(PO4)3 (where x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) leads to the increase of bulk ionic conductivity of the ceramics and to the decrease of its activation energy. Phase transition temperature in Li3Sc2–xBx(PO4)3 compounds depends on x. The anomalies of temperature dependencies of bulk conductivity of Li3-xSc2-x-yYyZrx(PO4)3 system were observed when x = 0.1, y = 0, 0.1. The anomalies are related to superionic phase transitions in the materials, but no phase transitions have been detected for x = 0.2 compound in the studied temperature range. Ionic conductivity and its activation energy of YSZ thick films prepared by magnetron sputtering depend on their preparation’s technological... [to full text] / Disertacijoje yra nagrinėjama, kokią įtaką ličio katijonų ir deguonies vakansijų (Vo) kietųjų elektrolitų elektrinėms savybėms daro jų struktūra ir elementinė sudėtis. Darbe yra aprašomos technologinės superjoninių junginių (SJ) keramikų ir sluoksnių gamybos sąlygos, lemiančios jų mikrostruktūrą, bei pateikiami SJ paviršių, temperatūrinio stabilumo ir elektrinių savybių tyrimo rezultatai. Li+ SJ priklauso monoklininei, ortorombinei arba romboedrinei singonijoms. Keramikų mikrostruktūra labiausiai priklauso nuo jų kepinimo temperatūros. LiCe2/3PO4 keramiką paveikus elektriniu lauku, XPS buvo parodyta, kad šioje medžiagoje vyksta Li+ jonų pernaša. Kompleksinės varžos spektroskopijos tyrimai parodė, kad sistemose Li1+xScxZr2-x(PO4)3, Li1+xZr2-2xAlxTix(PO4)3 ir Li1+xGe2-2xAlxTix(PO4)3 (čia x = 0,1, 0,2, 0,3), didinant x, didėja kristalitiniai keramikų laidžiai, o jų aktyvacijos energijos mažėja. Li3Sc2–xBx(PO4)3 junginiuose vykstančio superjoninio fazinio virsmo temperatūra priklauso nuo x. Li3-xSc2-x-yYyZrx(PO4)3 sistemoje kai x = 0,1, y = 0, 0,1 temperatūrinėse kristalitinio laidžio prieklausose yra stebimos anomalijos, susijusios su superjoniniais faziniais virsmais šiose medžiagose, o kai x = 0,2 tirtame temperatūrų intervale faziniai virsmai nevyksta. Magnetroninio dulkinimo metodu suformuotų YSZ storųjų sluoksnių joninis laidis ir šio laidžio aktyvacijos energija priklauso nuo jų paruošimo technologinių sąlygų. Didinant NiO-CGO sluoksnių, suformuotų purškimo pirolizės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
348

Electrochemical comparison and deposition of lithium and potassium from phosphonium- and ammonium-tfsi ionic liquids

Vega, Jose A. 09 April 2009 (has links)
In this work, ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated for use as battery electrolytes. The ILs were synthesized from quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts and TFSI-. A dendrite free lithium metal anode was demonstrated by deposition of a lithium-potassium alloy. Several phosphonium ILs were synthesized using the TFSI- and PF6- anions until a room temperature IL was obtained. The smaller size, highly symmetric PF6- anion yielded high melting point salts, while TFSI- yielded much lower melting point ILs. When a room temperature IL, Bu3HexP+TFSI-, was obtained the analogous ammonium IL, Bu3HexP+TFSI-, was synthesized and compared. The phosphonium-based ionic liquid showed improved stability and physical properties compared to the analogous ammonium-based IL. The phosphonium-based IL had higher conductivity, 0.43 mS/cm, than the ammonium-based IL, 0.28 mS/cm. The addition of LiTFSI to both ILs led to a decrease in conductivity and increase in viscosity. The lower viscosity and higher stability of the phosphonium-based IL led to higher current density and stability for electrodeposited lithium metal. IL reduction interfered with lithium deposition reflecting lower coulombic efficiencies and giving the appearance of an unstable lithium couple. An optimum deposition potential was found which was bounded by the electrochemical stability of each IL. The stability of lithium in the ILs increased at lower temperature due to slower reactivity with the IL. Addition of higher quantities of lithium ions caused a higher fraction of the cathodic current going to lithium deposition that was reoxidized. The stability of lithium in the ILs increased at lower temperature due to slower reactivity with the IL. The electrodeposition and reoxidation of potassium was also demonstrated. Deposition of a lithium-potassium alloy caused slight increases in the cathodic and anodic currents along with higher coulombic efficiencies. Also, it was found that a lithium-potassium alloy could be deposited at high current for long times without the occurrence of dendrites.
349

Iron Fluoride-Based Positive Electrode Materials for Secondary Batteries Using Ionic Liquid Electrolytes / イオン液体電解質を用いた二次電池用フッ化鉄系正極材料

Zheng, Yayun 23 March 2022 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第24003号 / エネ博第439号 / 新制||エネ||83(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 萩原 理加, 教授 佐川 尚, 教授 野平 俊之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
350

Vibrational and mechanical properties of 10 mol % Sc₂O₃-1 mol % CeO₂- ZrO₂ electrolyte ceramics for solid oxide fuel cells

Lukich, Svetlana. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.M.S.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2009. / Adviser: Nina Orlovskaya. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-93).

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