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京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19314号 / 工博第4111号 / 新制||工||1634(附属図書館) / 32316 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科物質エネルギー化学専攻 / (主査)教授 安部 武志, 教授 作花 哲夫, 教授 陰山 洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) has been synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis using pyrrole as an efficient reducing agent. The oxidized Fe3+ in the system reacts with pyrrole that can form polypyrrole (PPy) to generate Fe2+. The PPy can also be a carbon source for further calcination. The observations of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) show that the particle size of LiFePO4 is around 500 nm and a layer of carbon coats on LiFePO4. The chemical composition of the LiFePO4 was characterized by elemental analysis (EA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP/MS). The results of TEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) show the structure of LiFePO4 is orthorhombic olivine. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that pyrrole as a reducing agent prevents the impurity of Fe3+ formation and the resulting polypyrrole plays a role as carbon source. The calcination of LiFePO4 greatly affects the energy density. In addition, the carbon contain in the LiFePO4 powder is controllable using the addition of Fe3+ to enhance the electrical conductivity. Moreover, the electrochemical results show the energy capacity of the hydrothermal LiFePO4 is 152 mAh g−1. The LiFePO4 has a better rate discharge capability compared with LiFePO4 synthesized with ascorbic acid as a reducing agent.

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is prepared by hydrothermal process using Fe(III) as precursor and pyrrole as an efficient reducing agent. The Fe(III) precursor in the system reacts with pyrrole to generate polypyrrole (PPy) and reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II). The different molar ratio Fe(III) polymerize different content of PPy and PPy can also be a carbon source for further calcination. The structural and morphological properties of LiFePO4 powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The XRD and TEM results demonstrate that LiFePO4 powder has an orthorhombic olivine-type structure with a space group of Pnma. The SEM and TEM results show that the particle size of LiFePO4 is around 200 nm and a layer of carbon coats on LiFePO4. The chemical composition of the LiFePO4 powder was characterized by elemental analysis (EA) and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectroscopy (ICP/MS). Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that pyrrole as a reducing agent reduces and prevents the formation of Fe(III) impurity and the resulting PPy plays a role as carbon source. Among the synthesized cathode materials, LiFePO4 synthesized using 5% molar ratio of Fe(III) and subsequent calcinations of 600 ¢XC shows the best electrochemical property with an discharge capacity of 160 mAhg−1 close to its theoretical capacity 170 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C rate. Using 10% molar ratio of Fe(III), and the discharge capacity of LiFePO4 at 10 C rate reaches 106 mAhg−1.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第24003号 / エネ博第439号 / 新制||エネ||83(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 萩原 理加, 教授 佐川 尚, 教授 野平 俊之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第24925号 / エネ博第467号 / 新制||エネ||87(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 萩原 理加, 教授 佐川 尚, 教授 野平 俊之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Dans ce travail nous avons réalisé la synthèse de nitrures structure 2D Li3-2xCoxN et de structure 3D Li7MnN4 par méthode céramique, sous atmosphère contrôlée. Après avoir acquis la maîtrise des paramètres de synthèse, nous réalisons la caractérisation structurale et l'étude des propriétés électrochimiques de chaque matériau (capacité spécifique, rechargeabilité…). Dans le cas des matériaux 2D, des affinements par la méthode de Rietveld nous ont permis de déterminer précisément les formules de ces composés. Une étude par spectroscopie diélectrique met en évidence la présence d'une faible proportion de Co+ parmi les Co2+ à l'origine de propriétés de conduction électronique. Nous montrons pour une étude DRX in-operando que le volume de maille ne varie que de 1,5% lors de d'un cycle expliquant la stabilité des capacités de 180mAh g-1 à 300 mAh g-1 selon les conditions. Dans le cas des matériaux 3D, Li7MnN4 a montré les meilleures performances avec des capacités réversibles jusqu' 300mAh g-1. Une étude DRX in-operando a montré que le mécanisme de désinsertion du lithium se déroulé en deux biphasage et une étape de solution solide. Une optimisation des performances est possible en réduisant la taille des particules par mécanobroyage : des capacités de 250 et 120 mAh g-1 sont obtenus à régime C et 5c. L'ensemble de ces nitrures présentent une forte réactivité avec l'humidité mais leur structure a pu être préservée sous air sec / In this study, we focus on the synthesis of nitrides with 2D structure Li3-2xCoxN and 3D structure Li7MnN4 by solid state route, under controlled atmosphere. Once we master all parameters of the synthesis, we study the structural chracterization and the electrochemical properties of each compound (specific capacity, rechargeability...) In the case of 2D compounds, precises compositions were determined by Rietveld refinement A dielectric spectroscopy study demonstrate the existance of a small populations of Co+ ions among Co2+, which lead to electronic conductivity properties. By in-operando XRD study we show the lattice volume varies by only 1,5% which explains the stabilty of the specific capacity of 180mAh g-1 à 300 mAh g-1 depending on conditions. In the case of 3D compounds, Li7MnN4 showed the best performance with reversible capacities up to 300mAh g-1. A XRD in-operando study showed that the mechanism of lithium desintertion place in two biphasage and a solid solution phase. Performance optimization is possible by reducing the particle size by ball milling: capacities of 250 and 120 mAh g-1 are obtained at C and 5C rates. All these nitrides present a high reactivity with moisture but the structure was preserved in dry air

Les batteries lithium-ion s'affichent comme de bons candidats pour assurer le stockage réversible de l'énergie électrique sous forme électrochimique. Toutefois, elles sont à l'origine d'un certain nombre d'incidents aux conséquences plus ou moins dramatiques. Ces incidents sont souvent liés au phénomène d'emballement thermique. La sécurité des batteries Li-ion représente par conséquent un enjeu technique et sociétal très important. C'est dans ce contexte que vient s'inscrire ce travail de thèse dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre IFPEN, l'INERIS et le LISE. Une double approche de modélisation et expérimentation a été retenue. Un modèle 3D du comportement thermique a été développé à l'échelle de la cellule, couplant les phénomènes thermiques et chimiques, et prenant en compte le vieillissement par croissance de la SEI sur l'électrode négative. Le modèle a été calibré pour la chimie LFP/C sur deux technologies A123s (2,3 Ah) et LifeBatt (15 Ah), puis validé expérimentalement. Le modèle permet d'identifier les paramètres critiques d'emballement de cellules, il permet également de discuter l'effet du vieillissement sur l'emballement thermique. Grâce à l'expérimentation, les connaissances en termes d'amorçage et de déroulement d'un emballement thermique d'une batterie Li-ion, ont pu être enrichies, en particulier pour les cellules commerciales LFP/C cylindriques A123s, LifeBatt, et pour les cellules NMC/C prismatiques en sachet souple PurePower (30 Ah). Cette étude ouvre de nouvelles possibilités pour améliorer la prédiction des différents événements qui ont lieu lors de l'emballement thermique des batteries Li-ion, à différentes échelles. / Li-ion secondary batteries are currently the preferred solution to store energy since a decade for stationary applications or electrical traction. However, because of their safety issues, Li-ion batteries are still considered as a critical part. Thermal runaway has been identified as a major concern with Li-ion battery safety. In this context, IFPEN, INERIS and LISE launched a collaboration to promote a PhD thesis so called « understanding and modeling of thermal runaway events pertaining to new and aged Li-ion batteries ». To achieve this goal, a double approach with modeling and experimental investigation is used. A 3D thermal runaway model is developed at cell level, coupling thermal and chemical phenomena, and taking into account the growth of the SEI layer as main ageing mechanism on negative electrode. Advanced knowledge of cells thermal behavior in over-heated conditions is obtained particularly for commercial LFP / C cylindrical cells: A123s (2,3Ah), LifeBatt (15Ah), and NMC / C pouch cells: PurePower (30 Ah). The model was calibrated for LFP / C cells, and then it was validated with thermal abuse tests on A123s and LifeBatt cells. This model is helpful to study the influence of cell geometry, external conditions, and even ageing on the thermal runaway initiation and propagation. This study opens up new possibilities for improving the prediction of various events taking place during Li-ion batteries thermal runaway, at various scales for further practical applications for safety management of LIBs.

Le facteur clé limitant le déploiement des accumulateurs au lithium métal est dû à la formation de dendrites de lithium métallique à l'anode au cours de la recharge. Une solution consiste à employer un électrolyte solide polymère. Un copolymère à blocs est composé d'un ou plusieurs blocs conducteurs à base de POE (poly(oxyde d'éthylène)), linéaire ou branchée, dopés en sel de lithium (LiTFSI) et de blocs de renforts mécaniques qui idéalement mitigent la croissance dendritique. Ces matériaux ont la particularité de s'auto-assembler en domaines nanométriques. Les interfaces entre les domaines génèrent de bonnes propriétés mécaniques à l'échelle macroscopique tandis que localement la dynamique des chaînes POE demeure élevée, assurant la conduction ionique.Ce travail de thèse porte sur les caractérisations physico-chimiques d'électrolytes copolymères, selon différentes architectures (diblocs, triblocs et étoilées) et de l'optimisation de leurs compositions. Une étude fondamentale des polymères dopés en sel a mis en évidence les principaux mécanismes de transport ionique, ainsi que l'impact des groupes terminaux à faible masse molaire sur la conductivité et la viscosité. Cette étape a permis de sélectionner les meilleurs candidats. L'étude de la stabilité des électrolytes vis-à-vis du lithium a été menée. Après avoir formulé des cathodes, des batteries plastiques ont été assemblées et testées avec succès par cyclages galvanostatiques, en température [40°C-100°C] et à des régimes élevés. Enfin, un prototype de 6 mAh a réalisé plus de 400 cycles à des régimes C/4 et D/2 à 100°C. / The key limiting factor for the deployment of Lithium metal batteries is the formation of lithium dendrites at the anode during recharge. One solution consists in the use of a solid polymer electrolyte. A bloc copolymer is composed of one or several conductive blocks based on PEO (poly(ethylene oxide)), linear or branched, doped with a lithium salt (LiTFSI) and reinforced blocks that ideally mitigate the dendritic growth. These materials can self-organize in nanometric domains. The interfaces between the domains generate sufficient mechanical properties at the macroscopic level whilst, locally, the PEO chain dynamics remain high, ensuring ionic conduction.This thesis deals with physico-chemical characterizations of these copolymer electrolytes, with different architectures (diblock, triblock and star shaped), and the optimization of their composition. A fundamental study of doped polymers highlighted the main mechanisms of ionic transport and the impact of the end groups at low molar mass on conductivity and viscosity. This step enabled a selection of the best candidates to be made. A study of the electrolyte stability with respect to lithium was carried out. After the formulation of cathodes, plastic batteries were assembled and successfully tested by galvanostatic cycling under temperature [40°C-100°C] and high regime. Finally, a 6 mAh prototype realised more than 400 cycles under the regime C/4 and D/2 at 100°C.

O Ni(OH)2 é amplamente utilizado como principal componente ativo do eletrodo positivo na maior parte das baterias secundárias como: Ni/Cd, Ni/Zn, Ni/Fe, Ni/H2 e, recentemente na pilhas de Ni/MH. Estes acumuladores possuem variadas aplicações como: satélites geoestacionários, alimetação de recarga de computadores, aparelhos portáteis. Apesar do eletrodo de Ni(OH)2 possuir boa durabilidade, após vários ciclos de oxidação/redução ocorre a transformação do par redox α-Ni(OH)2/β-NiOOH para β-Ni(OH)2/γ-NiOOH o qual ocasiona uma diminuição na capacidade de carga. Por essa razão, é necessário o estudo do efeito de aditivos para estabilização da capacidade de carga no eletrodo. Neste trabalho, hidróxido de cério foi utilizado como aditivo para estabilizar o α-Ni(OH)2. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os íons cério são incorporados no eletrodo estabilizando a fase α-Ni(OH)2 e com isso aumentando a capacidade de carga do mesmo. Nas análises de espectroscopia no IV e Raman foi possível verificar modificações estruturais causadas pela presença de íons Ce3+ na estrutura, principalmente, a partir de 21,33% em mol do aditivo. Nos estudos de ciclagens sucessivas a fase α-Ni(OH)2 foi estabilizada na presença de 21,33% em mol do aditivo uma vez que a capacidade de carga do eletrodo manteve-se constante ao longo de 90 ciclos de oxidação/redução. / Ni(OH)2 is widely used as main active component for positive electrodes for secondary batteries such as Ni/Cd, Ni/Zn, Ni/Fe, Ni/H2 and recently in cell of Ni/MH. These accumulators show certain characteristics and they have several applications, such as: geostationary satellites, recharge feeding of computers, portable devices. Although the electrode of hydroxide of nickel have a good durability, after several oxidaction/reduction cycles, the material suffer modification from α-Ni(OH)2/β-NiOOH to β-Ni(OH)2/γ-NiOOH, decreasing its charge capacity. For this reason, it is necessary to study the role played by some additives for stabilization of charge capacity the electrode. Our results show that the cerium ions are incorporate in the electrode, stabilizing the α-Ni(OH)2 and therefore increasing charge capacity of the electrode. In the IV and Raman Spectroscopy analyses it was possible to verify structural modification caused by the presence of Ce3+ ions in the structure, mainly for 21,33% in mol of the additive. Potentiodynamic cycling experiments have shown that the phase α-Ni(OH)2 was stabilized with 21,33% of additive and the charge capacity of the electrode remains constant throughout 90 oxidation/reduction cycles.