Orientador: Douglas Soares Galvão / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T14:34:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Autreto_PedroAlvesdaSilva_D.pdf: 59520269 bytes, checksum: 40cf8840fce242581f34d0cee4cd3dda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A nanotecnologia teve seu início simbólico na apresentação de 1959 do Prêmio Nobel Richard Feynman: \"Há muito espaço lá embaixo\". Nesta palestra Feynman destaca as possibilidades de criação de novos materiais, desenhados para possuírem determinadas propriedades eletrônicas e estruturais. Desde então, grandes avanços têm sido feitos e estruturas antes nunca imaginadas têm sido observadas e produzidas. Estas são compostas dos mais diferentes materiais, desde os metais até carbono. Como exemplo de compostos de metais temos os nanofios, as cadeias atômicas lineares e mais atualmente o menor nanotubo de prata. Compostos por carbono também têm recebido grande atenção, como o grafeno. Assim a busca por novas estruturas com propriedades únicas tem se tornado incessante nas últimas décadas. Isso tem tornado cada vez mais importantes às ferramentas teóricas, uma vez que elas podem tanto ajudar na caracterização de novas estruturas, como também as prever, como poderiam ser formadas, qual seria a sua geometria, quais condições seriam necessárias para a sua formação ou demais características eletrônicas. Neste contexto, apresentamos nesta tese, o estudo destas novas nanoestruturas iniciando pelos fatores que influenciam na formação de cadeias atômicas lineares cm nanofios de platina e como a temperatura pode ser essencial para a presença de distâncias anômalas em nanofios de ouro. Cálculos de transporte também foram efetuados para nanofios de ouro e prata, com o fim de correlacionar possíveis geometrias encontradas em experimentos de HRTEM com os perfis de condutância obtidos em experimentos MCBJ. Estudos da evolução do estiramento de nanofios de prata prosseguem com a análise da formação e transporte transporte do menor nanotubo de seção quadrada formada por prata. Formação e estrutura eletrônica de estrutura de carbono topologicamente idêntica a este tubo de prata foi também proposta. Por fim, estudamos as formações do grafano e do fluorografano, a partir da hidrogenação e fluoração de membranas de grafeno, respectivamente / Abstract: Nanotechnology had its symbolical beginning at the 1959\'s Nobel Prize awarder Richard Feynman\'s lecture: \"There is Plenty of Roam at the Bottom\". In this lecture, Feynman highlights the possibilities of creating new materials, designed to have specific electronic and structural properties. Ever since, great advances have been made and structures never dreamed before have been detected and synthesized. These are composed of very many different materials, from metals to carbon. As an example of metal made compounds, we have the nanowires, the linear atomic chains and more recently the smallest silver nanotube. Carbon made compounds have also received great attention; a great example is the graphene. This made the theoretical tools become increasingly important, since they can help both in the characterization of the new structures and in forecasting new ones, how could them be produced, what would its geometry be, which conditions would be necessary for its formation and the other electronic properties. ln this context, we present in this thesis the study of new nanostructures, beginning with the factors that influence in the atomic linear chains formation in platinum nanowires stretching and how the temperature can be essential to explain the presence of anomalous distances in gold nanowires. Transport calculations have also been made to gold and silver nanowires, in arder to correlate possible geometries found in HRTEM experiments with the conductance profiles obtained in MCBJ experiments. Studies in the stretch evolution of silver nanowires proceed with the analysis of formation and electronic transport in the smallest square section nanotube made of silver. Formation and electronic structure if a carbon topologically identical to this silver nanotube was also suggested. Lastly, we studied the formation of graphane and fluorographane respectively by the hydrogenation and fluorination of graphene membranes / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Multicomponent metal alloys play an essential role in many technologies and their properties must be optimized by rational selection of the alloy’s components and its fractional composition of each. High-throughput materials synthesis allows us to prepare Composition Spread Alloy Films (CSAFs), sample libraries that contains all possible compositions of a binary or ternary alloy. In our lab, a Rotatable Shadow Mask (RSM) – CSAF deposition tool has been developed for the creation of CSAFs. Such CSAFs can be prepared with composition gradients and/or thickness gradients in arbitrarily controlled directions and on a variety of substrates. Once prepared, the CSAF libraries can be characterized thoroughly using a variety of highthroughput spectroscopic methods. Their bulk composition is mapped across the library using Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The near-surface compositions are mapped across composition space using X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS). Finally, the electronic structure can be mapped using UV photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and valence band XPS. Once characterized, these CSAFs are being used for high-throughput studies of alloy catalysis and thermal properties of the alloys and of alloy-substrate interfaces. First of all, PdzCu1-z CSAF was prepared to show that alloy nanoparticles (aNPs) and thin films can adopt phases that differ from those of the corresponding bulk alloy. The mapping of XPS-derived core level binding energy shifts across PdzCu1-z SCSNaP library shows a promising result that the FCC phase can be dimensionally stabilized over the composition range where B2 phase exists in the bulk. This observation can potentially improve the performance of PdzCu1-z NP catalysts in H2 separation. Secondly, the relationship between catalyst activity-electronic structure-composition has been investigated. A high throughput characterization of electronic structure (valence band energy) of binary PdxAg1-x and ternary PdxCuyAu1-x-y CSAFs were performed by XPS. This XPS-derived valence band center is compared with UPS-derived data across PdxCuyAu1-x-y CSAFs. In addition, H2-D2 exchange reaction was studied on PdxAg1-x CASF. A higher HD formation rate is experimentally observed but cannot be predicted by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model when the surface coverage is saturated. However, the proposed H2-D2 exchange mechanism (breakthrough model) involved with surface and subsurface hydrogen reaction is investigated to produce a same reaction order as Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, which cannot explain the experimental observation. Furthermore, the thermal interface conductance (G) was studied as a function of metal alloy composition. A high-throughput approach to preparation, characterization, and measurement of G was also demonstrated to study the thermal property of alloyed materials. Our result in studying the G across the AuxY1-x (Y = Pd and Cu) CSAFs-dielectric interfaces has shown a linear relationship with alloy composition, which monotonically increases with decreasing Au (at. %). Lastly, the effect of interdiffusion in metal films on G at metal-dielectric interface was also examined. The XPS depth profiling was designed to experimentally determine the temperature effect on compositional profiles in the Au-Cu system, and how to further influence G. This study provides fundamental understanding of stability of adhesion layer of Cu and the effect of interdiffusion in Cu-Au alloy on the heat dissipation. All in all, the key value to these CSAF libraries is that they enable measurement of important alloy properties across entire binary or ternary alloy composition spaces, without the need to prepare and characterize numerous discrete composition samples.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14868号 / 工博第3136号 / 新制||工||1470(附属図書館) / 27290 / UT51-2009-K664 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科分子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 榊 茂好, 教授 今堀 博, 教授 杉野目 道紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

L’exploitation de méthodes théoriques dans le cadre de la modélisation de propriétés moléculaires remarquables s’est substantiellement développée lors des dernières décennies, notamment grâce au progrès des technologies informatiques qui rendent désormais accessibles certaines informations cruciales à nos recherches grâce au calcul intensif. Il est maintenant possible d’évaluer des propriétés et de résoudre des problèmes théoriques de haut niveau grâce aux ressources calculatoires actuelles. Dans ce cadre, la caractérisation par la mécanique quantique des états excités moléculaires constitue toujours un défi d’une très grande richesse suscitant un intérêt accru de la communauté de physique moléculaire théorique et expérimentale. Cette qualité s’accompagne d’une grande complexité d’étude, conséquence du nombre de phénomènes physiques caractérisant l’accès d’un système à ses états excités. Notre contribution s’inscrit dans ce contexte, puisque les études dont ce document fait état sont relatives à la rationalisation du comportement de chromophores face à la capture d’un photon. Cette interaction entre la lumière et la matière est rapportée à l’échelle moléculaire et décrite dans nos travaux par des méthodes quantiques en vue de comprendre les mécanismes inhérents aux propriétés caractéristiques de composés-cibles. Ces interprétations sont appuyées par des développements théoriques visant l’établissement ou la consolidation des outils conceptuels et mathématiques constitutifs de nos stratégies théoriques d’investigation des états excités. Les développements qui font l’objet de ce document portent principalement sur l’interaction des chromophores avec leur vicinité moléculaire traitée implicitement ou explicitement dans le cadre d’une résolution géométrique du spectre d’absorption électronique, ainsi que sur une approche quantitative de la réorganisation de la structure électronique d’un composé induite par l’absorption d’un photon. Les applications sont quant à elles relatives à des chromophores présentant des propriétés remarquables : sonde solvatochromique, sonde à explosifs, chromophore interagissant avec l’ADN, composés intervenant dans la constitution de cellules solaires de troisième génération, clusters multichromophores. / Exploiting theoretical methods for modeling remarkable molecular properties has extensively gained interest from the scientific community during the last few decades. The development of these methods has been made possible by the important technological progresses realized in the field of computational science. These advances made accessible some informations that are crucial to our current researches but hitherto impossible to compute. It is thus now possible to solve high-level theoretical issues and to access novel critical properties. Within this framework, quantum-mechanical characterization of molecular excited states still constitutes a challenging achievement with a considerable interest to the theoretical and experimental molecular physics community. However, these studies can be of extreme complexity, due to the interplay between numerous physical phenomena that characterize the access of a system to its own excited states. The scope of our contribution is closely related to these fundamental issues in the sense that we aim at rationalizing the behavior of chromophores facing a photon capture. This light-matter interaction is studied at the molecular level and is addressed in our work with quantum-mechanical methods in order to unravel the mechanisms inherent to the characteristic properties of target compounds. Those interpretations are supported by theoretical developments intending the establishment or consolidation of conceptual and mathematical tools constituting our theoretical strategy for excited states investigations. The aforementioned developments are mostly related to the interaction of chromophores with their molecular vicinity treated implicitely or explicitely, the latter playing an important role in our attempt to gain a geometrical resolution of electronic spectra with conformational space sampling methods. Our interest was also focused on the photoinduced electronic structure reorganization through the design of quantum-mechanical descriptors of excited states topology. On the other hand, applications were related to chromophores exhibiting remarkable molecular properties : solvatochromic probe, explosive probe, chromophore interacting with DNA, dyes designed for third-generation solar cells, multichromophoric clusters.

Using the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzherof (HSE06) hybrid functional method along with photoluminescence experimental measurements, we analyze the properties of intrinsic defects such as vacancies, interstitials, antisites, and common complexes. By using configurational coordinate diagrams, we estimate the likelihood of defects to be radiative or non-radiative. Our calculations show that gallium vacancies exhibit a large magnetic moment in the neutral charge state and are most likely non-radiative. We also investigate the correlation between the observed infrared PL bands created in 2.5 MeV electron-irradiated GaN samples and the formation of native defects. It is found that gallium-nitrogen divacancies are possible sources of the broad PL band peaking at 0.95 eV while interstitial gallium is likely to be responsible for the narrow infrared PL band centered around 0.85 eV, with a phonon fine structure at 0.88 eV. In addition to native defects, we also investigate the blue luminescence band (BL2) peaking at 3.0 eV that is observed in high-resistivity GaN samples. Under extended ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, the BL2 band transforms into the yellow luminescence (YL) band with a maximum at 2.2 eV. Our calculations suggest that the BL2 band is related to a hydrogen-carbon defect complex, either CNON-Hi or CN-Hi. The complex creates defect transition level close to the valence band, which is responsible for the BL2 band. Under UV illumination, the complex dissociates, leaving as byproduct the source of the YL band (CNON or CN) and interstitial hydrogen. In conclusion, theoretical predictions of thermodynamic and optical transitions of defects in GaN via the HSE06 method, are found to be within less than 0.2 eV when compared to experiment. Hence the HSE formalism is a powerful tool for the identification and characterization of defects responsible for observed PL bands in GaN.

No description available.

Full Configuration Interaction Quantum Monte–Carlo (FCIQMC) al- lows for exact results to be obtained for the ground state of a system within a finite-basis approximation of the Schrödinger equation. Work- ing within imposed symmetry constraints permits dramatic reductions in the size and internal connectivity of the Hilbert space considered, with associated reductions in the computational cost involved, as well as permitting exclusion of the natural ground state to extract a se- ries of excited states of the system. As all converged solutions are ˆ eigenfunctions of the square of the total spin operator, S 2 , as well as the Hamiltonian and the projected spin, imposing spin-purity as an additional ‘symmetry’ is a natural extension. In this thesis, the use of various spin-pure spaces is compared to the previously used determinental spaces. Variations on the FCIQMC al- gorithm which work in non-orthogonal (and non-normalised) basis sets, and with the arbitrary discretisation of imaginary time removed, are considered along with the implications of the differences to the normal FCIQMC algorithm.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse relèvent principalement de la réactivité des surfaces et des interactions gaz-surface. Les champs d'application de ce travail sont variés et s'inscrivent principalement dans le domaine de la fusion nucléaire et du projet ITER.Dans ce cadre, la modélisation à l'échelle atomique est un outil important pour comprendre et interpréter les résultats expérimentaux. Notre domaine de compétences est celui du calcul de structures électroniques et des propriétés chimiques. Ces calculs sont principalement conduits dans le cadre de la Théorie de la Fonctionnelle de la Densité (DFT) et de la thermodynamique statistique.Bien que composé de six chapitres, ce manuscrit comporte trois parties principales. La première est dédiée à la présentation des méthodes de calculs utilisées tout au long de cette thèse. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude de la formation du carbure de béryllium à partir d'un dépôt de béryllium sur une surface de graphite. Le degré de fiabilité des résultats DFT a été évalué et les principales étapes de la formation de carbure de béryllium ont été déterminées. La troisième partie développée sur deux chapitres est consacrée à l'étude de l'interaction entre l'hydrogène et le tungstène métallique. La dissolution, la diffusion ainsi que le piégeage de l'hydrogène dans le tungstène ont été étudiés. Un excellent accord a été obtenu entre les valeurs calculées et les résultats expérimentaux de référence. / The work herein presented deals with the reactivity of surfaces and the gas–surface interaction. This work is connected to different fields of applied science and more specifically to the field of nuclear materials for fusion devices like the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER).Numerical simulations at the atomic scale can provide an in depth understanding of the mechanisms at the origin of experimental observations. More specifically, our skills are about electronic structure calculations and chemical properties modelling; most of the work we produced has been conducted within the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) and statistical thermodynamics. While made of six chapters, the manuscript can be cast in three main parts. The first one is dedicated to the methods used throughout this thesis. The second is devoted to the formation of beryllium carbide from deposited beryllium atoms on graphite surfaces; the reliability of the DFT results was benchmarked and the main steps of the beryllium carbide formation were determined. The third part explores the interaction between hydrogen and metallic tungsten. The formation of vacancies in the material, its impact on the solubility and diffusion of hydrogen in tungsten were investigated, and the results were compared with experiment; an excellent agreement was found.

O entendimento das propriedades de complexos metálicos é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento de fármacos. No entanto, tanto do ponto de vista experimental quanto no de modelagem teórica, ainda temos muitas dificuldades de simular e mensurar as mudanças que a complexação com um metal causa em um composto. Este trabalho apresenta estudos de simulacões ab initio de complexos de Epiisopiloturina com Cu e Zn. Foram realizadas otimizações de estrutura, simulaçoes de espectroscopia vibracional, NMR e EPR além de estudos de reatividade. Obtivemos uma geometria otimizada condizente com a da forma cristalizada. Além disso, os resultados espectroscópicos mostram que as estruturas dos com plexos permanecem intactas em solução. Por fim, os estudos de reatividade conrmam que o complexo de Cobre aumenta a reatividade da molécula. / Understanding the properties of metal complexes is fundamental goal in the development of drugs. However, both from the experimental point of view and theoretical modeling, many diculties in the simulation and evaluatio of the changes that the metal causes upon complexation still remains. This work presents ab initio computational simulations of Epiisopiloturin com plexes with Cu and Zn. We make structural optimizations, simulations of vibrational spectroscopy, NMR and EPR, as well as reactivity studies. We obtain an optimized geometry that corresponds to that of the crystallized form. In addition, the spectroscopic results conrm that the complexes remain intact in solution. Finally, the reactivity studies conrm that the copper complex increases the reactivity of the molecule.

Les fils moléculaires, systèmes organiques conjugués incorporant plusieurs greffons organométalliques, constituent une famille de composés de grand intérêt pour l'électronique moléculaire. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit s'inscrivent dans la suite logique de précédentes études de ces complexes de métaux de transition et constituent une analyse théorique, s'appuyant sur la fonctionnelle de la densité, de l'arrangement structural et des propriétés physiques de nouveaux assemblages moléculaires aux propriétés électroniques ou optiques originales. Ce manuscrit se divise en deux parties distinctes. La première traite de l'emploi des fils moléculaires organométalliques dans le domaine des automates cellulaires quantiques, un nouveau paradigme pour l'électronique fondé sur la localisation des charges de cellules moléculaires comme digit binaire et sur les répulsions coulombiennes comme moyen de transfert de l'information. Le concept, le moyen d'application à l'échelle moléculaire et l'étude de différents composés virtuels y sont développés. La seconde partie porte sur l'introduction de greffons organométalliques au sein de composés ayant des propriétés optiques linéaires et non linéaires et leur influence sur ces dernières. Deux familles de composés ont été étudiés : des systèmes émissifs à base de cycle phosphole et des dendrimères organométalliques à cœur porphyrine. / Molecular wires, conjugated organic systems bearing several organometallic fragments, form a family of compounds of great interest for molecular electronics. The research works in this manuscript follow on from previous studies of transition metal complexes and constitute a density functional theory-based analysis of both structural arrangement and physical properties of new molecular devices, with unusual electronic or optical properties. This manuscript is divided in two parts. The first one concerns the application of molecular organometallic wires in the quantum cellular automata field, a new paradigm for electronics based on the charge configuration of a molecular cell as a binary digit and using Coulombic repulsion as an information transfer mode. Both the concept, its application to molecular scale et the study of several virtual compounds are discussed. The second part focuses on the incorporation of organometallic fragments in optical active compounds with linear or nonlinear properties, and the influence of metals on those properties. Two compound families have been studied: phosphole-based conjugated emitters and organometallic porphyrine-based dendrimers.