O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e a formação da sociedade da informação, a partir do Século XX, acarretaram novos hábitos pessoais e sociais e transformações no processamento e arquivamento das informações. O tratamento e o registro de fatos e ideias passaram a ser feitos de maneira digital, com o uso de dispositivos eletrônicos que operam no sistema binário. Esse novo panorama trouxe diversos reflexos para o processo penal, principalmente relacionados à prova. Entretanto, a legislação e a jurisprudência não acompanharam o avanço tecnológico, abrindo-se um vazio normativo em matéria de procedimento probatório. Por essa razão, faz-se imprescindível a análise dos aspectos técnicos e sociais em face da teoria da prova, para se buscar conceituar o resultado do desenvolvimento tecnológico, ou seja, a prova digital, com a verificação de sua natureza jurídica e do procedimento probatório adequado para sua utilização no processo penal brasileiro. Assim, o objetivo desta tese é aferir o conceito e a natureza jurídica da prova digital e demonstrar que ela constitui espécie própria de fonte de prova, que, embora assemelhada ao documento, apresenta características peculiares, que demandam regulamentação específica de seu procedimento probatório. A partir do delineamento do conceito, da classificação e da caracterização da prova digital, examinam-se os meios de obtenção de prova e meios de prova adequados a essa fonte sui generis, observando a suficiência e a propriedade das normas existentes no ordenamento atual. Ao final, destacam-se os principais aspectos que carecem de regulação, propondo-se estrutura ainda rudimentar de normas para a matéria / The development of new technologies and the consequent rise of the Information Society, starting in the twentieth century, led to new personal and social habits and a revolution in the processing and storage of information. In this context, treatment and record of facts and ideas turned to be made digitally with the use of electronic devices operating in the binary system. This new situation has brought several consequences for the criminal proceedings, notably with respect to the evidence. However, legislation and case law have not kept up with the pace of technological change, opening up a normative vacuum in the field of evidence. For this reason, it is essential to analyze the technical and social aspects of this new scenario state of evidence theory in the wake of these changes, so as to conceptualize and establish a proper legal and evidentiary procedure for the verification of digital evidence in the criminal justice process. In assessing the concept and the legal nature of digital evidence, this thesis demonstrates that digital evidence is fundamentally a distinct kind of evidence, which, while similar to the document, nevertheless presents unique characteristics that require specific regulation of its evidentiary procedure. From the definition of the concept, classification and characterization of digital evidence, this thesis examines the proper methods of obtaining and producing digital evidence in a manner consistent with its unique nature, while at the same time questioning the sufficiency and adequacy of the rules in the current law regarding such methods. Finally, this thesis proposes a rudimentary framework of rules for this field.

O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e a formação da sociedade da informação, a partir do Século XX, acarretaram novos hábitos pessoais e sociais e transformações no processamento e arquivamento das informações. O tratamento e o registro de fatos e ideias passaram a ser feitos de maneira digital, com o uso de dispositivos eletrônicos que operam no sistema binário. Esse novo panorama trouxe diversos reflexos para o processo penal, principalmente relacionados à prova. Entretanto, a legislação e a jurisprudência não acompanharam o avanço tecnológico, abrindo-se um vazio normativo em matéria de procedimento probatório. Por essa razão, faz-se imprescindível a análise dos aspectos técnicos e sociais em face da teoria da prova, para se buscar conceituar o resultado do desenvolvimento tecnológico, ou seja, a prova digital, com a verificação de sua natureza jurídica e do procedimento probatório adequado para sua utilização no processo penal brasileiro. Assim, o objetivo desta tese é aferir o conceito e a natureza jurídica da prova digital e demonstrar que ela constitui espécie própria de fonte de prova, que, embora assemelhada ao documento, apresenta características peculiares, que demandam regulamentação específica de seu procedimento probatório. A partir do delineamento do conceito, da classificação e da caracterização da prova digital, examinam-se os meios de obtenção de prova e meios de prova adequados a essa fonte sui generis, observando a suficiência e a propriedade das normas existentes no ordenamento atual. Ao final, destacam-se os principais aspectos que carecem de regulação, propondo-se estrutura ainda rudimentar de normas para a matéria / The development of new technologies and the consequent rise of the Information Society, starting in the twentieth century, led to new personal and social habits and a revolution in the processing and storage of information. In this context, treatment and record of facts and ideas turned to be made digitally with the use of electronic devices operating in the binary system. This new situation has brought several consequences for the criminal proceedings, notably with respect to the evidence. However, legislation and case law have not kept up with the pace of technological change, opening up a normative vacuum in the field of evidence. For this reason, it is essential to analyze the technical and social aspects of this new scenario state of evidence theory in the wake of these changes, so as to conceptualize and establish a proper legal and evidentiary procedure for the verification of digital evidence in the criminal justice process. In assessing the concept and the legal nature of digital evidence, this thesis demonstrates that digital evidence is fundamentally a distinct kind of evidence, which, while similar to the document, nevertheless presents unique characteristics that require specific regulation of its evidentiary procedure. From the definition of the concept, classification and characterization of digital evidence, this thesis examines the proper methods of obtaining and producing digital evidence in a manner consistent with its unique nature, while at the same time questioning the sufficiency and adequacy of the rules in the current law regarding such methods. Finally, this thesis proposes a rudimentary framework of rules for this field.

This dissertation contextualises the forensic computing domain in terms of validation of tools and processes. It explores the current state of forensic computing comparing it to the traditional forensic sciences. The research then develops a classification system for the disciplines functions to establish the extensible base for which a validation system is developed. / Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2010

This dissertation contextualises the forensic computing domain in terms of validation of tools and processes. It explores the current state of forensic computing comparing it to the traditional forensic sciences. The research then develops a classification system for the disciplines functions to establish the extensible base for which a validation system is developed. / Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2010

L’activité économique et le nouveau marché électronique sont les notions qui motivent les économistes ainsi que les juristes à réorganiser le nouvel espace du commerce. Un marché électronique donne son caractère électronique à l’activité sur les réseaux, ce qui a motivé les États à adopter certaines règles pour régir ce marché. Cette utilisation de réseau mondial nous encourage à traiter la question de commerce électronique en droit, et plus précisément la question de contrat de vente électronique en droit international privé. La première partie de cette thèse traite d’un côté les questions de la particularité et les problématiques du commerce électronique en droit international privé. Ces problématiques prennent en compte la question du cyberespace en tant que nouveau marché virtuel: la territorialité, l’internationalité, l’immatérialité de cet espace. D’un autre côté, se trouve l’applicabilité des conventions internationales au contrat de vente électronique. La seconde partie de cette thèse analyse la technique et la stratégie d’adaptation des lois nationales afin d’être applicables au contrat électronique. Les deux exemples de cette analyse d’adaptation sont la loi française et la loi syrienne. / Economic activity and the new electronic marketplace are the concepts that motivate economists and lawyers to reorganize the new area of commerce. An electronic market provides its electronic character of the activity on the networks, which motivated the states to adopt certain rules governing this market. This use of global network encourages us to address the issue of electronic commerce law, and specifically the question of contract electronic sales in private international law. The first part of this thesis deals with one side of the particular issues and problems of electronic commerce in international private law. These issues take into account the issue of cyberspace as a new virtual marketplace: territoriality, internationality, the immateriality of this space. On the other hand, is the applicability of international conventions on electronic sales contrac. The second part of this thesis analyzes the technique and strategy of adapting national laws to be applicable to electronic contracts. Two examples of this analysis are adjusting to French law and the Syrian law.

Crime has been around since the beginning of time. In an evolving society, and the methodology of crime also changes. The methodology of combating and preventing crime should aim to match the speed at which crime occurs. Criminal procedure deals with the powers of the police to investigate crimes.1 The Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 (CPA) contains the principles of search and seizure in chapter 2. The promulgation of the CPA was during a period where the computer was a new phenomenon. At this time, it was inconceivable that technology would ever advance and become so ubiquitous, to the point that technology would infiltrate every aspect of our lives, and laws. There has since been many developments in our law, especially a new Constitutional dispensation.2 There have been developments and technological advancements that have had a direct and indirect bearing on the CPA. People use technology to communicate, transact, and unfortunately, to commit crime. These developments require there to be amendments in the CPA. There has been no specific amendments relating to search and seizure which are of significance in addressing technological advances. It is recommended that the amendments to the CPA include definitions and guidelines for procedural aspects of collection of electronic evidence. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M. (Criminal and Procedural Law)

The problem encountered by the researcher was that the South African Police Service Cyber-Crimes Unit is experiencing problems in seizing computer evidence. The following problems were identified by the researcher in practice: evidence is destroyed or lost because of mishandling by investigators; computer evidence is often not obtained or recognised, due to a lack of knowledge and skills on the part of investigators to properly seize computer evidence; difficulties to establish authenticity and initiate a chain of custody for the seized evidence; current training that is offered is unable to cover critical steps in the performance of seizing computer evidence; computer seizure as a technique requires specialised knowledge and continuous training, because the information technology industry is an ever-changing area. An empirical research design, followed by a qualitative research approach, allowed the researcher to also obtain information from practice. A thorough literature study, complemented by interviews, was done to collect the required data for the research. Members of the South African Police Cyber-crime Unit and prosecutors dealing with cyber-crime cases were interviewed to obtain their input into, and experiences on, the topic. The aim of the study was to explore the role of computers in the forensic investigation process, and to determine how computers can be seized without compromising evidence. The study therefore also aimed at creating an understanding and awareness about the slippery nature of computer evidence, and how it can find its way to the court of law without being compromised. The research has revealed that computer crime is different from common law or traditional crimes. It is complicated, and therefore only skilled and qualified forensic experts should be used to seize computer evidence, to ensure that the evidence is not compromised. Training of cyber-crime technicians has to be priority, in order to be successful in seizing computers. / Department of Criminology / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

The problem encountered by the researcher was that the South African Police Service Cyber-Crimes Unit is experiencing problems in seizing computer evidence. The following problems were identified by the researcher in practice: evidence is destroyed or lost because of mishandling by investigators; computer evidence is often not obtained or recognised, due to a lack of knowledge and skills on the part of investigators to properly seize computer evidence; difficulties to establish authenticity and initiate a chain of custody for the seized evidence; current training that is offered is unable to cover critical steps in the performance of seizing computer evidence; computer seizure as a technique requires specialised knowledge and continuous training, because the information technology industry is an ever-changing area. An empirical research design, followed by a qualitative research approach, allowed the researcher to also obtain information from practice. A thorough literature study, complemented by interviews, was done to collect the required data for the research. Members of the South African Police Cyber-crime Unit and prosecutors dealing with cyber-crime cases were interviewed to obtain their input into, and experiences on, the topic. The aim of the study was to explore the role of computers in the forensic investigation process, and to determine how computers can be seized without compromising evidence. The study therefore also aimed at creating an understanding and awareness about the slippery nature of computer evidence, and how it can find its way to the court of law without being compromised. The research has revealed that computer crime is different from common law or traditional crimes. It is complicated, and therefore only skilled and qualified forensic experts should be used to seize computer evidence, to ensure that the evidence is not compromised. Training of cyber-crime technicians has to be priority, in order to be successful in seizing computers. / Department of Criminology / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

No description available.

Dans l’ère économique actuelle où les transactions commerciales, propulsées par l’omniprésence des technologies de l’information, se font de plus en plus à l’échelle mondiale, les risques de conflits juridiques de nature internationale augmentent considérablement. Les entreprises québécoises faisant plus fréquemment affaire avec des partenaires étrangers, les litiges d’aujourd’hui confrontent les parties et leurs représentants à des dilemmes légaux nouveaux qui les forcent à interagir avec des cultures judiciaires, autres que québécoises, et ce, particulièrement lors de la communication au préalable de la preuve civile. Nous nous pencherons donc sur l’analyse des divers enjeux légaux soulevés par ce processus afin de relever les considérations pratiques auxquelles seront soumises les parties à un conflit commercial international institué devant les tribunaux québécois. Ainsi, à l’aide d’un cas hypothétique, nous effectuerons l’étude des régimes procéduraux québécois, tant général que particulier, de communication de la preuve civile internationale, les restrictions applicables à la procédure ainsi que son encadrement supranational. Puis, nous étudierons l’impact des technologies de l’information sur le régime québécois de communication au préalable de la preuve civile en mettant l’accent tout particulièrement sur la dématérialisation de la preuve civile internationale, les changements législatifs de la réforme du Code de procédure civile et la protection des renseignements personnels. / In the current economic era, where business transactions are more than ever globalized due to the increasing use of technologies, the risks of legal conflicts being international in nature are now higher. Since businesses from Québec are now frequently making transactions with foreign partners, litigation nowadays confronts parties and their lawyers with new legal dilemmas, forcing them to interact with different judicial cultures other than Québec’s, especially during the pre-trial discovery and disclosure process. We will then analyze the many legal challenges resulting from this procedure to address the practical considerations that subject the parties of an international litigation instituted in front of Québec’s tribunals. Therefore, with the help of a hypothetical, we will study Québec’s general and specific procedures of discovery and disclosure of international civil evidence, its restrictions and the international legal frame surrounding it. Also, we will discuss the impact of technologies on Québec’s pre-trial discovery and disclosure process focusing on the dematerialization of civil evidence, the legislative modifications of the reform of the Québec Code of Civil Procedure, and the protection of personal data.