La rencontre entre les contrats et les droits fondamentaux est au centre de très nombreux débats juridiques contemporains : qu’il s’agisse notamment de la place du fait religieux dans la société, de la marchandisation du corps humain, ou encore du respect de la dignité de la personne. Cette rencontre stimule la réflexion de nombreux juristes, le sens de l’étude est de contribuer modestement à celle-ci dans la perspective d’une comparaison entre les droits français et québécois.On peut alors observer que l’exigence de respect des droits fondamentaux dans les contrats progresse dans les deux systèmes. En premier lieu, parce que nos droits font une place de plus en plus grande aux instruments de protection des droits fondamentaux, leur autorité s’impose en matière contractuelle. Ensuite, il faut remarquer que l’autorité des droits fondamentaux n’épuise pas leurs effets dans ce domaine. Ils rayonnent dans les contrats, car de relecture en réécriture les droits français et québécois des contrats sont de plus en plus imprégnés par l’exigence de respect des droits fondamentaux. Toutefois, en France et au Québec, à cette progression répond la nécessité de permettre l’inscription sociale des droits fondamentaux. On voit alors que le pouvoir sur les droits fondamentaux dans les contrats s’affirme, et que de contrat médical en contrat de travail, il devient incontournable pour permettre leur exercice. Toutefois, la dangerosité inhérente du pouvoir sur les droits fondamentaux justifie une réflexion sur les limites qui peuvent lui être assigné, à la fois en considération du respect de la dignité de la personne, mais également en considération de sa légitimité / The meeting of contract law with fundamental rights is at the center of numerous contemporary legal debates, notably with regard to the place of the religious in society, the commodification of the body, or respect for human dignity. This encounter has prodded a reflection from numerous jurists. The aim of this study is to bring a modest contribution to the discussion, through a comparison of French and Québec law. The exigencies of respect for fundamental rights is evolving in the two legal systems. Because fundamental rights instruments play a larger role in our laws, their authority in contractual matters is becoming ineludible. Indeed, it should be noted that fundamental rights have not reached their full extent in this field. They emerge within contracts, because from revisiting to re-writing, Québec and French contract law are increasingly influenced by the obligation to comply with fundamental rights.However, this evolution in France and in Quebec is accompanied by a requirement that fundamental rights be allowed social admission. From that point on, we can see power over fundamental rights being asserted within contacts, that power evolving from medical contracts to work contracts towards becoming inescapable for their enforcement. Yet, the danger inherent in such power over fundamental rights calls for serious deliberations on the limits that must be set upon it, both with regard to the dignity of the human person, and in relation to its legitimacy

The aim of the thesis is to analyse asylum law of the European Union with focus on the changes, which introduced the Treaty of Lisbon. The paper describes development of the EU asylum law, establishing of the Common European Asylum System (CAES) and changes that Lisbon Treaty introduced in comparison with the former regulation. The text also deals with the right to asylum, which is established in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. The thesis is divided into 7 chapters. In the first part of the paper the author follows historical development of the asylum law of the European Union and beginning of the harmonization until adoption of the Amsterdam Treaty. The second chapter is dedicated to the establishment of the CAES, which more than 10 years ago became main priority of the asylum policy of the EU and which aims to harmonize asylum laws of the Member States and therefore ensure a unified application not only of international, but also of European legislation from this area. Recent major changes in the structure and functioning of the European Union, which were introduced by the Lisbon Treaty, are in general outlined in the third chapter of this paper. Detailed description of changes is presented in the next chapter, which is divided into section according to the institutions. Each...

Submitted by PPG Direito (ppgdir@pucrs.br) on 2018-10-05T12:52:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Clarissa_Lopes_ Bellarmino_Tes.pdf: 1858165 bytes, checksum: f3c9f1535f426f30e77001036a4fc860 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-10-08T12:22:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Clarissa_Lopes_ Bellarmino_Tes.pdf: 1858165 bytes, checksum: f3c9f1535f426f30e77001036a4fc860 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-08T12:34:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clarissa_Lopes_ Bellarmino_Tes.pdf: 1858165 bytes, checksum: f3c9f1535f426f30e77001036a4fc860 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-22 / Scientific research involving human beings, carried out in the biomedical and genetic areas, generates data from activities developed in biobank, among which genetic data, which should be protected not only in the ethical scope, but also in the legal sphere. Genetic data are information related to hereditary characteristics obtained from samples of human biological sources (eg: cells, hair, tissues, blood, bone, tumors and organs, among other materials derived from human body). These samples can be stored, processed and accessed on biobank - nonprofit structure, organized and systematized in universities and research institutions that provides technologies and/or equipment necessary for scientific investigation. The purpose of this study is to verify whether current Brazilian regulation is sufficient or not regarding the ethical-legal protection of human genetic data in biobank activities, considering the rights of the participants, as far as safeguarding their personal data and to sensitive data, fundamentals of genetic identify. Genetic identify understood as the projection of personal identify. In view of this, it is essential to review the national literature in the light of the constitutional principle of human dignity and fundamental rights, such as the right to life, health, intimacy, privacy and the free development of personality. In turn, a review and analysis of current Brazilian legislation, as well as the identification of guidelines, recommendations and international regulations, are constructs that support and contribute to the understanding of the relevance and pertinence of the subject of personal data protection, particularly human genetic data, demanding the legal support from the principles of the democratic State based on the rule of law. Finally, it is concluded that the protection of human genetic data in biobank activities is deserving of specific legislation, which includes measures of coherence in case of violation of the principle of human dignity and of the fundamental rights implied, that guarantees the integrity of the participant of the research and their personal rights, that imposes to the researchers, the participants, the research institutions and universities and the State, the duties and limits of action in relation to human life and health. Therefore, a specific infraconstitutional legislation, effective in the legal and effective protection in its implementation. / Las investigaciones cient?ficas que involucran seres humanos, realizadas en las ?reas biom?dica y gen?tica, generan datos a partir de actividades desarrolladas en biobanco - entre los cuales datos gen?ticos - debiendo los mismos ser protegidos, no s?lo en el ?mbito ?tico, sino tambi?n en el ?mbito jur?dico. Los datos gen?ticos son informaciones sobre las caracter?sticas hereditarias obtenidas de muestras de material biol?gico humano (por ejemplo, c?lulas, pelo, tejidos, sangre, huesos, tumores y ?rganos, entre otros ejemplares derivados del cuerpo humano). Estas muestras pueden ser almacenadas, procesadas y accesadas en biobanco - estructura sin fines de lucro, organizada y sistematizada en universidades e instituciones de investigaci?n que ofrece tecnolog?as y / o recursos necesarios para la investigaci?n cient?fica. El prop?sito de este estudio es verificar si la regulaci?n brasile?a actual es suficiente - o no - cuanto a la protecci?n ?tico-jur?dica de los datos gen?ticos humanos en actividades de biobanco, garantizando los derechos de los participantes, con la salvaguardia de sus datos personales y datos sensibles, fundamentales para la identidad gen?tica. Identidad gen?tica entendida como proyecci?n de la identidad personal. En este prisma, es imprescindible una revisi?n de la literatura nacional, a la luz del principio constitucional de la dignidad humana y de los derechos fundamentales, tales como el derecho a la vida, a la salud, a la intimidad, a la privacidad y al libre desarrollo de la personalidad. Por su parte, una revisi?n y an?lisis de la legislaci?n brasile?a actual, as? como la identificaci?n de directrices, recomendaciones y regulaciones internacionales, son constructos que fundamentan y contribuyen a la comprensi?n de la relevancia y pertenencia de la tem?tica acerca de la protecci?n de datos personales, particularmente datos gen?ticos humanos, lo que exije del Estado Democr?tico de Derecho el debido apoyo legal. Por ?ltimo, se concluye que la protecci?n de los datos gen?ticos humanos en las actividades de biobanco est? merced a una legislaci?n espec?fica, que contemple medidas de cohesi?n para el caso de afrenta al principio de la dignidad humana y de los derechos fundamentales implicados, que garantice la integridad del producto, que participa en la investigaci?n y sus derechos personales, que imponga a los investigadores, a los participantes, a las instituciones de investigaci?n y universidades y al Estado, los deberes y l?mites de actuaci?n en relaci?n con la vida humana y la salud. Por lo tanto, una legislaci?n infraconstitucional espec?fica, eficaz en la protecci?n jur?dica y efectiva en su implementaci?n. / As pesquisas cient?ficas envolvendo seres humanos, realizadas nas ?reas biom?dica e gen?tica, geram dados a partir de atividades desenvolvidas em biobanco, dentre os quais dados gen?ticos, devendo os mesmos serem protegidos, n?o apenas no ?mbito ?tico, como tamb?m no ?mbito jur?dico. Dados gen?ticos s?o informa??es referentes ?s caracter?sticas heredit?rias obtidas de amostras de material biol?gico humano (por exemplo: c?lulas, cabelo, tecidos, sangue, ossos, tumores e ?rg?os, entre outros exemplares derivados do corpo humano). Essas amostras podem ser armazenadas, processadas e acessadas em biobanco - estrutura sem fins lucrativos, organizada e sistematizada em universidades e institui??es de pesquisa que oferece tecnologias e/ou equipamentos necess?rios ? pesquisa cient?fica. O prop?sito deste estudo ? verificar se a regula??o brasileira atual ? suficiente ou n?o quanto ? prote??o ?tico-jur?dica dos dados gen?ticos humanos em atividades de biobanco, considerando os direitos dos participantes, na medida da salvaguarda dos seus dados pessoais e dados sens?veis, fundamentos da identidade gen?tica. Identidade gen?tica entendida como proje??o da identidade pessoal. Sob este prisma, ? imprescind?vel uma revis?o da literatura nacional e internacional, ? luz de princ?pio constitucional da dignidade humana e dos direitos fundamentais, tais como o direito ? vida, ? sa?de, ? intimidade, ? privacidade e ao livre desenvolvimento da personalidade. Por sua vez, uma revis?o e an?lise da legisla??o brasileira atual, assim como a identifica??o de diretrizes, recomenda??es e regulamenta??es internacionais, s?o construtos que fundamentam e contribuem para a compreens?o da relev?ncia e pertin?ncia da tem?tica da prote??o de dados pessoais, particularmente dados gen?ticos humanos, exigindo do Estado Democr?tico de Direito o devido respaldo legal. Por fim, conclui-se que a prote??o dos dados gen?ticos humanos em atividades de biobanco est? a merecer uma legisla??o espec?fica, que contemple medidas de coers?o para o caso de afronta ao princ?pio da dignidade humana e dos direitos fundamentais implicados, que garanta a integridade do participante da pesquisa e seus direitos pessoais, que imponha aos pesquisadores, aos participantes, ?s institui??es de pesquisa e universidades e ao Estado, os deveres e limites de atua??o em rela??o vida humana e ? sa?de. Portanto, uma legisla??o infraconstitucional espec?fica, eficaz na prote??o jur?dica e efetiva na sua implementa??o.

Dans ce mémoire, je cherche à expliquer comment politiquement intégrer les générations futures et les animaux non humains. Pour ce faire, je revisite les débats en philosophie concernant la valeur intrinsèque, les théories de justice, les droits et la représentation politique. J’avance que ce qui a été réalisé concernant les générations futures peut servir à la cause des animaux non humains, et inversement. J’analyse ainsi ce qui rassemble ces sans-voix. Après leur avoir accordé une valeur intrinsèque et politique, je leur reconnais des droits à l’intégrité physique, la vie et la liberté. Je propose finalement les solutions qui peuvent servir à contourner le problème de leur non audibilité en démocratie. / In this M.A. research, I try to understand how to politically admit future generations and nonhuman animals. To do this, I analyze debates in philosophy about intrinsic value, theories of justice, rights and political representation. I suggest that what has been accomplished about future generations can serve to the animal cause and conversely. I review what brings together this voices-less. After I allowed them an intrinsic and political value, I recognize them with rights to physically integrity, life and liberty. Finally, I suggest solutions to by-pass the problem of non-audibility in democracy.

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