Orientador: Sergio Joaquim Deodato Fernandes / Resumo: Introdução: O Sistema Único de Saúde tem como objetivo organizar e integrar as ações de saúde por meio da articulação tanto de promoção e de prevenção das doenças quanto de cura e reabilitação. No entanto, ainda é um desafio, atender às pessoas com qualidade e resolubilidade. Nas últimas décadas, grandes esforços têm sido realizados, envolvendo toda a rede assistencial do país, desde a atenção primária e atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel até a rede hospitalar de alta complexidade e reabilitação. Com o aumento da morbimortalidade e da transição demográfica resultante de uma população em processo rápido de envelhecimento e seus fatores de risco, houve uma sobrecarga dos serviços de atendimento às urgências e emergências. Soma-se a isso, a estruturação fragmentada das Redes de Atenção à Saúde podendo afetar a continuidade do cuidado oferecido aos pacientes. Para atender a essa demanda, foi instituída pelo Ministério da Saúde a Rede de Urgência e Emergência (RUE). O Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU 192) é o componente móvel da RUE e é o responsável pela ligação entre os diversos serviços de saúde que compõem a Rede. Ele tem como objetivo chegar precocemente ao paciente que sofreu um agravo de qualquer natureza e oferecer o atendimento e transporte adequado para um serviço de saúde. Os atendimentos do SAMU 192 são acompanhados por uma Central de Regulação das Urgências, a qual foi caracterizada pelo Ministério da Saúde como um observatório privilegiado do SUS, pois, a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: The “Sistema Único de Saúde” (SUS) aims to organize and integrate the health actions through the articulation of both promotion and prevention of diseases as well as healing and rehabilitation. However, an organization of health services to attend people with quality and solvability is still a challenge. In the last decades, great projects have been carried out involving the entire healthcare network in the country, from primary care and prehospital care to a hospital network of high complexity and rehabilitation. With the increase in morbidity and mortality due to external causes, together with a demographic transition resulting from a rapidly aging population and its risk factors, there was an overload of urgency and emergency services. That is, among other things, the fragmented structure of Health Care Networks can affect the continuity care of patients. To comply this demand the “Rede de Urgência e Emergência” (RUE) was established through the Ministry of Health. The “Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência” (SAMU 192) is the mobile component of the RUE and it is responsible for the link between the various health services that make up the Network. It aims rush to the patient with an injury of any nature and provide care and proper transportation to a health service center. The SAMU 192 services are followed by an Emergency Regulation Center that enable urgencies and emergencies flow and evidences deficiencies of the Network. Thus, this study is important ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Silvana Andrea Molina Lima / Resumo: Introdução. Em todo o mundo, nos últimos anos, percebeu-se um aumento significativo da procura de atendimento nos serviços de urgência e emergência, essa demanda está atrelada ao aumento das estatísticas de acidentes automobilísticos, da violência e a procura para cuidados não urgentes. A superlotação desses serviços é algo preocupante, uma vez que compromete a segurança dos pacientes envolvendo elevado tempo de espera, a classificação de risco, a educação do paciente e da equipe em relação a finalidade desse atendimento surgem como métodos de organização do fluxo. Objetivo. Identificar o perfil da demanda atendida na Unidade de Pronto Atendimento (UPA) de Itapeva, considerando a classificação de risco, e desenvolver material educativo digital a partir do perfil caracterizado. Método. O estudo foi realizado em 3 etapas, a primeira consistiu em uma revisão integrativa da literatura, que teve por objetivo conhecer o motivo da busca por atendimento da demanda não urgente, esta resultou em uma amostra de 8 estudos a partir da busca nas bases de dados: Biblioteca virtual em saúde (BVS), Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Scopus e Cinahal. A etapa seguinte consistiu em um estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo que teve intuito de analisar o perfil de atendimentos da UPA do município de Itapeva. Quanto à amostragem, foi realizado cálculo estatístico para o tamanho amostral, considerando 95% de confiança e uma margem de erro de 5%, sendo recomendada amostra com n de 370 pacientes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the demand for emergency services across the world. This demand is linked to the statistical increase of car accidents, violence and the search for non-urgent care. The overcrowding of these services is somewhat worrisome, since it compromises the safety of patients, involving high waiting time. Risk classification, patient and team education on the purposes of such services arise as methods of flow organization. Objective. Identify the profile of the demand served by the Itapeva Emergency Care Unit (UPA), considering the risk classification, and to develop digital educational material based on the characterized profile. Method. The study was carried out in 3 stages. The first consisted of an integrative review of the literature, which aimed to know the reasons involving the search for non-urgent care. It resulted in a sample of 8 studies taken from the database: Virtual Health Library (VHL), Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Scopus and Cinahal. The next step consisted of a quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study which aimed to analyze the care profile of the UPA in the city of Itapeva. As for sampling, a statistical calculation was performed for the sample size, considering 95% confidence, a margin of error of 5%, and a sample with n corresponding to 370 patients. Data collection was taken from physical files located in its archive sector, from March to June 2017, referring to the patients atte... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The aim of the dissertation was to assess and evaluate the readiness of the emergency medical services to respond to a potential extraordinary event of a chemical, biological, irradiating or nuclear character. The scope of the dissertation was to map professional, material, technical and legislative preparation in this regard. This data offers an overview of the experiences of emergency personnel from a practical standpoint, gained through action or training, and is enriched by additional specific data from the Emergency Medical Services of the South Bohemian Region. The information gathered for the purpose of authoring the dissertation was obtained by utilisation of quantitative and qualitative research methods. In the case of quantitative research, data was gathered by means of an anonymous questionnaire, where the research file was constituted by physicians and medical emergency personnel. In the case of qualitative research a form of directed interview with the deputy of the crisis management team of the emergency medical services was used.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T17:12:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-25. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-06-07T17:16:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000864271.pdf: 1326989 bytes, checksum: eff2c8c90bf34c410902d700c1e35884 (MD5) / O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi analisar os chamados da população obstétrica usuária do SAMU 192 de Botucatu no ano de 2012 com relação à sua pertinência, considerando a paridade das mulheres. Trata-se de estudo observacional e analítico, realizado com população de mulheres no ciclo gravídico/puerperal e com profissionais da rede básica de saúde do município de Botucatu-SP. Os dados foram coletados a partir das fichas de atendimento do Serviço e chamados pertinentes foram todos os que resultaram em encaminhamento ao hospital e quando classificados nas cores vermelha, laranja e amarela, segundo critério de risco proposto pelo Ministério da Saúde. Quanto aos profissionais, a amostra foi composta por 67 pessoas, entre médicos, enfermeiros, auxiliares/técnicos de enfermagem e agentes comunitários de saúde. Nas análises estatísticas foram utilizados o teste qui-quadrado, Kruskal-Wallis e exato de Fisher, sendo que em todos os casos considerou-se p crítico <0,05. As análises foram feitas com o software SPSS v15.0. Este estudo foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP. Para ambos os critérios de classificação utilizados, a prevalência de demanda não pertinente foi baixa. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na demanda não pertinente segundo a paridade. Quando se consideram as diferentes categorias profissionais que atuam na atenção básica, não houve diferença entre elas, quando se investigou se primíparas devem ser prioritárias para o SAMU, quando comparadas às multíparas. O escore de conhecimento sobre a pertinência da demanda ao SAMU obtido pelos profissionais variou entre 7 e 8 e pode ser considerado elevado. A excelente condição da mulher no atendimento, as queixas brandas e o registro de achados leves pelos profissionais sugerem que o encaminhamento ao serviço de referência pode estar sendo superestimado, indicando falta de... / The general objective of the present study was to analyze the calls from the obstetric users of SAMU 192 in Botucatu, in 2012, as regards their pertinence and taking the women's parity into consideration. The present analytic and observational study included a population of women in the pregnancy-puerperium cycle as well as professionals of the primary healthcare network in the city of Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Data were collected from records of the Service and pertinent calls were all those resulting in referrals to hospitals and classified as red, orange and yellow according to the risk criteria proposed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. As regards the involved professionals, the study sample comprised 67 peoples including physicians, nurses, nursing assistants/technicians and community healthcare agents. The chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and exact Fisher's tests were utilized in the statistical analyses, and the critic p value was set at <0.05. The analyses were performed with the SPSS v15.0 software. The present study was approved by the Committee for Ethics in Research of Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP. A low prevalence of non pertinent demand was observed as both classification criteria were considered. No statistically significant difference was observed in relation to the non pertinent demand as the women's parity was considered. As the different professional categories involved in primary healthcare activities were considered, no difference was observed in the degree of priority given by SAMU to primiparae and multiparae. The scoring of the professionals' knowledge about demand pertinence ranged between 7 and 8 and may be considered high. The excellent health conditions of the women at their admission, their mild complaints and the reporting of mild findings by the professionals suggest that the index of referrals to the reference center might be overestimated, indicating lack of integration between primary ...

Thesis (MTech (Emergency Medical Care))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Background - As emergency medical care students approach the exit level of their four-year qualification, additional focus get placed on assessment of their ability provide patient care in the real world pre-hospital emergency care environment. Upon graduation, there is no opportunity for newly graduated emergency care practitioners to complete an internship programme. The assessment of clinical competence is therefore regarded as a critically important and invaluable activity within the academic unit. Academic staff within the Emergency Medical Care department at UJ recognised the need for the development of a standardised assessment instrument to purposefully assess pre-hospital clinical performance and developed an assessment instrument referred to as the University of Johannesburg Clinical Performance Assessment Instrument (UJ CPAI). Having developed the UJ CPAI it became necessary and important to scientifically investigate and evaluate the extent to which the CPAI (as a newly developed instrument) meets the requirements of what is considered to be a "good assessment instrument". For this reason investigation of the validity, reliability and end-user support for the implementation of the UJ CPAI became the central aim and focus of this study.

Os serviços de urgência/emergência apresentam-se como uma das portas de entrada do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), têm por objetivo atender de forma imediata indivíduos com risco iminente de vida. Nos últimos anos, a demanda por atendimento nestes serviços tem aumentado, dificultando a organização do trabalho e o acesso aos pacientes que realmente necessitam, comprometendo a qualidade do trabalho da equipe de saúde. As mudanças no perfil de morbi-mortalidade por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis trazem repercussão para o atendimento às urgências/emergências hospitalares. Este estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar os atendimentos clínicos de adultos segundo aspectos demográficos, organizacionais e de diagnóstico médico de alta em um Serviço de Urgência de um Hospital de Ensino do interior de São Paulo, no ano de 2007. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com desenho metodológico quantitativo, do tipo descritivo e transversal, utilizando dados secundários, obtidos através de um banco de dados do próprio hospital, os quais foram analisados segundo a estatística descritiva, apresentados na forma de freqüência e porcentagens, discutidos a partir de referencial teórico de reorganização do atendimento a urgências/emergências clínicas na perspectiva do SUS. No período ocorreram 5285 atendimentos clínicos que se caracterizaram em sua maior parte por usuários do sexo masculino (54,1%), com escolaridade de ensino fundamental (73,9%), na faixa etária de 18 à 59 anos (62,8%), procedentes do município de Ribeirão Preto (63,7%). No que se refere ao diagnóstico mais freqüente encontramos a hipertensão essencial (primária), correspondendo a 4,9% do total de atendimentos realizados. Quanto as variáveis organizacionais que o mês com maior número de atendimentos clínicos foi janeiro, 10%, enquanto o mês de novembro teve o menor número de atendimentos clínicos (7,3%), o dia da semana que apresentou maior demanda foi a segunda-feira (16%); quanto a variável horário de entrada do paciente no serviço, das 12 às 24h obtivemos um porcentual de 67,1% do total de atendimentos clínicos. O principal motivo de saída após atendimento foi a internação hospitalar e o tempo de permanência na unidade predominante foi inferior a seis horas. A caracterização dos atendimentos clínicos do serviço de urgência/emergência fornece subsídios para a organização do trabalho na unidade de estudo e no próprio hospital. / Emergency services are one of the entrances of the Unified Health System (SUS). They aim to delivery immediate care to people at eminent risk of death. The demand for care in these services has increased in the last years. This makes the organization of the work and the access of patients who really need care more difficult, compromising the quality of the health team work. Changes in the profile of morbimortality by nontransmissible chronic diseases reflect on the care provided in hospital emergency services. This quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the adult clinical care delivered in an Emergency Service in a Teaching Hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo, in 2007. Secondary data, obtained in the hospital database, were used to characterize care according to demographic and organizational aspects and the discharge medical diagnosis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented as frequency and percentage. Data are discussed through the theoretical framework of the reorganization of clinical emergency care in the perspective of SUS. During the analyzed period, 5285 clinical care sessions were delivered, most clients were men (54.1%), with primary educational level (73.9%), between 18 and 59 years of age (62.8%), and lived in the city of Ribeirão Preto (63.7%). The most frequent diagnosis observed was essential high blood pressure (primary), corresponding to 4.9% of the total care sessions delivered. Regarding the organizational variables, it was found that January was the month with the highest number of care sessions (10%), while November had the lowest (7.3%). Monday was the day of the week that presented highest demand (16%); the peak time of patient\'s entrance to emergency service was between 12 am and 12 pm, with 67.1% of the total clinical care sessions. The main reason of exit after the care session was hospitalization, and the prevailing length of stay at the service was less than six hours. The characterization of the clinical care delivered at the emergency service supports the organization of the work in the service under study and in the hospital itself.

Orientador: Izilda Esmenia Muglia Araújo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T15:23:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MicheledeFreitasNeves_M.pdf: 1957594 bytes, checksum: 55b6fdc705591ecda40d156b27fb825d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Introdução: A elaboração e implementação de um protocolo de classificação de risco em unidades de emergência prioriza o atendimento de acordo com a gravidade do paciente de maneira homogênea entre todos os profissionais. Desta forma, diminui-se o tempo de espera dos pacientes graves, melhorando a qualidade da assistência prestada. Para isto, é necessário conhecer a demanda e o perfil da Unidade, utilizando-se um protocolo compatível com estas características. Objetivos: Identificar o perfil sócio-demográfico e as principais queixas da população adulta atendida na Unidade de Emergência de um Hospital Universitário. Validar o conteúdo do protocolo de avaliação e classificação de risco de pacientes elaborado e verificar a sua confiabilidade. Método: Estudo descritivo/retrospectivo e metodológico desenvolvido na Unidade de Emergência de um Hospital Universitário no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Compreendeu cinco etapas: avaliação do perfil e da demanda da Unidade, avaliação dos protocolos de classificação de risco existentes na literatura, elaboração, validação de conteúdo e verificação da confiabilidade do protocolo. O instrumento utilizado para caracterização do perfil foi estruturado com base nos dados do Boletim de Atendimento de Urgência (BAU) e o protocolo de classificação de risco com base nos existentes na literatura. A amostra do perfil da população foi constituída por 3424 BAU do período de janeiro a dezembro de 2008. A validação de conteúdo foi realizada por seis juízes individualmente e uma reunião do comitê de juízes; a confiabilidade pela pesquisadora e quatro observadores, a última mediante aplicação do protocolo em 40 pacientes. Resultados: A procura espontânea pela Unidade foi feita, predominantemente, por mulheres jovens na faixa etária dos 14 aos 54 anos dos bairros próximos à Unidade durante a semana e no horário das sete às dezenove horas. As queixas mais freqüentes foram: cefaléia, dor abdominal, dor torácica, lombalgia, tosse, febre, vômito, dispnéia, dor em MMII, náusea, tontura, dor de garganta, diarréia, mialgia, disúria, cervicalgia e dor em MMSS. Houve predominância da classificação de risco na prioridade verde (67%), sendo o tempo médio de espera para a classificação de 33,6 min e para o atendimento médico de 79,4 min. Na validação de conteúdo foram obtidos os seguintes percentuais de concordância entre os juízes: na organização -100% em 31 itens e 83,3% em quatro; na abrangência - 32 dos 35 itens obtiveram concordâncias iguais ou maiores a 66,6%; objetividade- 24 itens obtiveram concordâncias iguais ou maiores a 66,6% e na pertinência- 30 itens obtiveram concordâncias iguais ou maiores a 66,6%. Após a avaliação individual, o protocolo foi modificado na reunião do comitê de juízes. A confiabilidade obteve grau de concordância excelente (Coeficiente Kappa ponderado = 0,81). Conclusão: O perfil da amostra adulta atendida na Unidade foi de adultos jovens em idade produtiva, sexo feminino, procedentes do próprio município, demanda espontânea, no período diurno em dias úteis. Os atendimentos apontaram para queixas de baixa complexidade, predominando a prioridade verde. O protocolo de avaliação e classificação de risco demonstrou validade de conteúdo e o teste de concordância entre os observadores apresentou excelente confiabilidade. Esta Dissertação de Mestrado pertence à linha de pesquisa Processo de Cuidar em Saúde e Enfermagem. / Abstract: Introduction: The design and implementation of a protocol for assessing risks in emergency care prioritizes according to the patient severity evenly between all professionals. Thus, the waiting time is decreased for critical patients, improving quality of care. Therefor, you must know demand and profile of the Unit, using a compatible protocol with these features. Objectives: Identify the socio-demographic profile and the main complaints of the adult population at the Emergency Unit of a Hospital of University. Validate the contents of the protocol for assessment and risk classification of patients and verify its reliability. Method: A descriptive / retrospective and methodology developed in the Emergency Unit of a Hospital of University of São Paulo State. Comprised five steps: assessment of demand and the profile of the Unit; assessment of protocols of risk classification in the literature; development; content validation; and verification of the reliability of the protocol. The used instrument to characterize the profile has been struct ured based on data from the Bulletin of Emergency Room(BER) and the protocol of risk classification on the basis of the literature. The sample profile of the population consisted of 3424 BER from January to December 2008. The content validation was performed by six judges individually and a meeting of the committee of judges, the reliability of the researcher and four observers, the latter by applying the protocol in 40 patients. Results: The spontaneous demand for unity was made predominantly by young women aged 14 to 54 years in neighborhoods close to the unit during the week and on schedule from seven to nineteen hours. The most frequent complaints were headache, abdominal pain, chest pain, back pain, cough, fever, vomiting, dyspnea, pain in lower limbs, nausea, dizziness, sore throat, diarrhea, myalgia, dysuria, pain in neck and upper limbs. There predominance of risk classification in the priority green (67%), and the average waiting time for the classification of 33.6 min and for the medical care of 79.4 min. In the content validation were obtained the following percentages of agreement among the judges: the organization -100% in 31 items and 83.3% in four, in the coverage - 32 of 35 items had equal or greater concordance to 66.6%; objectivity - 24 items had equal or greater concordance to 66.6% and the relevance-30 items had equal or greater concordance to 66.6%. After individual assessment, the protocol was amended at the meeting of the committee of judges. The degree of reliability achieved excellent agreement (weighted kappa = 0.81). Conclusion: The profile of the sample answered in the adult unit were young adults of working age, female, coming from the municipality itself, spontaneous, during the daytime on weekdays. The consultations pointed to complaints of low complexity, predominantly green priority. The protocol for assessment and classification of risk demonstrated content validity and test of agreement between observers showed excellent reliability. This Master Dissertation is of the Processes in Health Care and Nursing research line. / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem

Introdução: A hipertensão arterial é uma doença crônica que requer tratamento para toda vida, porém elevações expressivas da pressão arterial, a crise hipertensiva, podem levar os indivíduos aos serviços de emergência. A crise hipertensiva é uma complicação grave da hipertensão arterial e classificada em urgência hipertensiva quando não há lesão de órgãos-alvo e emergência hipertensiva quando há lesão de órgão-alvo. Além da pseudocrise hipertensiva caraterizada por elevação transitória da pressão arterial. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência e as características clínicas associadas a crise hipertensiva, em pessoas atendidas em um serviço de emergência. Casuística e Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal retrospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa, no pronto-socorro Municipal da cidade de São Vicente, SP, no período de Janeiro a Junho de 2015. Foram selecionados indivíduos atendidos na Clínica Médica do pronto-socorro com crise hipertensiva (pressão diastólica 120 mmHg) e idade 18 anos. As variáveis independentes foram: idade, sexo, valores da pressão arterial, motivos da procura ao serviço, tratamento e destino. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da análise das fichas de atendimento do serviço de emergência. Estatística descritiva foi usada para avaliar as variáveis nominais e ordinais, por meio das frequências absolutas e relativas e, as variáveis contínuas foram descritas através da média e desvio-padrão. Teste ANOVA e qui-quadrado foram utilizados para comparar as médias e para avaliação de proporções. Foi realizado análise multivariada por meio de regressão logística multinomial e árvore de decisão utilizando o algoritmo CHAID (Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection). O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. O estudo foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CAAE: 53896016.9.0000.5392). Resultados: A prevalência de crise hipertensiva foi 0,61%, sendo categorizadas em urgência hipertensiva (71,7%), emergência hipertensiva (19,1%) e pseudocrise hipertensiva (9,2%). A média de idade foi 56,3 (DP=13,8) anos, a maioria era do sexo feminino (63,8%). Os níveis pressóricos na admissão no pronto-socorro para pseudocrise, urgência e emergência hipertensiva para a pressão sistólica e diastólica foram, respectivamente: [197,7 (DP=22,9) / 124,5 (DP=8,1), 197,2 (DP=23,6) / 124,9 (DP=9,2), 214,8 (DP=29,2) / 130,8 (DP=14,9), mmHg]. Os principais motivos da procura ao serviço de emergência que se associaram (p<0,05) à pseudocrise, urgência e emergência hipertensiva foram, respectivamente: cefaleia (15,0% vs 35,9% vs 2,5%), dor (65,0% vs 16,4% vs 2,5%), mal estar (7,5% vs 19,1% vs 4,9%), precordialgia (0% vs 17,8% vs 8,6%), problemas neurológicos (0% vs 5,0% vs 48,1%), náuseas (17,5% vs 14,1% vs 3,7%), dispneia (5,0% vs 8,7% vs 27,2%), problemas emocionais (25,0 vs 0,3% vs 2,5%), queda (2,5% vs 0,3% vs 9,8%), fratura (2,5% vs 0% vs 0%). Os tratamentos realizados que se associaram (p<0,05) à pseudocrise, urgência e emergência hipertensiva foram, respectivamente: inibidor da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina (67,5% vs 81,4% vs 72,3%), bloqueador dos canais de cálcio (5,0% vs 15,1% vs, 7,2%), nitroprussiato de sódio (0% vs 1,6% vs 8,4%), antiagregante plaquetários (0% vs 13,5% vs 13,3%), analgésico (52,5% vs 31,1% vs 13,3%), anti-inflamatório (32,5% vs 15,1% vs 30,1%), oxigenoterapia (0% vs 3,2% vs 21,7%), broncodilatador (0% vs 8,3% vs 25,3%), anticonvulsivante (0% vs 0,6% vs 9,6%) e insulina (2,5% vs 6,4% vs 13,3%). A maioria dos pacientes (55,6%) realizou exames sendo que 91,6% pertenciam às emergências hipertensivas. Os diagnósticos médicos identificados nos pacientes com pseudocrise, urgência e emergência hipertensiva foram, respectivamente: hipertensão arterial sistêmica (25,0% vs 33,7% vs 54,2%), diabetes mellitus descompensada (16,7% vs 47,6% vs 12,3%). Acidente vascular encefálico (40,7%), edema agudo de pulmão (24,7%), e infarto agudo do miocárdio (12,3%), ocorreram apenas nos pacientes com emergências hipertensivas. Os pacientes com pseudocrise hipertensiva receberam alta em maior proporção (59,1%), porém os pacientes com emergência hipertensiva foram internados em maior proporção (85,5%). A regressão logística multinomial mostrou (p<0,05) que as variáveis associadas à pseudocrise hipertensiva em relação à emergência hipertensiva foram (OR: odds ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confiança): dor exceto cefaleia e precordialgia (55,58; 10,55-292,74), problemas emocionais (17,13; 2,80-104,87) ,idade acima de 60 anos (0,32; 0,10-0,96) e problemas neurológicos (1,5 10-8; 1,5 10-8- 1,5 10- 8). As variáveis que se associaram à urgência hipertensiva em relação à emergência hipertensiva foram (OR: odds ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confiança): idade acima de 60 anos (0,50; 0,27-0,92), problemas neurológicos (0,09; 0,04-0,18), problemas emocionais (0,06; 4.7 10-3-0,79) e cefaleia (14,28; 3,32-61,47). No modelo árvore de decisão, problemas neurológicos se associou às emergências hipertensivas (p<0,001), dor à pseudocrise hipertensiva (p<0,001) e cefaleia às urgências hipertensivas (p=0,017). Conclusões: A prevalência da crise hipertensiva foi similar à de estudos com métodos semelhantes. Idade avançada e problemas neurológicos se associaram à emergência hipertensiva, cefaleia se associou à urgência hipertensiva, dor e problemas emocionais se associaram à pseudocrise hipertensiva. / Introduction: Arterial hypertension is a chronic disease that requires treatment for life, but expressive increases in arterial blood pressure- the hypertensive crisis- may lead individuals to emergency care services. Hypertensive crisis is a grave complication of the arterial hypertension and is classified in: hypertensive urgency, when injuries on target-organs are absent; and hypertensive emergency, when there are injuries on target-organs. There is also the hypertensive pseudocrisis that is a transitory increase in blood pressure. Aim: to assess the prevalence and the clinical features associated with hypertensive crisis in persons admitted in an emergency care service. Casuistic and Method: we conducted a retrospective crosssectional study in the Municipal Emergency Healthcare Center of Sao Vicente, SP, from January to June 2015. Individuals admitted in the medical clinic of the emergency service presenting hypertensive crisis (arterial blood pressure 120 mmHg) and aging over 18 years were included. The independent variables were: age sex, measures of arterial blood pressure, reason for seeking the healthcare center, treatment and destination. Data were gathered trough the healthcare records at the emergency center. We filled a form designed to approach the studied variables. Nominal and ordinal variables were showed trough absolute and relative frequencies; as well as continuous variables were described in means and standard deviation. The chi-square test and ANOVA were applied to compare means and to evaluate proportions. We conducted a multivariate analysis trough multinomial logistic regression and decision tree using the CHAID (Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection) Algorithm. The significance level adopted was 5%. This this investigation was approved by the ethical council (CAAE: 53896016.9.0000.5392). Results: The prevalence of hypertensive crisis was 0.61%, categorized as hypertensive urgency (71,7%), hypertensive emergency (19.1%) and hypertensive pseudocrisis (9.2%). The mean age was 56,3 (SD = 13,8) years, the majority were female (63,8%). The pressure levels at admission to the emergency room for pseudocrisis, urgency and hypertensive emergency for systolic and diastolic pressure were, respectively: [197,7 (SD = 22,9) / 124,5 (SD = 8,1), 197, 2 (SD = 23,6) / 124,9 (SD = 9,2), 214,8 (SD = 29,2) / 130,8 (SD = 14,9), mmHg]. The main reasons for the demand for emergency services associated with pseudocrisis, urgency and hypertensive emergency were: headache (15,0% vs 35,9% vs 2,5%), pain (p <0,05) 65,0% vs. 16,4% vs 2,5%), malaise (7,5% vs 19,1% vs 4,9%), chest pain (0% vs 17,8% vs 8,6%) , Neurological problems (0% vs 5,0% vs 48,1%), nausea (17,5% vs. 14,1% vs 3,7%), dyspnea (5,0% vs 8,7% vs 27,2%), emotional problems (25,0 vs 0,3% vs 2,5%), decrease (2,5% vs. 0,3% vs 9,8%), fracture (2,5% vs. 0% vs. 0%). The treatments that were associated (p <0,05) with pseudocrisis, urgency and hypertensive emergency were, respectively: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (67,5% vs 81,4% vs 72,3%), channel blocker (0% vs. 1,6% vs 8,4%), antiplatelet drugs (0% vs. 13,5% vs. 13%), sodium nitroprusside , Anti-inflammatory (32,5% vs. 15.1% vs 30.1%), oxygen therapy (0% vs. 3%), analgesic (52.5% vs 31.1% vs 13.3% 2% vs. 21,7%), bronchodilator (0% vs 8,3% vs 25,3%), anticonvulsant (0% vs. 0,6% vs 9,6%) and insulin (2,5% vs. 6,4% vs. 13,3%). The majority of the patients (55,6%) underwent exams and 91,6% belonged to hypertensive emergencies. The diagnoses identified in patients with pseudocrisis, urgency and hypertensive emergence were, respectively, systemic arterial hypertension (25,0% vs 33,7% vs 54,2%), decompensated diabetes mellitus (16,7% vs 47,6% Vs. 12,3%). Acute encephalic stroke (40,7%), acute pulmonary edema (24,7%), and acute myocardial infarction (12,3%) occurred only in patients with hypertensive emergencies. Patients with hypertensive pseudocrisis were discharged in greater proportion (59,1%), but patients with hypertensive emergency were hospitalized in a greater proportion (85,5%). The multinomial logistic regression showed (p <0.05) that the variables associated with hypertensive pseudocrisis in relation to hypertensive emergency were: pain - except for headache and chest pain - (55,58; 10,55-292,74), age over 60 years (0,32, 0,10-0,96), and neurological problems (1,5 10-8; 1,5 10-8- 1,5 10-8). The variables that were associated with hypertensive urgency in relation to hypertensive emergency were: (OR: odds ratio, 95% CI: confidence interval): age over 60 years (0,50, 0,27-0,92), neurological problems 0,09, 0,04-0,18), emotional problems (0,06, 4,7 10-3-0,79), and headache (14,28, 3,32-61,47). In the decision tree model, neurological problems were associated with hypertensive emergencies (p <0,001), pain on hypertensive pseudocrisis (p <0,001) and headache on hypertensive urgencies (p = 0,017). Conclusions: The prevalence of the hypertensive crisis was similar to that of studies with similar methods. Advanced age and neurological problems were associated with hypertensive emergency, headache was associated with hypertensive urgency, pain and emotional problems were associated with hypertensive pseudocrisis.

Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW) / Emergency services personnel are potentially exposed to events involving trauma, suffering and tragedy on a daily basis, which could consequently lead to secondary trauma and post- traumatic stress symptoms. The images and feelings that are associated with continuously being exposed to traumatic situations are not limited to the emergency services personnel, who are primarily exposed to the event, but these events can also have an effect on the significant others in their environment, such as their spouses. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of secondary trauma among the spouses of emergency services personnel. The research study followed a qualitative research approach, which provided in-depth descriptions and understandings of the participants’ secondary trauma experiences. The research design was explorative and descriptive in nature. Purposive sampling was used to select eight (8) participants, who were the spouses of emergency services personnel. The data was collected by means of semi-structured individual interviews and was analysed according to Creswell. Various research findings indicated that secondary trauma was prevalent in the emergency services industry and, in this current study, most participants indicated that it impacted their marital relationships. The experiences of secondary trauma among the spouses of emergency services personnel stemmed from their partners’ repeated exposure to trauma, managing everyday job stress, safety fears, behavioural changes, dealing with their partners’ emotional reactivity and emotional withdrawal from the family, following trauma exposure. Based on some of the suggestions provided by all the participants, the researcher concluded the study with recommendations for future practice and future research, the main recommendation being that organisational support systems be made available to spouses and families of emergency services personnel.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Health Sciences in Emergency Medical Care, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Introduction: Response times are considered to be one of the oldest and most popular indicators which are used to measure the efficiency of Emergency Medical Services (EMS), particularly to cases in which the patient’s condition is deemed to be life threatening. Purpose: To analyse emergency response times within the public sector Emergency Medical Services in KwaZulu-Natal and to compare these to the national norms. Methods: Using a mixed method approach, the study was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved collecting quantitative data for all the cases logged in the Umgungundlovu Health District Communications Centre over a period of one week (seven days). Phase Two involved the collection of qualitative data from focus group discussions which were conducted with three groups which had been identified. These groups included the communications centre staff, operational staff and supervisory staff. The aim of these focus group discussions was to identify factors that influenced response times as well as to propose strategies which would improve these response times. Content analysis was utilised to interpret the qualitative data which had been collected. Results: Quantitative data was collected from a total of 1 503 cases of which 680 were categorised as priority 1 (P1), 270 as priority 2 (P2) and 553 as inter facility transfer (IFT). The majority of the cases (895) had occurred in urban areas. A total of 406 cases were exempted as no patient was transported. The number of these cases was greater on days when the total case load was higher as compared to days with a lower total case load. The mean response time to cases in rural areas was 129 minutes and 110 minutes to cases in urban areas. All the time intervals were found to be longer for cases in rural areas as compared to those for cases in urban areas but with the exception of the EMD response interval. P1 cases had the shortest mean response times for both urban area cases (33 minutes) and rural area cases (95 minutes) as compared to the other case categories. Nevertheless, the national norm of 15 minutes in urban areas and 40 minutes in rural areas was not achieved in the majority of the cases. The mean Emergency Medical Dispatch (EMD) response interval was 41 minutes for P1 cases, 56 minutes for P2 cases and 96 minutes for IFT cases. The qualitative data revealed factors that impacted on the response times and helped to explain and account for the quantitative data results. Challenges regarding the availability of resources, including vehicles, staff and equipment, as well as the way in which such resources are managed, were highlighted. The high demand for services compared to the available resources was raised by the focus group participants with this high demand resulting in extended EMD response intervals. This was exacerbated by the overwhelming demand for IFT cases which are serviced by the same resources as emergency cases and which have a much longer mission time, thus delaying response times continuously. Exempt cases were also found to impact negatively on response times as, although operational vehicles are committed to these cases, services are not required. Inconsistencies with regards to case prioritisation and dispatch triage also emerged. External factors, including poor road infrastructure, lack of road names and house numbers, weather conditions and long distances between EMS bases, the patient or incident location and health care facilities were also identified as factors that resulted in extended response times. Strategies to improve the situation were explored. These strategies included the effective management of resources in order to ensure optimal availability, the introduction of a formal, computer aided, dispatch system, the adoption of demand pattern analysis and dynamic location/relocation models, standardised processes and procedures to guide all areas of EMS operations and the education of both the public and staff. Conclusion: South African EMS response time national norms for both rural and urban areas are unachievable under the majority of circumstances and, thus, they may be said to be unrealistic. Until these national norms, against which the efficiency of EMS in South Africa is measured, are revised, the service will be deemed to be incompetent. / M