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‘n Kontrolelys vir die skryf en evalueer van dramadraaiboeke (Afrikaans)Human, Jacobus Francois 05 November 2008 (has links)
AFRIKAANS: Die doelwit van die studie is die skepping van ‘n omvattende kontrolelys vir die skryf en evalueer van dramadraaiboeke. Die navorsing dek alle tradisionele kommersiële genres binne rolprentdrama, met die uitsondering van komedie. Om die kontrolelys te skep, is daar eers gepoog om die somtotaal van tegnieke wat die vakgebied van dramadraaiboekskryf behels, te identifiseer. Dit vergestalt in sewe inventarisse naamlik: Bestaande kontrolelyste, genre-eienskappe en draaiboekskryftegnieke vir struktuur, plot, emosie, karakters, en dialoog&diverse. Die studie behels kwalitatiewe navorsing wat beide beskrywend en voorskriftelik is. Die uitleg en inhoud is as volg: Hoofstuk 1: Navorsingsontwerp dek die • oriëntasie ten opsigte van die onderwerp; • konteks en relevansie van die navorsing; • teoretiese grondslag soos tipe navorsing, aannames en definisies; • formulering van die navorsingsprobleem; • uiteensetting van die metodologie; • stappe in die skepping van die meesterkontrolelys; • styl en aanbieding; en • oorsig van die navorsing. Hoofstuk 2: Teoretiese onderbou bevat die fundamentele literatuurstudie. Primêre teorieë omskryf Anderson en Anderson se teorie oor hoe kykers ‘n rolprent waarneem, sowel as Gerrig en Prentice se teorie oor kykers se onbewustelike deelname aan, en emosionele reaksie op, rolprentstories. Sekondêre teorieë kyk na die volgende: Sielkunde sit Freud se teorie oor menslike gedrag uiteen, sowel as kort teorieë oor menslike houdings, identifikasie met persone, die eienskappe van emosie en die mag, eienskappe en funksies van leiers. Kommunikasiekunde kyk na die gedrag van leiers, besluitneming in kleingroepe en die kommunikasie van openbare waardes in gemeenskappe. Onder empatie in fiksierolprente word Neill se voorwaardes vir empatie met rolprentkarakters uiteengesit. Mitologie dek Campbell se boek The hero with a thousand faces en Vogler se boek The writer’s journey. Draaiboekskryfteorie sit die klassieke dramatiese struktuur, tweedoelwitstruktuur en negebedryfstruktuur uiteen. Inventaris van kontrolelyste dokumenteer alle kontrolelyste vanaf Freeburg (1920) tot Human (2003), sowel as drie dokumente van Amerikaanse rolprentmaatskappye wat gebruik word vir die evaluering van draaiboeke. Inventaris van genre-eienskappe dokumenteer plot-, struktuur- en karakter-eienskappe van alle kommersiële genres, komedie uitgesluit. Hoofstuk 3: Inventaris van strukturele tegnieke lys alle skryftegenieke wat van toepassing is op struktuur. Dit bevat 27 afdelings met opskrifte soos Tipes strukture, Die heldereis en Klimaks en hoofklimaks. Hoofstuk 4: Inventaris van plot- en emosietegnieke lys alle skryftegnieke wat van toepassing is op plot en emosie. Dit bevat 90 afdelings met opskrifte soos Uiteensetting: algemeen, Konfrontasie en Afloop/epiloog/einde. Hoofstuk 5: Inventaris van karaktertegnieke lys alle skryftegnieke wat van toepassing is op karakter. Dit bevat 80 afdelings met opsrifte soos Effektiewe rolprentkarakters, Tipe karakters en Karakterverandering/-ontwikkeling. Hoofstuk 6: Inventaris van dialoog- en diverse tegnieke lys alle skryftegnieke wat van toepassing is op dialoog en diverse elemente. Dit bevat 46 afdelings met opskrifte soos Effektiewe dialoog, Subteks en Begroting. Hoofstuk 7: Die meesterkontrolelys bevat die primêre navorsingsuitset, naamlik ‘n omvattende kontrolelys van 5 550 vrae. Dit is ‘n buigsame instrument wat die draaiboekevalueerder of –skrywer lei deur alle bekende veranderlikes van ‘n storie. Dit is saamgestel uit hoofstukke twee tot ses. Dit bestaan uit vyf makrokontrolelyste: struktuur, plot, emosie, karakters en dialoog, wat elkeen uit ‘n aantal mikrokontrolelyste bestaan. Hoofstuk 8: Samevatting evalueer die beantwoording van die navorsingsvrae, bespreek moontlike gebreke in die navorsing en maak aanbevelings vir verdere navorsing. Laastens volg die bibliografie en bylaes. ABSTRACT (English) The objective of the research is the creation of an extensive checklist for writing and evaluating screenplays. The research covers all traditional commercial genres within motion picture drama, with the exception of comedy. To create the checklist, an attempt was made to identify the sum total of techniques within the discipline of drama scriptwriting. Seven inventories were compiles, namely: existing checklists; genre characteristics; and scriptwriting techniques for structure; plot, emotion; characters; and dialogue&diverse. Information for the thesis was obtained from qualitative research that is both descriptive and prescriptive. The layout and content are as follows: • orientation of the subject; • context and relevance of the research; • theoretical basis, for example type of research, assumptions and definitions; • formulation of the research problem; • explanation of the methodology; • steps in the creation of the master checklist; • style and presentation; and • overview of the research. Chapter 2: Theoretical foundation is an overview of the fundamental literature study. Under Primary theories Anderson and Anderson’s theory on how viewers perceive a motion picture is described as well as Gerrig and Prentice’s theory on the subjective participation of viewers in, and emotional reaction to, motion picture stories. Secondary theories look at the following: Psychology explains Freud’s theories on human behaviour, as well as short theories on human attitudes, identification with people, the characteristics of emotion and the power, characteristics and functions of leaders. Communication science covers the behaviour of leaders, decision-making in small groups and the communication of public values in communities. Empathy in fiction motion pictures explains Neill’s prerequisites for empathy with motion picture characters. Mythology covers Campbell’s book The hero with a thousand faces and Vogler’s book The writer’s journey. Scriptwriting theory explains the classical dramatic structure, the two-goal structure and the nine-act structure. Inventory of checklists documents all checklists from Freeburg (1920) to Human (2003) and also lists three documents used by American motion picture companies to evaluate scripts. Inventory of genre characteristics documents characteristics for plot, structure and character of all commercial genres, excluding comedy. Chapter 3: Inventory of structural techniques list all the writing techniques that are applicable to structure. It contains 27 sections with headings such as Structural types, The hero’s journey, and Climax&main climax. Chapter 4: Inventory of plot and emotion techniques list all the writing techniques that are applicable to plot. It contains 90 sections with headings such as Exposition: general, Confrontation and Denouement/epilogue/end. Chapter 5: Inventory of character techniques list all the writing techniques that is applicable to character. It contains 80 sections with headings such as Effective motion picture characters. Type of characters and Character change/development. Chapter 6: Inventory of dialogue and diverse techniques list all the writing techniques that are applicable to dialogue and diverse elements. It contains 46 sections with headings such as Effective dialogue, Subtext and Budget. Chapter 7: The master checklist contains the primary research output, namely an extensive checklist of 5 550 questions. It is a flexible instrument that leads the script reader or scriptwriter through all known variables in a story. This was compiles from information in chapters two to six. It consists of five macro checklists: structure, plot, emotion, characters and dialogue, each consisting of a number of micro checklists. Chapter 8: Conclusion evaluates the answers to the research questions, discuss possible shortcomings in the research and makes recommendations for further research. Lastly follow the bibliography and addenda. / Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Afrikaans / unrestricted
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Die erediens as uitdrukking van die dinamiese ontmoeting tussen God en mens : 'n pentakostalistiese perspektief / Andreas Petrus du PreezDu Preez, Andreas Petrus January 2014 (has links)
Pentecostalism has, in recent times, undeniably contributed towards the growth of the
church as a whole. Public worship services inherently submit and contribute towards the
meeting between man and God as well as fellowship between the people who form part of
said service. Public services in honor of God speak to the purposes of God and man’s
fundamental desire to meet with our Creator. Consequently, research into this phenomenon
proves vital in determining and even extending the role of the Pentecostal ideology in
correlation to the longevity of honorary public services.
Chapters 2 through 4 shed light on some of the key concepts that clarifies the dynamic
nature of these events, throughout the service wherein the radiant power of God touches the
human heart in some astounding ways.
Exegetic studies have been undertaken into 2 Chronicles 5-7 which examines these
instances of divine meeting in the Old Testament while the second chapter of Acts deals with
the event from a New Testament perspective. In addition to this, 1 Corinthians 11-14 was
utilized to highlight the role of the Holy Ghost as the instigator for divine meeting.
Specific issues addressed by the research include service preparation and the role of music
and its contribution to ambience preceding a meeting between man and God. Moreover, a
keen focus on the sermon and the delivery thereof as well as its progression leading up to
the conclusion and summary in closing and prayer, are all dealt with as part of this study.
This dynamic, in essence, becomes visible through the statement issued by the life of each
disciple as a living testament to this consuming and changing event. Honorary public
services fit the bill as an event to promote divine meeting.
Chapter 5 delves into some of the auxiliary sciences i.e. sociology, communication science,
psychology and the field of antropology. The principles in chapters 2 through 4 are affirmed
by these aspects of science and provide perspective on the practical applications thereof.
All these factors in relation to practice have also been scrutinized through empirical
research. This research clearly places divine meeting as a central to and inseparable from
perceiver experience.
Chapter 7 provides practical guidelines to alternative approaches in practicum. The study
proposes a model whereby certain aspects can be examined from a Pentecostal point of
view in order to tailor services as a dais for divine meeting. Most importantly it should be
evident in the life of the participant that they have truly encounter God. This meeting is the
prime objective and at the heart of public service. It serves and should always serve as a
doorway to Christian life. / PhD (Liturgics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Die erediens as uitdrukking van die dinamiese ontmoeting tussen God en mens : 'n pentakostalistiese perspektief / Andreas Petrus du PreezDu Preez, Andreas Petrus January 2014 (has links)
Pentecostalism has, in recent times, undeniably contributed towards the growth of the
church as a whole. Public worship services inherently submit and contribute towards the
meeting between man and God as well as fellowship between the people who form part of
said service. Public services in honor of God speak to the purposes of God and man’s
fundamental desire to meet with our Creator. Consequently, research into this phenomenon
proves vital in determining and even extending the role of the Pentecostal ideology in
correlation to the longevity of honorary public services.
Chapters 2 through 4 shed light on some of the key concepts that clarifies the dynamic
nature of these events, throughout the service wherein the radiant power of God touches the
human heart in some astounding ways.
Exegetic studies have been undertaken into 2 Chronicles 5-7 which examines these
instances of divine meeting in the Old Testament while the second chapter of Acts deals with
the event from a New Testament perspective. In addition to this, 1 Corinthians 11-14 was
utilized to highlight the role of the Holy Ghost as the instigator for divine meeting.
Specific issues addressed by the research include service preparation and the role of music
and its contribution to ambience preceding a meeting between man and God. Moreover, a
keen focus on the sermon and the delivery thereof as well as its progression leading up to
the conclusion and summary in closing and prayer, are all dealt with as part of this study.
This dynamic, in essence, becomes visible through the statement issued by the life of each
disciple as a living testament to this consuming and changing event. Honorary public
services fit the bill as an event to promote divine meeting.
Chapter 5 delves into some of the auxiliary sciences i.e. sociology, communication science,
psychology and the field of antropology. The principles in chapters 2 through 4 are affirmed
by these aspects of science and provide perspective on the practical applications thereof.
All these factors in relation to practice have also been scrutinized through empirical
research. This research clearly places divine meeting as a central to and inseparable from
perceiver experience.
Chapter 7 provides practical guidelines to alternative approaches in practicum. The study
proposes a model whereby certain aspects can be examined from a Pentecostal point of
view in order to tailor services as a dais for divine meeting. Most importantly it should be
evident in the life of the participant that they have truly encounter God. This meeting is the
prime objective and at the heart of public service. It serves and should always serve as a
doorway to Christian life. / PhD (Liturgics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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MIV-positiewe huiswerksters se konstruering van hul ervarings van MIV en VIGS binne die werkgewersgesin (Afrikaans)Barnard, Jakoba Petronella 11 March 2005 (has links)
This study focused on HIV-positive domestic helpers and the constructions of their experiences in their employing families. A literature survey established the primary theoretical assumption for the study that acknowledges the domestic helper as an integral part of the extended family of the employer. The study sought to generate grounded theory through content analysis, qualitative research methods and the constructivist-interpretative paradigm. Semi-structured interviews with open questions were conducted with 14 HIV-positive domestic helpers. Responses captured in audio recordings were transcribed and analysed. The textual data was then analysed and interpreted based on open, axial and selective coding. From this coding process four themes emerged as the ways in which HIV-positive domestic helpers construct their experiences within the families. The results from this study indicate that they construct their experiences around: <ul> <li> the HIV&AIDS diagnosis, </li> <li> their HIV&AIDS status, </li> <li> their emotions and </li> <li> their needs. </li></ul> A particularistic scrutiny of the data and research results indicate that participants experience that visible symptoms of HIV&AIDS may forewarn employers when domestic helpers are HIV-positive. These domestic helpers experience negative attitudes, reduction of job content and retrenchment with concomitant financial repercussions. However, the participants in this study indicated that the attitude of employers' children towards them remain positive after diagnosis. In terms of the way in which they construct their experience around emotion, results indicate that they experience complex emotions including shock, uncertainty, loneliness, unworthiness, guilt, rejection, concern, anger, shamefulness and depression. Yet, they also present high levels of acceptance and spiritual growth. In terms of needs, they indicate the need for HIV-friendly workplaces and medical care. They specifically desire employers to help care for their children when they pass away. A comprehensive appraisal of the research results points towards two key aspects: the lack of agency that is prevalent in this group of participants and the silences that is evident from their narratives. The narratives of the HIV-positive domestic helpers indicate that they easily negate agency of their lives to their employers and concomitantly that the lack of agency hampers their ability to retain a sense of worthiness and responsibility for their lives. The results from this study also ensconce silences in many guises. Silences were reflected: <ul> <li> through semantic values and linguistic nuances,</li> <li> regarding acts or omissions of employers,</li> <li> regarding communications,</li> <li> regarding needs and</li> <li> regarding reduction of job content</li> </ul> In rare instances, the construction of experiences of some participants confirmed the ability of HIV-positive domestic helpers to accept agency of their circumstances. In summary, HIV-positive domestic helpers in this study experienced a lack of agency, they report narratives of silences, but they also reflect elements of healing, growth and spiritual deepening when they construct their experiences of HIV&AIDS in their families of employment. Copyright 2004, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Barnard, JP 2004, MIV-positiewe huiswerksters se konstruering van hul ervarings van MIV en VIGS binne die werkgewersgesin (Afrikaans), PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03112005-080007 / > / Thesis (PhD (Educational Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted
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An investigation into the feasibility of monitoring a call centre using an emotion recognition systemStoop, Werner 04 June 2010 (has links)
In this dissertation a method for the classification of emotion in speech recordings made in a customer service call centre of a large business is presented. The problem addressed here is that customer service analysts at large businesses have to listen to large numbers of call centre recordings in order to discover customer service-related issues. Since recordings where the customer exhibits emotion are more likely to contain useful information for service improvement than “neutral” ones, being able to identify those recordings should save a lot of time for the customer service analyst. MTN South Africa agreed to provide assistance for this project. The system that has been developed for this project can interface with MTN’s call centre database, download recordings, classify them according to their emotional content, and provide feedback to the user. The system faces the additional challenge that it is required to classify emotion notwith- standing the fact that the caller may have one of several South African accents. It should also be able to function with recordings made at telephone quality sample rates. The project identifies several speech features that can be used to classify a speech recording according to its emotional content. The project uses these features to research the general methods by which the problem of emotion classification in speech can be approached. The project examines both a K-Nearest Neighbours Approach and an Artificial Neural Network- Based Approach to classify the emotion of the speaker. Research is also done with regard to classifying a recording according to the gender of the speaker using a neural network approach. The reason for this classification is that the gender of a speaker may be useful input into an emotional classifier. The project furthermore examines the problem of identifying smaller segments of speech in a recording. In the typical call centre conversation, a recording may start with the agent greeting the customer, the customer stating his or her problem, the agent performing an action, during which time no speech occurs, the agent reporting back to the user and the call being terminated. The approach taken by this project allows the program to isolate these different segments of speech in a recording and discard segments of the recording where no speech occurs. This project suggests and implements a practical approach to the creation of a classifier in a commercial environment through its use of a scripting language interpreter that can train a classifier in one script and use the trained classifier in another script to classify unknown recordings. The project also examines the practical issues involved in implementing an emotional clas- sifier. It addresses the downloading of recordings from the call centre, classifying the recording and presenting the results to the customer service analyst. AFRIKAANS : n Metode vir die klassifisering van emosie in spraakopnames in die oproepsentrum van ’n groot sake-onderneming word in hierdie verhandeling aangebied. Die probleem wat hierdeur aangespreek word, is dat kli¨entediens ontleders in ondernemings na groot hoeveelhede oproepsentrum opnames moet luister ten einde kli¨entediens aangeleenthede te identifiseer. Aangesien opnames waarin die kli¨ent emosie toon, heel waarskynlik nuttige inligting bevat oor diensverbetering, behoort die vermo¨e om daardie opnames te identifiseer vir die analis baie tyd te spaar. MTN Suid-Afrika het ingestem om bystand vir die projek te verleen. Die stelsel wat ontwikkel is kan opnames vanuit MTN se oproepsentrum databasis verkry, klassifiseer volgens emosionele inhoud en terugvoering aan die gebruiker verskaf. Die stelsel moet die verdere uitdaging kan oorkom om emosie te kan klassifiseer nieteenstaande die feit dat die spreker een van verskeie Suid-Afrikaanse aksente het. Dit moet ook in staat wees om opnames wat gemaak is teen telefoon gehalte tempos te analiseer. Die projek identifiseer verskeie spraak eienskappe wat gebruik kan word om ’n opname volgens emosionele inhoud te klassifiseer. Die projek gebruik hierdie eienskappe om die algemene metodes waarmee die probleem van emosie klassifisering in spraak benader kan word, na te vors. Die projek gebruik ’n K-Naaste Bure en ’n Neurale Netwerk benadering om die emosie van die spreker te klassifiseer. Navorsing is voorts gedoen met betrekking tot die klassifisering van die geslag van die spreker deur ’n neurale netwerk. Die rede vir hierdie klassifisering is dat die geslag van die spreker ’n nuttige inset vir ’n emosie klassifiseerder mag wees. Die projek ondersoek ook die probleem van identifisering van spraakgedeeltes in ’n opname. In ’n tipiese oproepsentrum gesprek mag die opname begin met die agent wat die kli¨ent groet, die kli¨ent wat sy of haar probleem stel, die agent wat ’n aksie uitvoer sonder spraak, die agent wat terugrapporteer aan die gebruiker en die oproep wat be¨eindig word. Die benadering van hierdie projek laat die program toe om hierdie verskillende gedeeltes te isoleer uit die opname en om gedeeltes waar daar geen spraak plaasvind nie, uit te sny. Die projek stel ’n praktiese benadering vir die ontwikkeling van ’n klassifiseerder in ’n kommersi¨ele omgewing voor en implementeer dit deur gebruik te maak van ’n programeer taal interpreteerder wat ’n klassifiseerder kan oplei in een program en die opgeleide klassifiseerder gebruik om ’n onbekende opname te klassifiseer met behulp van ’n ander program. Die projek ondersoek ook die praktiese aspekte van die implementering van ’n emosionele klassifiseerder. Dit spreek die aflaai van opnames uit die oproep sentrum, die klassifisering daarvan, en die aanbieding van die resultate aan die kli¨entediens analis, aan. Copyright / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted
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The relationship between school climate, classroom climate, and emotional intelligence in primary school learners from Durban, KwaZulu-NatalErasmus, Sasha 11 1900 (has links)
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-190) / Abstract in English and Afrikaans / This study aimed to determine whether classroom climate or school climate is a greater
predictor of emotional intelligence in South African primary school learners from Durban,
KwaZulu-Natal, as well as which factors promote and which inhibit its development. A
purposive sample of 119 primary school learners from six classes in two government schools
in Durban was obtained. The learners assessed their classroom climate with the My Class
Inventory (short form) (MCI-SF), and their emotional intelligence with the Trait Emotional
Intelligence Questionnaire (Child Short Form) (TEIQue-CSF). The six teachers assessed the
school climate with the School Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ). Results suggest
that classroom climate is a predictor of emotional intelligence while school climate is not;
that satisfaction and cohesiveness positively correlate with emotional intelligence levels, and
friction, competitiveness, and difficulty negatively correlate with emotional intelligence
levels. The identified relationship between classroom climate factors and emotional
intelligence warrants further research into the topic. / M.A. (Psychology) / Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad om te bepaal of klaskamerklimaat of skoolklimaat 'n groter
voorspeller van emosionele intelligensie by Suid-Afrikaanse laerskool leerlinge van Durban,
Kwazulu-Natal is, asook watter faktore die ontwikkeling bevorder en watter die ontwikkeling
daarvan belemmer. 'n Doelgerigte steekproef van 119 laerskool leerlinge van ses klasse in twee
regering skole in Durban is verkry. Die leerlinge het hulle klasklimaat beoordeel met behulp
van die ‘My Class Inventory (short form) (MCI-SF)’, en hulle emosionele intelligensie met die
‘Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Child Short Form) (TEIQue-CSF)’. Die ses
onderwysers het die skoolklimaat beoordeel met die ‘School Level Environment Questionnaire
(SLEQ)’.. Resultate dui daarop dat klasklimaat 'n voorspeller van emosionele intelligensie is
terwyl skoolklimaat nie is nie; dat tevredenheid en samehorigheid positief korreleer met
emosionele intelligensievlakke, en wrywing, mededingendheid en probleme negatief korreleer
met emosionele intelligensievlakke. Die geïdentifiseerde verwantskap tussen klimaatfaktore in
die klaskamer en emosionele intelligensie regverdig verdere navorsing oor die onderwerp. / Psychology
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Emotion structure, emotion meaning and emotion episodes of white Afrikaans–speaking working adults / van der Merwe, A.S.Van der Merwe, Aletta Sophia January 2011 (has links)
Emotion research is an important research topic, thus making the measurement of emotion in the
workplace crucial. In attempting to study, understand and measure the role of emotions in the
human condition, various researchers have identified different theoretical models to manage the
information they have gathered and the observations they have made. In order to study or
scientifically investigate any human behaviour, it is essential that such behaviour can be
measured, if not quantitatively, then at least qualitatively.
However, what one finds with regard to emotion research and measurement are two–dimensional
models. The existing affect has been described with a choice of two dimensions and structures,
i.e. circumplex, positive and negative affect, tense and energetic arousal, and eight combinations
of pleasantness and activation. These two dimensions and structures measure a person’s
experiences and, thereafter, report them. The question is if these two–dimensional emotion
models are sufficient to cover the broad and often complex dynamics of emotions.
The start of multiple–emotion dimension models were reported by researchers, who identified a
three–dimensional structure in the emotion domain that is suggestive of the Evaluation–Potency–
Activation (EPA) dimensions in the connotative or affective meaning of words. However, in
recent studies the sufficiency of two–dimension models to comprehensively investigate emotions
was questioned. The three–dimensional emotion model was replicated in cross–cultural similarity sorting studies by other researchers. The similarity sorting studies also indicate the importance of
studying emotions in specific cultural contexts. Studying emotion in different cultures is
especially relevant in a country such as South Africa that has a variety of cultures and eleven
official languages.
Researchers followed an approach that studied the meaning of emotion in different cultural
groups in the context of 144 emotion features using a componential emotion theory approach.
Researchers argue in the groundbreaking research that was published in Psychological Science
that emotion meaning has more than only two dimensions. The approach postulated by
researchers was tested in a student population of three language groups, namely Dutch–, Englishand
French–speaking students. According to researchers this is an empirical and theoretical
method to study the meaning of emotions across cultures. However, apart from studying the
meaning of emotions in specific cultural groups, research also attempts to determine the meaning
of emotion in the natural contexts in which they occur. The relevant natural contexts for the field
of Industrial Psychology are the work contexts. It is therefore also important to investigate the
categories of emotion episodes in the work environment.
The general goal of this study was therefore a) to investigate the emotion lexicon in the white
Afrikaans–speaking working adult language group, b) to determine the cognitive emotion
structure of this cultural group, c) to investigate the meaning of emotion as comprehensively as
possible (multidimensional models of the meaning of emotion), and d) to determine the meaning
and content of emotion episodes in the workplace.
Research Article 1
The research was subsequently presented in two independent phases. Firstly, a free listing of
emotion terms was compiled, and secondly the emotion terms were prototypically rated by
Afrikaans–speaking people in South Africa. Both of these were then used as measuring
instruments. A survey was designed to explore the research objectives utilising availability
samples in two studies. The participants in the free–listing (N=70) and in the prototypicality
(N=70) study consisted of native Afrikaans–speaking employees. The sample consisted of
participants from the white ethnic group speaking Afrikaans within the Eastern Cape, Gauteng, Free State, Mpumalanga, North–West and KZN provinces and use was made of an availability
sample.
After conducting the research, the emotion terms with the highest frequency, as identified during
the first study, the free listing task, were to be happy (gelukkig wees), be sad (hartseer wees),
love (liefde), anger (kwaad) and hateful (haatlik). The emotion terms with the lowest scores as
identified during the free listing were uncomfortable (ongemaklik), painful (seer), be hurt
(seergemaak wees), sympathetic (simpatiek) and shout/yell (skreeu). Correspondingly, the five
(5) prototypical terms with the highest scores in Afrikaans were nice (lekker), fed–up/had enough
(gatvol/“genoeg gehad”), loveable (liefdevol), anger (kwaad) and to be scared (om bang te
wees). The five (5) least prototypical terms from the list generated in the free listing task were:
unstable (onvas), bashfulness (skugterheid), captivation (geboeidheid), envy (naywer) and
delight (opgetoënheid).
From the information obtained in this research it was revealed that the emotion terms nice
(lekker), fed up/had enough (gatvol/“genoeg gehad”) and loveable (liefdevol) are at this stage
unique to the white Afrikaans language group. These terms had not been reported in any
previously conducted prototypical studies. The results of this study contribute to a cross–cultural
understanding of the emotion concepts within the Afrikaans–speaking language groups in South
Africa.
Research Article 2
A survey design was used to achieve the research objectives utilising availability samples in a
series of one study. The participants of the Similarity study (N=131) consisted of native
Afrikaans–speaking employees. The sample consisted of participants from the white ethnicity
group speaking Afrikaans within the Eastern Cape, Gauteng, Free State, Mpumalanga, North–
West, KZN and Northern Cape provinces and use was made of an availability sample.
Results of Multidimensional Scaling revealed a three–dimensional cognitive emotion structure.
The first dimension was the evaluation–pleasantness dimension. This dimension evaluates the
pleasantness versus the unpleasantness of an emotion. This dimension is characterised by intrinsic appraisals of pleasantness and goal conduciveness and action tendencies of approach
versus avoidance. The second dimension that emerged was a power–control dimension. This
dimension is characterised by appraisals of control, how powerful or weak a person feels when a
particular emotion is experienced. This includes feelings of dominance or submission, the
impulse to act or withdraw and changes in speech and parasymphatic symptoms. The third
dimension which emerged was an activation–arousal dimension. According to other researchers
this arousal dimension is characterised by sympathetic arousal, e.g. rapid heartbeat and readiness
for action.
This study produced a cognitive emotion structure in a white Afrikaans–speaking working adult
population in South Africa. To add value to the field of Industrial Psychology, the threedimension
structure (evaluation–pleasantness, power–control and activation–arousal dimension)
that was found, is very important and valuable when studying the meaning of emotion and can
consequently be used as a reference for other emotion research constructs. If it is accurate as
stated in literature, there are three and not only two emotion dimension structures, and
researchers are missing out on a bigger picture for not drawing on the experience of emotion
sufficiently.
Research Article 3
A survey design and an availability sample (N=120) in the Eastern Cape, Free State and Gauteng
provinces in South Africa was utilised for this study. The Meaning Grid was translated and backtranslated
and adapted for use in Afrikaans.
The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were obtained for the emotion terms. According to the results
of the Meaning Grid instrument, the following emotion terms were the highest: disgust (afkeur)
0,95; pleasure (plesier) 0,94; stress (stres) 0,92; happiness (blydskap) 0,91; joy (vreugde) 0,91;
fear (bang) 0,91; anger (angstig) 0,91 and hate (haat) 0,90. The emotion terms that scored the
lowest with the Meaning Grid instrument were compassion (medelye) 0,79; pride (trots) 0,79
and contempt (minagting) 0,74. Out of the 24 emotion terms of the Meaning Grid instrument, 8
terms were above 0,90 and 13 were between 0,80 and 0,89. Only 3 terms were between 0,74 and
0,79 [compassion (medelye), pride (trots) and contempt (minagting)]. A three–factor solution was found which represented four emotion dimensions (evaluation,
arousal/unpredictability and power) that were universal to the emotion structures found in
European samples. Factor scores of the 24 Meaning Grid emotions indicate a three–factor
solution that explained 62,2 % of the total variance. The first factor was labelled evaluation and
explained 43,0% of the variance, the second factor was labelled arousal/unpredictability as it
was a combination of arousal and unpredictability and explained 11,0% of the variance, and the
third factor was labelled power and explained 8,2% of the variance.
This study followed an approach that investigated the meaning structure of emotion in the
sample group in the context of 144 emotion features using a componential emotion theory
approach. Different researchers argued that emotion meaning has more than only two
dimensions. A three–dimensional emotion structure was found that was universal to the emotion
structures of three language groups in a European sample. Therefore, the meaning of emotions
for this sample group is far more complex than the two–dimensional emotion models that are
found in literature. According to the componential emotion theory approach, the 144 emotion
features are very important building blocks for Industrial Psychology when studying the meaning
of emotion.
Research Article 4
A survey design was used in this research study. The Episode Meaning Grid was administered
and participants reported on the two intense emotion experiences at work (in total 358 episodes).
Employees rated their emotion experiences on features based on the componential emotion
theory and also described the emotion events in their own words. The participants in the emotion
episodes (N=179) study consisted of native white Afrikaans–speaking working adults. The
sample consisted of participants from the white ethnicity group speaking Afrikaans within the
Eastern Cape, Free State and North–West provinces and use was made of an availability sample.
The results indicated a three–dimensional structure (evaluation–pleasantness, activation–arousal
and power–control dimension) was identified within a white Afrikaans–speaking working adult
language group. The first dimension was an evaluation–pleasantness dimension. The second dimension was an activation–arousal dimension. The third dimension was a power–control
dimension.
Regarding the reporting of emotion episodes one hundred and ninety seven respondents reported
84 satisfying emotion episodes and 267 less satisfying emotion episodes that took place at work.
Nine different categories of episodes for satisfying emotions experienced were mentioned. It
consists of behaviour of work colleagues, acts of boss/superior/management, goal achievement,
receiving recognition, workplace policy, task recognition, personal incidents, emotion
involvement and subordinate behaviour. The three highest categories of satisfying emotions
episodes were “Goal Achievement” (N=31), “Receiving Recognition” (N=20) and “Personal
Incidents” (N=10). Goal achievement describes situations where job related targets or goals were
met, and receiving recognition refers to positive feedback from managers, supervisors and work
colleagues on meeting targets.
Nineteen different categories of episodes for less satisfying emotion episodes were mentioned. It
consists of behaviour of work colleagues, acts of boss/superior/management, lack of goal
achievement, lack of receiving recognition, workplace policy, task requirement, personal
incidents, emotional involvement, subordinate behaviour, workload, work mistakes, customer
behaviour, external environment, lack of control, physical well–being, involvement in
disciplinary action, workplace strikes, wellness of colleagues and unfairness in the workplace. In
the categories of less satisfying emotions episodes, the three highest were “Behaviour of Work
Colleagues” (N=58), “Acts of Boss/Superior/Management” (N=47) and “Task Requirement”
(N=33). The first two categories are appraised less satisfying behaviour towards oneself or others
by work colleagues, managers, supervisors and customers. In terms of the categories of
satisfying and less satisfying emotions episodes, less satisfying emotion episodes outnumbered
satisfying emotions episodes by three to one.
By making use of a multi–componential emotion model, the results confirm that the four factors
of pleasantness, power, arousal, and unpredictability, in that order of importance, are essential to
satisfactorily determine the emotion experience and meaning of emotion terms. A threedimensional
emotion structure (evaluation, arousal and power) was found after determining the
meaning of emotion in the natural contexts in which they occur. The answer to the question if
these two–dimensional emotion models, as stated in literature, are sufficient to cover the broad
and often complex dynamics of emotion, is certainly no.
Recommendations for the organisation and future research were made. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
|
18 |
Emotion structure, emotion meaning and emotion episodes of white Afrikaans–speaking working adults / van der Merwe, A.S.Van der Merwe, Aletta Sophia January 2011 (has links)
Emotion research is an important research topic, thus making the measurement of emotion in the
workplace crucial. In attempting to study, understand and measure the role of emotions in the
human condition, various researchers have identified different theoretical models to manage the
information they have gathered and the observations they have made. In order to study or
scientifically investigate any human behaviour, it is essential that such behaviour can be
measured, if not quantitatively, then at least qualitatively.
However, what one finds with regard to emotion research and measurement are two–dimensional
models. The existing affect has been described with a choice of two dimensions and structures,
i.e. circumplex, positive and negative affect, tense and energetic arousal, and eight combinations
of pleasantness and activation. These two dimensions and structures measure a person’s
experiences and, thereafter, report them. The question is if these two–dimensional emotion
models are sufficient to cover the broad and often complex dynamics of emotions.
The start of multiple–emotion dimension models were reported by researchers, who identified a
three–dimensional structure in the emotion domain that is suggestive of the Evaluation–Potency–
Activation (EPA) dimensions in the connotative or affective meaning of words. However, in
recent studies the sufficiency of two–dimension models to comprehensively investigate emotions
was questioned. The three–dimensional emotion model was replicated in cross–cultural similarity sorting studies by other researchers. The similarity sorting studies also indicate the importance of
studying emotions in specific cultural contexts. Studying emotion in different cultures is
especially relevant in a country such as South Africa that has a variety of cultures and eleven
official languages.
Researchers followed an approach that studied the meaning of emotion in different cultural
groups in the context of 144 emotion features using a componential emotion theory approach.
Researchers argue in the groundbreaking research that was published in Psychological Science
that emotion meaning has more than only two dimensions. The approach postulated by
researchers was tested in a student population of three language groups, namely Dutch–, Englishand
French–speaking students. According to researchers this is an empirical and theoretical
method to study the meaning of emotions across cultures. However, apart from studying the
meaning of emotions in specific cultural groups, research also attempts to determine the meaning
of emotion in the natural contexts in which they occur. The relevant natural contexts for the field
of Industrial Psychology are the work contexts. It is therefore also important to investigate the
categories of emotion episodes in the work environment.
The general goal of this study was therefore a) to investigate the emotion lexicon in the white
Afrikaans–speaking working adult language group, b) to determine the cognitive emotion
structure of this cultural group, c) to investigate the meaning of emotion as comprehensively as
possible (multidimensional models of the meaning of emotion), and d) to determine the meaning
and content of emotion episodes in the workplace.
Research Article 1
The research was subsequently presented in two independent phases. Firstly, a free listing of
emotion terms was compiled, and secondly the emotion terms were prototypically rated by
Afrikaans–speaking people in South Africa. Both of these were then used as measuring
instruments. A survey was designed to explore the research objectives utilising availability
samples in two studies. The participants in the free–listing (N=70) and in the prototypicality
(N=70) study consisted of native Afrikaans–speaking employees. The sample consisted of
participants from the white ethnic group speaking Afrikaans within the Eastern Cape, Gauteng, Free State, Mpumalanga, North–West and KZN provinces and use was made of an availability
sample.
After conducting the research, the emotion terms with the highest frequency, as identified during
the first study, the free listing task, were to be happy (gelukkig wees), be sad (hartseer wees),
love (liefde), anger (kwaad) and hateful (haatlik). The emotion terms with the lowest scores as
identified during the free listing were uncomfortable (ongemaklik), painful (seer), be hurt
(seergemaak wees), sympathetic (simpatiek) and shout/yell (skreeu). Correspondingly, the five
(5) prototypical terms with the highest scores in Afrikaans were nice (lekker), fed–up/had enough
(gatvol/“genoeg gehad”), loveable (liefdevol), anger (kwaad) and to be scared (om bang te
wees). The five (5) least prototypical terms from the list generated in the free listing task were:
unstable (onvas), bashfulness (skugterheid), captivation (geboeidheid), envy (naywer) and
delight (opgetoënheid).
From the information obtained in this research it was revealed that the emotion terms nice
(lekker), fed up/had enough (gatvol/“genoeg gehad”) and loveable (liefdevol) are at this stage
unique to the white Afrikaans language group. These terms had not been reported in any
previously conducted prototypical studies. The results of this study contribute to a cross–cultural
understanding of the emotion concepts within the Afrikaans–speaking language groups in South
Africa.
Research Article 2
A survey design was used to achieve the research objectives utilising availability samples in a
series of one study. The participants of the Similarity study (N=131) consisted of native
Afrikaans–speaking employees. The sample consisted of participants from the white ethnicity
group speaking Afrikaans within the Eastern Cape, Gauteng, Free State, Mpumalanga, North–
West, KZN and Northern Cape provinces and use was made of an availability sample.
Results of Multidimensional Scaling revealed a three–dimensional cognitive emotion structure.
The first dimension was the evaluation–pleasantness dimension. This dimension evaluates the
pleasantness versus the unpleasantness of an emotion. This dimension is characterised by intrinsic appraisals of pleasantness and goal conduciveness and action tendencies of approach
versus avoidance. The second dimension that emerged was a power–control dimension. This
dimension is characterised by appraisals of control, how powerful or weak a person feels when a
particular emotion is experienced. This includes feelings of dominance or submission, the
impulse to act or withdraw and changes in speech and parasymphatic symptoms. The third
dimension which emerged was an activation–arousal dimension. According to other researchers
this arousal dimension is characterised by sympathetic arousal, e.g. rapid heartbeat and readiness
for action.
This study produced a cognitive emotion structure in a white Afrikaans–speaking working adult
population in South Africa. To add value to the field of Industrial Psychology, the threedimension
structure (evaluation–pleasantness, power–control and activation–arousal dimension)
that was found, is very important and valuable when studying the meaning of emotion and can
consequently be used as a reference for other emotion research constructs. If it is accurate as
stated in literature, there are three and not only two emotion dimension structures, and
researchers are missing out on a bigger picture for not drawing on the experience of emotion
sufficiently.
Research Article 3
A survey design and an availability sample (N=120) in the Eastern Cape, Free State and Gauteng
provinces in South Africa was utilised for this study. The Meaning Grid was translated and backtranslated
and adapted for use in Afrikaans.
The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were obtained for the emotion terms. According to the results
of the Meaning Grid instrument, the following emotion terms were the highest: disgust (afkeur)
0,95; pleasure (plesier) 0,94; stress (stres) 0,92; happiness (blydskap) 0,91; joy (vreugde) 0,91;
fear (bang) 0,91; anger (angstig) 0,91 and hate (haat) 0,90. The emotion terms that scored the
lowest with the Meaning Grid instrument were compassion (medelye) 0,79; pride (trots) 0,79
and contempt (minagting) 0,74. Out of the 24 emotion terms of the Meaning Grid instrument, 8
terms were above 0,90 and 13 were between 0,80 and 0,89. Only 3 terms were between 0,74 and
0,79 [compassion (medelye), pride (trots) and contempt (minagting)]. A three–factor solution was found which represented four emotion dimensions (evaluation,
arousal/unpredictability and power) that were universal to the emotion structures found in
European samples. Factor scores of the 24 Meaning Grid emotions indicate a three–factor
solution that explained 62,2 % of the total variance. The first factor was labelled evaluation and
explained 43,0% of the variance, the second factor was labelled arousal/unpredictability as it
was a combination of arousal and unpredictability and explained 11,0% of the variance, and the
third factor was labelled power and explained 8,2% of the variance.
This study followed an approach that investigated the meaning structure of emotion in the
sample group in the context of 144 emotion features using a componential emotion theory
approach. Different researchers argued that emotion meaning has more than only two
dimensions. A three–dimensional emotion structure was found that was universal to the emotion
structures of three language groups in a European sample. Therefore, the meaning of emotions
for this sample group is far more complex than the two–dimensional emotion models that are
found in literature. According to the componential emotion theory approach, the 144 emotion
features are very important building blocks for Industrial Psychology when studying the meaning
of emotion.
Research Article 4
A survey design was used in this research study. The Episode Meaning Grid was administered
and participants reported on the two intense emotion experiences at work (in total 358 episodes).
Employees rated their emotion experiences on features based on the componential emotion
theory and also described the emotion events in their own words. The participants in the emotion
episodes (N=179) study consisted of native white Afrikaans–speaking working adults. The
sample consisted of participants from the white ethnicity group speaking Afrikaans within the
Eastern Cape, Free State and North–West provinces and use was made of an availability sample.
The results indicated a three–dimensional structure (evaluation–pleasantness, activation–arousal
and power–control dimension) was identified within a white Afrikaans–speaking working adult
language group. The first dimension was an evaluation–pleasantness dimension. The second dimension was an activation–arousal dimension. The third dimension was a power–control
dimension.
Regarding the reporting of emotion episodes one hundred and ninety seven respondents reported
84 satisfying emotion episodes and 267 less satisfying emotion episodes that took place at work.
Nine different categories of episodes for satisfying emotions experienced were mentioned. It
consists of behaviour of work colleagues, acts of boss/superior/management, goal achievement,
receiving recognition, workplace policy, task recognition, personal incidents, emotion
involvement and subordinate behaviour. The three highest categories of satisfying emotions
episodes were “Goal Achievement” (N=31), “Receiving Recognition” (N=20) and “Personal
Incidents” (N=10). Goal achievement describes situations where job related targets or goals were
met, and receiving recognition refers to positive feedback from managers, supervisors and work
colleagues on meeting targets.
Nineteen different categories of episodes for less satisfying emotion episodes were mentioned. It
consists of behaviour of work colleagues, acts of boss/superior/management, lack of goal
achievement, lack of receiving recognition, workplace policy, task requirement, personal
incidents, emotional involvement, subordinate behaviour, workload, work mistakes, customer
behaviour, external environment, lack of control, physical well–being, involvement in
disciplinary action, workplace strikes, wellness of colleagues and unfairness in the workplace. In
the categories of less satisfying emotions episodes, the three highest were “Behaviour of Work
Colleagues” (N=58), “Acts of Boss/Superior/Management” (N=47) and “Task Requirement”
(N=33). The first two categories are appraised less satisfying behaviour towards oneself or others
by work colleagues, managers, supervisors and customers. In terms of the categories of
satisfying and less satisfying emotions episodes, less satisfying emotion episodes outnumbered
satisfying emotions episodes by three to one.
By making use of a multi–componential emotion model, the results confirm that the four factors
of pleasantness, power, arousal, and unpredictability, in that order of importance, are essential to
satisfactorily determine the emotion experience and meaning of emotion terms. A threedimensional
emotion structure (evaluation, arousal and power) was found after determining the
meaning of emotion in the natural contexts in which they occur. The answer to the question if
these two–dimensional emotion models, as stated in literature, are sufficient to cover the broad
and often complex dynamics of emotion, is certainly no.
Recommendations for the organisation and future research were made. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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