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With the availability of frequency dictionaries, such as Alameda and Cuetos (1995) or the Corpus del Español (2002), it is now possible to explore the effects of frequency on linguistic items. The following is a study exploring the effects of frequency on Spanish affixed words. While the debate of dual-route versus single-route processing continues, the results of this study suggest that L2 Spanish speakers use a dual-route model and decompose morphologically complex words when the base frequency is higher than the surface frequency. L2 Spanish speakers perceive derived words with a higher base frequency as more complex than derived words with a lower base frequency. The results of this study do not suggest the same process occurs for native Spanish speakers. When asked to identify the more complex word of a pair, native Spanish speakers are just as likely to select the derived word with a lower base frequency as they are to select the derived word with a higher base frequency suggesting a single-route model.

The delivery of IP traffic on the Internet depends on the complex interactions between a set of autonomous systems that exchange routing information about IP prefix destinations utilizing the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Autonomous systems are often connected to a route server located at an Internet eXchange Point, which facilitates the administration of BGP peering arrangements for all parties connected to it. One of the most popular open-source implementations of BGP is the FRRouting software suite, making it an important part of the Internet infrastructure. This thesis investigates the performance of FRRouting, configured as a route server, in terms of its capabilities of announcing routing information on the network to a set of peers emulating autonomous systems. The routing information consists of a set of distinct IP prefixes that FRRouting receives from its peers. With various benchmarks of different configurations, we relate the number of received prefixes to the number of prefixes that FRRouting has announced on the network to its peers in a given time span. The output of the thesis is a wide overview of how the performance of FRRouting is impacted by different configurations such as filtering of specific prefixes that are not announced to the peering networks. The obtained results show that there exists a divergence between the number of prefixes that have been received and announced by FRRouting. Specifically, the discrepancy shows that FRRouting, in our benchmarks, is incapable of announcing prefixes at the same rate as it receives these prefixes from its peers. In general, the number of announced prefixes is dependent on how the prefix filter is configured. However, one can question what real-world limitations this may result in. Suggestions for future work include developing a more realistic benchmarking environment that does not rely on emulated peers as well as improving how the routing information is recorded. There also exists a wide variety of other metrics and configurations of FRRouting that may reveal further limitations. / Leveransen av IP-trafik på Internet beror av komplexa interaktioner mellan en uppsättning autonoma system som utbyter dirigeringsinformation med hjälp av Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Autonoma system är ofta anslutna till en dirigeringsserver belägen vid en Internetknutpunkt vilket underlättar administrationen av BGP-förbindelser mellan de parter som är anslutna till dirigeringsservern. En av de mest populära implementationerna av BGP med öppen källkod är FRRouting vilket gör denna mjukvara till en betydelsefull komponent för Internets infrastruktur. Detta arbete undersöker prestandan av FRRouting konfigurerad som en dirigeringsserver vad gäller dess kapacitet att behandla och via nätverket vidarebefordra dirigeringsinformation till en uppsättning autonoma system. Dirigeringsinformationen består av en samling IP-prefix som FRRouting erhåller från de autonoma systemen. Genom att variera konfigurationen av FRRouting undersöker vi hur antalet mottagna IP-prefix relaterar till den mängd IP-prefix som FRRouting har vidarebefordrat till de autonoma systemen under en given tidsperiod. Arbetet resulterar i en bred genomgång av hur prestandan för FRRouting påverkas av olika konfigurationer såsom filtrering av specifika prefix. De erhållna resultaten visar att antalet vidarebefordrade IP-prefix skiljer sig markant från antalet prefix som dirigeringsservern erhållit från de autonoma systemen. Denna avvikelse visar att FRRouting inte är kapabel att vidarebefordra IP-prefix i samma takt som dessa mottages från de autonoma systemen. I allmänhet beror antalet vidarebefordrade IP-prefix av hur prefixfiltreringen konfigurerats. Det kan dock ifrågasättas vilka verkliga begränsningar detta kan resultera i. Förslag på framtida arbeten inkluderar att utveckla en förbättrad testmiljö som inte förlitar sig på emulerade autonoma system samt att förbättra tekniken för insamling av vidarebefordrade IP-prefix. Det existerar även ett stort antal andra mätvärden och konfigurationer av FRRouting som möjligtvis kan resultera i att ytterligare begränsningar uppdagas.

The most popular and convenient route of drug administration remains the oral route, however, protein and peptide drugs such as insulin have poor membrane permeability and stability in the gastrointestinal tract. Absorption enhancers can be added to drug delivery systems to overcome the epithelial cell membrane permeability problem. Although previous studies have shown that aloe leaf materials improve the transport of drugs across intestinal epithelia, their performance in solid oral dosage forms has not yet been investigated. Beads containing insulin and each of the selected absorption enhancers (i.e. Aloe ferox, Aloe marlothii and Aloe vera gel materials) were produced by extrusion-spheronisation, using a full factorial design to optimise the formulations based on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) reduction of Caco-2 cell monolayers as response. The optimum bead formulations were evaluated in terms of friability, mass variation, particle surface texture, shape, size and dissolution. The transport of insulin across excised pig intestinal tissue from the optimised bead formulations was determined over a 2 h period. The samples obtained from the transport studies were analysed for insulin content by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the TEER reduction, as an indication of tight junction modulation, obtained for the bead formulations containing aloe materials was concentration dependent. Furthermore, inclusion of croscarmellose sodium (Ac-di-sol®) as a disintegrant showed an enhanced TEER reduction effect in combination with the aloe gel materials. Dissolution profiles indicated that the beads containing aloe leaf materials in conjunction with insulin, released the insulin within an hour. In accordance with the TEER reduction results, the A. marlothii and A. vera materials containing beads showed similar increased insulin delivery across excised pig intestinal tissue, which was pronouncedly higher than that of the control group (insulin alone). It can be concluded that beads containing aloe leaf materials have high potential as effective delivery systems for protein therapeutics such as insulin via the oral route of administration. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The most popular and convenient route of drug administration remains the oral route, however, protein and peptide drugs such as insulin have poor membrane permeability and stability in the gastrointestinal tract. Absorption enhancers can be added to drug delivery systems to overcome the epithelial cell membrane permeability problem. Although previous studies have shown that aloe leaf materials improve the transport of drugs across intestinal epithelia, their performance in solid oral dosage forms has not yet been investigated. Beads containing insulin and each of the selected absorption enhancers (i.e. Aloe ferox, Aloe marlothii and Aloe vera gel materials) were produced by extrusion-spheronisation, using a full factorial design to optimise the formulations based on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) reduction of Caco-2 cell monolayers as response. The optimum bead formulations were evaluated in terms of friability, mass variation, particle surface texture, shape, size and dissolution. The transport of insulin across excised pig intestinal tissue from the optimised bead formulations was determined over a 2 h period. The samples obtained from the transport studies were analysed for insulin content by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the TEER reduction, as an indication of tight junction modulation, obtained for the bead formulations containing aloe materials was concentration dependent. Furthermore, inclusion of croscarmellose sodium (Ac-di-sol®) as a disintegrant showed an enhanced TEER reduction effect in combination with the aloe gel materials. Dissolution profiles indicated that the beads containing aloe leaf materials in conjunction with insulin, released the insulin within an hour. In accordance with the TEER reduction results, the A. marlothii and A. vera materials containing beads showed similar increased insulin delivery across excised pig intestinal tissue, which was pronouncedly higher than that of the control group (insulin alone). It can be concluded that beads containing aloe leaf materials have high potential as effective delivery systems for protein therapeutics such as insulin via the oral route of administration. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Indéniablement"fille de son temps", force médiatrice entre l'imaginaire et le social, la littérature ne peut être dissociée des grandes idéologies - ou courants de pensée -, qui caractérisent son époque. Le roman de la route, qui se manifeste au Québec principalement depuis la décennie 1960, possède la capacité de présenter un état du monde complexe pour une raison évidente : reposant sur le thème de la rencontre , il met de l'avant une pluralité de voix qui s'entrechoquent fournissant, ainsi, une prise de parole sur une société donnée. Véritable catalyseur de consciences plurielles et ennemi de la pensée univoque, le roman de la route apparaît comme le genre pouvant le mieux (trans)figurer les discours culturels, sociaux et politiques de son époque. L'actuelle fascination pour l'Autre et l'ailleurs permet en outre de croire que le roman de la route, que d'autres nomment le récit de voyage fictif, tend à devenir une pratique courante dans l'univers littéraire. La question que pose ce mémoire est donc celle-ci : à la suite d'une présence marquée de la place de l'intime et des préoccupations plus personnelles dans la littérature depuis principalement vingt-cinq ans, et dont la plus fidèle représentante est sans doute l'autofiction, est-il juste de pressentir un certain retour du politique dans le genre romanesque? Et si oui, peut-on considérer le roman de la route comme un discours littéraire permettant la représentation du politique? Trois études permettent de mesurer le poids politique du roman de la route à travers l'analyse de thèmes bien ancrés dans le discours social actuel, soient l'environnement, les questions du commerce - et plus largement la mondialisation -, ainsi que la migration. Le joueur de flûte de Louis Hamelin (2001), La logeuse d'Éric Dupont (2006) et La conjuration des bâtards de Francine Noël (1999) servent de support à cette analyse qui vise avant tout à une réflexion sur l'espace et le discours politique que permet le roman de la route.

Background: The Active Commuting Route Environment Scale (ACRES) was developed to study active commuters’ perceptions of their route environments. The overall aims were to assess the measuring properties of the ACRES and study active bicycle commuters’ perceptions of their commuting route environments. Methods: Advertisement- and street-recruited bicycle commuters from Greater Stockholm, Sweden, responded to the ACRES. Expected differences between inner urban and suburban route environments were used to assess criterion-related validity, together with ratings from an assembled expert panel as well as existing objective measures. Reliability was assessed as test-retest reproducibility. Comparisons of ratings between advertisement- and street-recruited participants were used for assessments of representativity. Ratings of inner urban and suburban route environments were used to evaluate commuting route environment profiles. Simultaneous multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess the relation between the outcome variable: whether the route environment hinders or stimulates bicycle-commuting and environmental predictors, such as levels of exhaust fumes, speeds of traffic and greenery, in inner urban areas. Results: The ACRES was characterized by considerable criterion-related validity and reasonable test-retest reproducibility. There was a good correspondence between the advertisement- and street-recruited participants’ ratings. Distinct differences in commuting route environment profiles between the inner urban and suburban areas were noted. Suburban route environments were rated as safer and more stimulating for bicycle-commuting. Beautiful, green and safe route environments seem to be, independently of each other, stimulating factors for bicycle-commuting in inner urban areas. On the other hand, high levels of exhaust fumes and traffic congestion, as well as low ‘directness’ of the route, seem to be hindering factors. Conclusions: The ACRES is useful for assessing bicyclists’ perceptions of their route environments. A number of environmental factors related to the route appear to be stimulating or hindering for bicycle commuting. The overall results demonstrate a complex research area at the beginning of exploration. / BAKGRUND: Färdvägsmiljöer kan tänkas påverka människors fysiskt aktiva arbetspendling och därmed bidra till bättre folkhälsa. Studier av färdvägsmiljöer är därför önskvärda för att öka förståelsen kring möjliga samband mellan fysiskt aktiv arbetspendling och färdvägsmiljöer. En enkät, ”The Active Commuting Route Environment Scale” (ACRES), har därför skapats i syfte att studera fysiskt aktiva arbetspendlares upplevelser av sina färdvägsmiljöer. Huvudsyftet med denna avhandling var dels att studera enkätens psykometriska egenskaper i form av validitet och reliabilitet, dels att studera arbetspendlande cyklisters upplevelser av sina färdvägsmiljöer. METODER: Arbetspendlande cyklister från Stor-Stockholm rekryterades via tidningsannonsering och via direkt kontakt i anslutning till färdvägen. Deltagarna besvarade enkäten ACRES. Tillsammans med skattningar från en grupp av experter och redan existerande objektiva mått användes förväntade skillnader mellan färdvägsmiljöer i inner- och ytterstaden för att studera kriterierelaterad validitet. Reliabiliteten studerades som reproducerbarhet via upprepade mätningar (test-retest). Jämförelser mellan skattningar av deltagare rekryterade via annonsering och via direkt kontakt i färdvägsmiljöer användes för att studera representativitet. Skattningar av färdvägsmiljöer i inner- och ytterstaden användes vidare för att studera färdvägsmiljöprofiler. Multipel linjär regressionsanalys användes även för att studera sambandet mellan utfallsvariabeln huruvida färdvägsmiljön motverkar eller stimulerar arbetspendling med cykel och miljöprediktorer, såsom avgasnivåer, trafikens hastighet och grönska, i innerstadsmiljöer. RESULTAT: Enkäten ACRES visade god kriterierelaterad validitet och rimlig reproducerbarhet. Det var en god överrensstämmelse mellan skattningar av deltagare rekryterade via annonsering och via direkt kontakt. Färdvägsmiljöprofilerna visade tydliga skillnader mellan inner- och ytterstadsmiljöer. Ytterstadens färdvägsmiljöer skattades som tryggare och mer stimulerande för arbetspendling med cykel än innerstadens färdvägsmiljöer. Vidare verkar vackra, gröna och trygga färdvägsmiljöer, oberoende av varandra, vara stimulerade faktorer för arbetspendling med cykel i innerstadsmiljöer. Däremot verkar höga avgasnivåer, höga trängselnivåer och färdvägar som kräver många riktningsändringar vara motverkande faktorer. SLUTSATSER: Enkäten ACRES är ett användbart instrument vid mätningar av cyklisters upplevelser av sina färdvägsmiljöer. Ett antal faktorer relaterade till färdvägsmiljön verkar vara stimulerande respektive motverkande för arbetspendling med cykel. Generellt sett på visar resultaten ett relativt outforskat och komplext forskningsområde. / <p>Örebro universitet, Hälsoakademin</p> / FAAP

In this dissertation, we study macroscopic traffic flow modeling for intelligent transportation systems. Based on the characteristics of traffic flow evolution, and the requirement to realistically predict and ameliorate traffic flow in high traffic regions, we consider traffic flow modeling for intelligent transportation systems. Four major traffic flow modeling issues, that is, accurately predicting the spatial adjustment of traffic density, the traffic behavior on a long infinite road and on a road having egress and ingress to the flow, affect of driver behavior on traffic flow, and the route merit are investigated. The spatial adjustment of traffic density is investigated from a velocity adjustment perspective. Then the traffic behavior based on the safe distance and safe time is studied on a long infinite road for a transition and uniform flow. The traffic flow transition behavior is also investigated for egress and ingress to the flow having a regulation value which characterizes the driver response. The variation of regulation value refines the traffic velocity and density distributions according to a slow or aggressive driver response. Further, the influence of driver behavior on traffic flow is studied. The driver behavior includes the physiological and psychological response. In this dissertation, route merits are also developed to reduce the trip time, pollution and fuel consumption. Performance results of the proposed models are presented. / Graduate / 0543, 0544, 0548 / khanz@uvic,ca

Broadcasting is used in on-demand routing protocols to discover routes in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). On-demand routing protocols, such as Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) commonly employ pure flooding based broadcasting to discover new routes. In pure flooding, a route request (RREQ) packet is broadcast by the source node and each receiving node rebroadcasts it. This continues until the RREQ packet arrives at the destination node. Pure flooding generates excessive redundant routing traffic that may lead to the broadcast storm problem (BSP) and deteriorate the performance of MANETs significantly. A number of probabilistic broadcasting schemes have been proposed in the literature to address BSP. However, these schemes do not consider thermal noise and interference which exist in real life MANETs, and therefore, do not perform well in real life MANETs. Real life MANETs are noisy and the communication is not error free. This research argues that a broadcast scheme that considers the effects of thermal noise, co-channel interference, and node density in the neighbourhood simultaneously can reduce the broadcast storm problem and enhance the MANET performance. To achieve this, three investigations have been carried out: First, the effect of carrier sensing ranges on on-demand routing protocol such as AODV and their impact on interference; second, effects of thermal noise on on-demand routing protocols and third, evaluation of pure flooding and probabilistic broadcasting schemes under noisy and noiseless conditions. The findings of these investigations are exploited to propose a Channel Adaptive Probabilistic Broadcast (CAPB) scheme to disseminate RREQ packets efficiently. The proposed CAPB scheme determines the probability of rebroadcasting RREQ packets on the fly according to the current Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) and node density in the neighbourhood. The proposed scheme and two related state of the art (SoA) schemes from the literature are implemented in the standard AODV to replace the pure flooding based broadcast scheme. Ns-2 simulation results show that the proposed CAPB scheme outperforms the other schemes in terms of routing overhead, average end-to-end delay, throughput and energy consumption.

In today's world the challenge of logistics becomes more and more important for all companies, which consequently contributes to the need of an integrated system of in-house logistics. Goods must flow easily between stations and departments in order to achieve the best utilization of transportation as well as maintaining a good distribution structure to handle these processes in an efficient and effective way to enhance business performance and competitiveness. This report aims to provide research on how to strategically organize, plan and structure the flow of internal logistics within an organization. The research in this study originates from 3 main methods, a theoretical review, a case study and a benchmark. The main idea of the thesis was to contribute with scientific knowledge of improvements that can be achieved within internal logistics targeting companies operating within the service sector. In order to understand the scope of the problem the current state at the case Tropical Islands was analysed and served to identify areas where possible improvements could be achieved. Further on, in combination with the theory and empirical findings the main conclusions of the thesis was the need to strategically organize the flow of internal logistics to improve efficiency and enhance competitiveness. It was made evident that planning is essential in order to successfully implement the milk runs. Other tools could be utilized to further eliminate drawbacks that might occur.