This dissertation examines the history and importance of Oklahoma City's Black Ethnic Enclave. It focuses on how this community developed over generations and the role of its leaders in shaping its identity, despite facing segregation. The settlement in this region began in 1889 when unassigned lands in central Indian Territory were opened for homesteaders by the US government. As a result, Oklahoma City became one of the major towns and eventually the state's capital. Most historical accounts primarily focus on the viewpoint of the white founders of the city, ignoring the experiences of minority residents and the urban aspects of the city. This study takes an interdisciplinary approach, combining historical analysis, urban studies, and sociocultural perspectives. It aims to understand the complex relationship between racial dynamics, urban development, and identity formation. By thoroughly examining primary and secondary sources like archival records, oral histories, and scholarly literature, the research uncovers the struggles, achievements, and cultural contributions of the community builders who overcame systemic barriers to create a thriving enclave within Oklahoma City. By highlighting their stories, this research enriches our understanding of the city's history and the diverse urban experiences it encompasses.

With the constant evolution of hardware architecture extensions aimed at enhancing software security, a notable availability gap arises due to the proprietary nature and design-specific characteristics of these features, resulting in a CPU-specific implementation. This gap particularly affects low-end embedded devices that often rely on CPU cores with limited resources. Addressing this challenge, this thesis focuses on providing access to hardware-based Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) for devices lacking TEE support. RSGX is a framework crafted to transparently offload security-sensitive workloads to an enclave hosted in a remote centralized edge server. Operating as clients, low-end TEE-lacking devices can harness the hardware security features provided by TEEs of either the same or different architecture. RSGX is tailored to accommodate applications developed with diverse TEE-utilizing SDKs, such as the Open Enclave SDK, Intel SGX SDK, and many others. This facilitates easy integration of existing enclave-based applications, and the framework allows users to utilize its features without requiring any source code modifications, ensuring transparent offloading behind the scenes. For the evaluation, we set up an edge computing environment to execute C/C++ applications, including two overhead micro-benchmarks and four popular open-source applications. This evaluation of RSGX encompasses an analysis of its security benefits and a measurement of its performance overhead. We demonstrate that RSGX has the potential to mitigate a range of Common Vulnerability Exposures (CVEs), ensuring the secure execution of confidential computations on hybrid and distributed machines with an acceptable performance overhead. / Master of Science / A vast amount of data is generated globally every day, most of which contains critical information and is often linked to individuals. Therefore, safeguarding data is essential at every stage, whether it's during transmission, storage, or processing. Different security principles are applied to protect data at various stages. This thesis particularly focuses on data in use. To protect data in use, several technologies are available, and one of them is confidential computing, which is a hardware-based security technology. However, confidential computing is limited to certain high-end computing machines, and many resource-constrained devices do not support it. In this thesis, we propose RSGX, a framework to offload secured computation to a confidential computing-capable remote device with a Security as a Service (SECaaS) approach. Through RSGX, users can leverage confidential computing capabilities for any of their applications based on any SDK. RSGX provides this capability transparently and securely. Our evaluation shows that users, by adapting RSGX, can mitigate several security vulnerabilities, thereby enhancing security with a reasonable overhead.

No description available.

Cloud computing increasingly handles confidential data, like private inference and query databases. Two strategies are used for secure computation: (1) employing CPU Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) like AMD SEV, Intel SGX, or ARM TrustZone, and (2) utilizing emerging cryptographic methods like Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) with libraries such as HElib, Microsoft SEAL, and PALISADE. To enhance computation, GPUs are often employed. However, using GPUs to accelerate secure computation introduces challenges addressed in three works. In the first work, we tackle GPU acceleration for secure computation with CPU TEEs. While TEEs perform computations on confidential data, extending their capabilities to GPUs is essential for leveraging their power. Existing approaches assume co-designed CPU-GPU setups, but we contend that co-designing CPU and GPU is difficult to achieve and requires early coordination between CPU and GPU manufacturers. To address this, we propose software-based memory encryption for CPU-GPU TEE co-design via the software layer. Yet, this introduces issues due to AES's 128-bit granularity. We present optimizations to mitigate these problems, resulting in execution time overheads of 1.1\% and 56\% for regular and irregular applications. In the second work, we focus on GPU acceleration for the CPU FHE library HElib, particularly for comparison operations on encrypted data. These operations are vital in Machine Learning, Image Processing, and Private Database Queries, yet their acceleration is often overlooked. We extend HElib to harness GPU acceleration for its resource-intensive components like BluesteinNTT, BluesteinFFT, and Element-wise Operations. Addressing memory separation, dynamic allocation, and parallelization challenges, we employ several optimizations to address these challenges. With all optimizations and hybrid CPU-GPU parallelism, we achieve a 11.1$\times$ average speedup over the state-of-the-art CPU FHE library. In our latest work, we concentrate on minimizing the ciphertext size by leveraging insights from algorithms, data access patterns, and application requirements to reduce the operational footprint of an FHE application, particularly targeting Neural Network inference tasks. Through the implementation of all three levels of ciphertext compression (precision reduction in comparisons, optimization of access patterns, and adjustments in data layout), we achieve a remarkable 5.6$\times$ speedup compared to the state-of-the-art GPU implementation in 100x\cite{100x}. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for achieving significant GPU-driven performance improvements. This dissertation provides solutions to these hurdles, aiming to facilitate GPU-based acceleration of confidential data computation.

Trois magmas (haplotonalite synthétique, basalte et dacite de Santorin) ont été juxtaposés et déformés à l’aide d’une presse de type Paterson pour contraindre les conditions de mélange de magmas à haute pression (300 MPa). Ces trois magmas ont été utilisés en conditions sèches ou hydratées et dans une gamme de température comprise entre 600 et 1200°C, permettant d’obtenir plusieurs fractions cristallines et contrastes de viscosité. Les textures de mélange produites lors des expériences dépendent de la fraction cristalline et sont similaires aux textures rencontrées dans la nature. Les textures de mélange mécanique (mingling) produites sont la ségrégation de cristaux depuis leur magma source, la formation d’enclaves par détachement et de filaments par étirement de parcelles de magma. Le mélange chimique (mixing) est illustré par des zones d’interactions comportant une large variété de liquides intermédiaires et la cristallisation de nouvelles phases. Le mélange est produit en l’absence d’une charpente cristalline dans l’un ou l’autre des magmas, si le contraste de viscosité est faible (< 0,3 unité log) et en dessous d’un seuil de viscosité absolue, déterminé entre 107 et 108 Pa.s. Par ailleurs, l’eau joue un rôle important sur les propriétés rhéologiques des magmas, et donc sur leurs capacités de mélanges : elle abaisse le seuil de mélange de près de 200°C entre des magmas saturés en eau, et son exsolution (présence de bulles) entraîne une réduction significative des viscosités promouvant le mélange à des fractions cristallines plus faibles. Les conditions rhéologiques favorables aux mélanges entre le magma d’un réservoir et un magma plus chaud qui le recharge ont été déterminées selon la fraction de magma injecté. Cette fraction est de 0,5 minimum pour la majorité des réservoirs typiques du contexte d’arc. La comparaison avec des systèmes plutoniques et volcaniques exposant des figures de mélange montre que les conditions favorables aux mélanges sont atteintes avec des fractions inférieures. Ceci suggère que le fonctionnement d’un réservoir magmatique est influencé par ses styles et taux de recharge, ainsi que la quantité de volatils. / Three magmas (a synthetic haplotonalite, a basalt and a dacite from Santorini Volcano) have been deformed together at P=300 MPa in a Paterson type apparatus to constrain the mixing capacities between chemically contrasted magmas. Both dry and hydrous conditions were investigated at temperatures varying between 600 and 1200°C to vary magma crystallinity and visc osity contrasts. Mingling and mixing features were produced, which closely resemble those encountered in nature. Mingling features are xenocrysts, enclaves, and melt filaments. Diverse intermediate liquids and newly grown crystals characterize the mixing textures. Both mixing and mingling features were produced after crystal network breakage, at low viscosity contrasts (less than 0.3 log unit) and bulk viscosities lower than 107 – 108 Pa.s. The presence of water considerably affects the rheological properties of magmas and their mixing capacities: water-saturated magmas are able to mix at temperatures 200°C colder than their dry equivalent, and bubbles may influence the viscosity contrast leading to mixing at lower crystal fractions. Rheological conditions favourable to magma mixing between the resident magma in the reservoir and a hot replenishing one were determined according to the injected mafic magma fraction. The minimum fraction of mafic magma for mixing is 0.5 for typical arc magma chambers. The comparison with plutonic and volcanic rocks displaying mixing features shows that mixing may, however, occur at lower fractions. This suggests that reservoir dynamism may depend on the style and the frequency of the injection rate, and the amount of volatiles.

During 2014, research undertaken at the sites of Cerro San Bernardo (ACO3; 2,000 m above sea level) and Challaca (CH1; 2,015 m above sea level) revealed the first documented Nasca sites (260 B.C – A.D. 640) in the yunga ecozone of the upper drainage of the Ica River. Both sites also demonstrated evidence of an even earlier, Early Horizon occupation (840 – 260 B.C.). These two sites are located on small, mainly granite, knolls situated on the Northern and Southern banks of the upper drainage of the Ica River. From these sites, it is possible to oversee an extensive area of cultivation that extends from the mountains to the East down to the Western boundary of the Challaca-Tiraxi Canyon. An area, which these sites could well have controlled. Geographically, the canyon divides the Ica Highlands from the coastal area, giving this juncture geopolitical importance. It is possible that the strategic location of this Nasca enclave in the Ica Highlands was aimed at controlling access between coastal polities and highland sectors, while exploiting this zones rich, high-altitude resources. Probably, occupation of this strategic sector commenced during the Early Horizon (840 – 260 B.C.), pointing to a long presence by coastal groups in the highlands. The aim of this article then, is to tease-out patterns of control, interaction, and the type of frontier in existence between the Nasca and coeval, neighboring, highland cultural groups, thereby providing new evidence concerning Nasca presence in the upper drainage of the Ica River. / Las investigaciones iniciadas en el año 2014 en el Cerro San Bernardo (ACO3; 2000 metros sobre el nivel del mar) y Challaca (CH1; 2015 metros sobre el nivel del mar) nos han permitido hallar los primeros sitios Nasca (260 a.C a 640 d.C.) en la ecozona yunga de la cuenca alta del río Ica. Los dos sitios también registran la posibilidad de una ocupación aún más temprana que se remonta al Horizonte Temprano (840 a 260 a.C.). Estos dos sitios se ubican sobre cerros pequeños, que están conformados principalmente por granito, y que se localizan al norte y sur sobre los márgenes de la cuenca alta del río Ica. Desde estos sitios, se puede divisar una extensa área de cultivo que se extiende desde los cerros al este, hasta el oeste y el límite del cañón de Challaca-Tiraxi, la cual podría estar bajo su control. Geográficamente, el cañón divide la sierra de Ica del área costera, a partir de lo cual le brinda una ubicación geopolítica importante. Es posible que la localización estratégica de este enclave Nasca en la sierra de Ica haya sido para controlar el acceso desde las sociedades costeras a los sectores de la sierra, mientras se nutría de los recursos de esta rica zona alta. Probablemente, la ocupación de este punto estratégico se inició durante el Horizonte Temprano (840 a 260 a.C.), lo cual significaría una presencia larga por parte de los grupos costeños en la sierra. Ante este contexto, el objetivo del presente trabajo es indagar sobre los patrones de control, interacción y el tipo de frontera entre los Nasca y los grupos culturales serranos, vecinos, sincrónicos, aportando nuevas evidencias sobre la presencia Nasca en la cuenca alta del río Ica.

La présente thèse propose de réfléchir au « statut territorial » des espaces de la production pétrolière en Afrique centrale. Et ce en explorant d’abord – derrière les évidences d’un « enclavement » ordinairement admis de ces espaces (mais sans que celui-ci soit véritablement réfléchi) – leurs modes de production architecturaux : à la fois ceux des « enclaves pétrolières » en tant que telles, que l’on proposera de théoriser en tant qu’« îles artificielles » en les réfléchissant au vaste miroir des constructions techniques humaines, et ceux des systèmes spatiaux qui les portent : architectures internationales dont les « enclaves » apparaissent comme autant de clés de voûte – signalant alors cette croissante tension qu’aiguise le monde contemporain entre le développement d’interdépendances et de compénétrations territoriales de plus en plus vitales, et la persistance et la continuation – également fondamentale – du découpage de la scène internationale en unités territoriales souveraines. L’exploitation pétrolière – paradoxe dont on traquera la vérité – apparaissant autant comme un puissant facteur de construction de frontières internationales (dont on exposera quelques dynamiques en cours dans le golfe de Guinée) et comme une activité induisant et produisant différentes formes de découplages entre territoires étatiques et souverainetés, auxquelles l’exploitation et les investissements qui la sous-tendent supportent mal d’être assujettis. Ainsi explorerons-nous, au travers de l’étude des relations contractuelles nouées entre industriels et souverains, ainsi qu’au travers des techniques de financement telles que mobilisées dans le projet Tchad-Cameroun, comment l’exploitation pétrolière, parce qu’elle réclame une conséquente immunité à l’égard des risques qui pèsent sur elle (et au premier rang desquels figure le risque souverain), tend à produire des modes d’enclavement des territoires de l’exploitation. Car c’est ce que tend à démontrer cette thèse : que ces enclaves sont bel et bien des territoires, lesquels réclament toutefois d’être conceptualisés de façon à pouvoir concilier leurs dimensions « extraterritoriales » et leur toujours nécessaire ancrage dans la souveraineté territoriale étatique. / This thesis aims to conceptualize the oil production areas’ territorial status in central Africa. It first proposes to explore – behind the false evidence of an “enclave status” which is commonly accepted without being theorized – their architectural patterns: both those of the “oil enclaves” as such – which will be conceptualized as “artificial islands” by mirroring them with the vast domain of human technical constructions –, and those of the international spatial systems without which they could not exist – oil production spaces appearing as keystones of such systems. They thus highlight one of the contemporary world’s greatest tensions, which stand between the increasingly vital nature of international interdependences and territorial permeations, and the persistence and continuation – as well fundamental – of the territorial and sovereign partition of our world. Oil production – and we will inquire about the truth that hides such a paradox – concurrently appearing as a powerful factor in building international borders (which we will be discuss some current dynamics in the gulf of Guinea) and as creating various ways of unbundling territories and sovereignties, given that nor the activity nor its financial investors easily bear being at sovereign powers’ mercy. We will thus explore – through the contractual relations that intimately tie oil companies and sovereign powers, and through financing techniques such as those Exxon called up in the Chad-Cameroon project – how oil production – because it requires being consequently immunized against political and sovereigns' risks – tends to create various ways of territorial enclaving. And here is what this thesis seeks to demonstrate: that oil enclaves are territories – territories which claim to be conceptualized so as to reconcile their “extraterritorial” extent and their still crucial implant in the sovereign territory.

Trata-se do enclave étnico dos imigrantes coreanos do bairro do Bom Retiro, localizado na zona central da cidade de São Paulo, tendo como objetivo detectar seus aspectos urbano -espaciais e expô-los através de uma descrição sintética baseada nos trabalhos de campo. Através dela, procura-se estabelecer as relações entre os diferentes espaços do cotidiano dos coreanos do bairro dedicados ao trabalho, à moradia e à convivência intraétnica. A partir do modelo de territorialização do enclave étnico, tenta-se compreender a estrutura de relações humanas que está na base dessa constituição espacial, e propõe refletir sobre o caráter multicultural do Bom Retiro que se escora na economia do vestuário, e também sobre as particularidades da sua transformação espacial decorrente do processo de sucessão étnica. / It concerns the Korean immigrants ethnic enclave in the Bom Retiro neighbourhood located at São Paulo\'s city downtown area, aiming to find its spatial-urban aspects and exhibiting them through a field research based description. Trough this, it establishes relations among everyday life places that are dedicated to work, housing and intraethnic congregation. From the ethnic enclave territorialization model, it tries to understand the existing human relations structure in the base of this spatial constitution, proposing a reflection on the multicultural aspect of Bom Retiro which is supported by the garment manufacturing economy, and on the particularities of its spatial transformation derived from the ethnic succession process.

La communauté juive hassidique de Williamsburg a formé progressivement dans l’après-guerre uneenclave religieuse fondamentaliste dans le sud du quartier. Ce projet d’appropriation du territoire aété menacé par la gentrification et le redéveloppement du quartier depuis les années 80. Il s’agitd’abord de montrer les enjeux soulevés par ces transformations et les stratégies mises en place par lesrésidents et les autres acteurs intervenant dans le quartier. Les juifs hassidiques ont eu une positionambivalente puisque les mutations représentaient pour eux aussi bien une contrainte que desopportunités. Les entrepreneurs de la communauté ont investi massivement dans l’immobilier duquartier, capturant une partie de la rente foncière. Dans le même temps, les fidèles peu éduqués etmal intégrés au marché de l’emploi ont peiné à trouver des logements abordables pour héberger leursfamilles nombreuses. Nous verrons ensuite comment cette communauté qui a une attache trèsparticulière au territoire est parvenue à se préserver mieux que les autres enclaves d’immigrés duquartier grâce à des stratégies immobilières et politiques. L’entraide a permis de limiter la montée duprix des loyers et la communauté a construit des milliers de nouveaux logements pour les fidèles surd’anciens terrains industriels grâce aux capitaux de quelques entrepreneurs hassidiques fortunés etd’une petite classe de propriétaires. L’isolement des fidèles et la croissance résidentielle de l’enclaveont été facilités par la très bonne intégration de la communauté à la vie politique municipale. / The Hasidic Jewish community in Williamsburg forms a fundamentalist religious enclave in the southsince the Second World War. Gentrification and redevelopment have been threatening this spatialproject since the 80’s. We will discuss first the issues raised by the recent changes for the localcommunity and the strategies of all the stakeholders involved or affected by those changes. HasidicJews had an ambivalent position and change became an opportunity as much as a pressure for them.Hasidic entrepreneurs have been active in real estate all over the neighborhood and they were able tocollect a rent gap. In the meantime, most members are poor because they lack education and skills.Due to this, they have a very hard time finding affordable housing for their large families. We will thenshow how this community with strong ties to its territory has managed to preserve itself better thanthe other immigrant enclaves in the area, using real estate and political strategies. Solidarity hashelped to maintain fair rent for the neediest and the community has developed thousands of new unitson former industrial lots with the help of wealthy entrepreneurs and a small owner class. The deeppolitical integration of the Hasidic community in the local governance has facilitated their isolation andresidential growth.

This study examines the experiences of highly educated South Asian immigrant women working as home-based entrepreneurs within ethnic enclaves in Toronto, Canada. The importance of their work and experiences need to be understood in the context of two processes. On the one hand, there is the neoliberal hegemonic discourse of “enterprising self” that encourages individuals to become “productive”, self-responsible, citizen-subjects, without depending on state help or welfare to succeed in the labour market. On the other hand, there is the racialized and gendered labour market that systematically devalues the previous education and skills of non-white immigrants and pushes them towards jobs that are low-paid, temporary and precarious in nature. In the light of the above situations, I argue that in the process of setting up their home-based businesses, South Asian immigrant women in my study negotiate the barriers they experience in two ways. First, despite being inducted into different (re)training and (re)learning that aim to improve their deficiencies, they continue to believe in their abilities and resourcefulness, thereby challenging the “remedial” processes that try to locate lack in their abilities. Second, by negotiating gender ideologies within their families and drawing on community ties within enclaves they keep at check the individuating and achievement oriented ideology of neoliberalism. They, therefore, demonstrate how the values of an “enterprising self” can be based on collaboration and relationship rather than competition, profit or material success. The concept of “negotiation”, as employed in this thesis, denotes a form of agency different from the commonly perceived notions of agency as formal, large-scale, macro organization or resistance. Rather, the concept is based on how women resort to multiple, various and situational practices of conformity and contestation that often can blend into each other.