<p>Fossil taxa are crucial to studies of brain evolution, as they allow us to identify evolutionary trends in relative brain size and brain shape that may not otherwise be identifiable in comparative studies using only extant taxa, owing to multiple events of parallel encephalization among primate clades. This thesis combines indirect and direct approaches to understanding primate evolution, by evaluating variation in the endocranial morphology of extant primates and their fossil representatives. I use a comparative approach to examine the relationships between interspecific adult endocranial volume and shape, and brain evolution and cranial form among extant primate clades and their fossil representatives. The associations are evaluated via phylogenetically informed statistics perfomed on volumetric measurements and three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses of virtual endocasts constructed from micro-CT scans of primate crania. Fossil taxa included in these analyses are: 1) anthropoids Parapithecus, Aegyptopithecus (Early Oligocene, Egypt), Homunculus and Tremacebus (Early Miocene, Argentina), and 2) Eocene euprimates Adapis and Leptadapis (Eocene adapoids, France), and the Rooneyia (Eocene omomyoid, Texas). </p><p>The first part of this work (Chapter 2) explores variation in residual mass of brain components (taken from the literature) among primates, and evaluates the correlated evolution of encephalization and brain proportions with endocast shape, quantified via three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques. Analyses reveal a broad range of variation in endocast shape among primates. Endocast shape is influenced by a complex array of factors, including phylogeny, body size, encephalization, and brain proportions (residual mass of brain components). The analysis supports previous research, which concludes that anthropoids and tarsiers (Haplorhini) share the enlargement of several key brain regions including the neocortex and visual systems, and a reduction of the olfactory system. Anthropoids further differ from strepsirrhines in endocranial features associated with encephalization--a more flexed brain base, an inferiorly deflected olfactory fossa--and those associated with brain proportions--a small olfactory fossa, and a more caudally extended cerebrum that extends posteriorly past the cerebellar poles. Tarsiers are unique in having a mediolaterally broad and rostro-caudally short endocast with an attenuated anterior and middle cranial fossae. This morphology is likely related to the extreme orbital enlargement in this taxon, which limits anterior expansion of the endocranium. Finally, despite the correlation between residual endocranial volume and endocast shape among modern primates, early anthropoid fossils demonstrate a disconnect between these factors in sharing key features of endocast shape with extant anthropoids at a relatively small brain size. </p><p>The second part of this thesis (Chapter 3) explores the relationship between craniofacial organization--cranial base angle, facial size, facial hafting--and encephalization via the lens of the Spatial Constraints and Facial Packing Hypotheses. These hypotheses predict that interspecific adult variation in encephalization correlates with endocranial shape such that a larger brain for a given body size will be more "globular" or spherical in shape. These hypotheses futher predict that basicranial angle covaries with encephalization and that the relative size of the endocranium and facial skeleton will have an antagonistic effect on basicranial angle and facial hafting. Results show that various measures of globularity have inconsistent and weak relationships to phylogeny, encephalization, and basicranial flexion, owing to a diversity of clade-specific scaling patterns between the maximum length, breadth, and width of the endocast. Among extant primates, there is weak but significant evidence to suggest that both facial size and encephalization influence variation in basicranial flexion. Considering the fossil specimens in isolation, their relative ranks in encephalization, basicranial flexion, and midline facial size and shape follow the pattern expected from the Spatial and Facial Packing Hypotheses outlined above; however, relative to modern species, the early fossil anthropoids have more flexed cranial bases and shorter facial skeletons at much smaller level of encephalization than seen in modern anthropoids. </p><p>Together, the extant data suggest a moderately conserved pattern of correlated evolution among endocranial size, endocranial shape, brain proportions, and craniofacial organization, which may explain differences in endocranial and facial shape between extant strepsirrhine and anthropoid primates; however, the fossil record for early anthropoid evolution demonstrates that a shift towards key anthropoid-like traits of the endocranium, basicranium, and facial skeleton were initiated early in anthropoid evolution, with subsequent encephalization occurring within and among members of this clade. Thus, these anthropoid cranial traits evolved in tandem with changes in the relative size of brain components, rather than absolute or relative brain size alone. Basicranial flexion, facial length and orientation are influenced by both: 1) shifts in endocranial shape associated with changes in brain proportion--accounting for the initiation of the anthropoid-like craniofacial plan early in the evolution of the clade--and 2) encephalization, which influenced subsequent morphological divergence among extant anthropoid groups.</p> / Dissertation

En reflétant une image plus ou moins fidèle du cerveau, l’endocrâne permet d’accéder au système nerveux des espèces fossiles. A partir de spécimens exceptionnellement préservés de mosasaures (Squamata) et de plésiosaures (Sauropterygia), provenant des affleurements turoniens de Goulmima (sud du Maroc), ce travail a pour but de décrire, pour la première fois en détail l'anatomie endocrânienne de ces deux grands clades de reptiles marins du Mésozoïque. Cette étude a pour but d’inférer leurs capacités sensorielles permettant de comprendre leur cohabitation, leurs interactions et leur position au sein du réseau trophique. L'anatomie endocrânienne des squamates actuels, principalement des serpents mais aussi des varans et des amphisbènes, presque inconnus jusqu'à présent, a également été étudiée à des fins comparatives afin d’analyser les relations forme-fonction associées aux endocrânes. La variabilité morphologique de l’endocrâne chez les squamates actuel démontre un signal phylogénétique mais également écologique. De plus, la taille relative de chaque structure endocrânienne révèle des différences de vision et d'olfaction selon les espèces. Parmi les taxons fossiles, la microtomographie a été utilisée pour reconstituer en détail la morphologie crânienne de trois nouveaux spécimens de plésiosaures. Deux de ces spécimens ont été assignés à l’élasmosaure Libonectes morgani et le troisième à un polycotylidé indéterminé. La morphologie 3D de l'endocrâne a été reconstruite pour ces spécimens ainsi que pour le mosasaure basal Tethysaurus nopcsai. La morphologie endocrânienne des plésiosaures diffère de celles retrouvées chez les vertébrés éteints et actuels. En se basant sur la taille relative des structures composant leurs endocrânes, le mosasaure Tethysaurus et les plésiosaures semblent davantage utiliser la vision que l'olfaction pour interagir avec leur environnement. Ces nouvelles données endocrâniennes, ajoutées aux informations déjà disponibles dans la littérature, suggèrent différents modes de locomotion et techniques de chasse, ce qui leur a probablement permis de coexister à Goulmima en tant que prédateur. / As windows into the deep history of neuroanatomy, endocasts may provide information about the central nervous system of fossil taxa. Based on exceptionally preserved specimens of coeval mosasauroids (Squamata) and plesiosaurians (Sauropterygia), from the Turonian outcrops of Goulmima (Southern Morocco), the aim of this work was to describe for the first time in detail the endocranial anatomy of these two major clades of Mesozoic marine reptiles to provide insights about their sensory abilities, and thus to understand their cohabitation, interactions and niche partitioning. The endocranial anatomy of related extant squamates, mainly snakes but also varanids and amphisbaenians, also almost unknown until now, has been performed for the first time and used for comparative purpose to analyze the form-function relationships associated to endocasts. The analysis of the endocranial variability in extant squamates pointed out that endocasts reflect both phylogenetic and ecological signals, and that the relative size of each endocranial structure can be used to reveal differences in vision and olfaction according to taxa. Among fossil taxa, computed tomography was used to reconstruct in detail the cranial morphology of three unpublished specimens of Plesiosauria. These specimens have been examined and described, two have been referred to the elasmosaurid Libonectes morgani and the third one is an indeterminate polycotylid. The 3D morphology of the endocast has been reconstructed for these plesiosaurian specimens and the basal mosasauroid Tethysaurus nopcsai. The results show that the endocranial morphology of Plesiosauria differs from that know in other extinct and extant vertebrates. Based on the relative size of the structures composing their endocasts, both the mosasauroid Tethysaurus and the plesiosaurians seem to rely more on vision than on olfaction to interact with their environment. However, these new endocast data, added to information already available in the literature suggest different modes of locomotion and hunting techniques, which probably allowed them to coexist in Goulmima as quaternary consumers.

Endocranial morphology provides evidence of sensory ecology and sociality of extinct vertebrates. The Earliest Pliocene Gray Fossil Site (GFS) of NE Tennessee features a conspicuous dominance of skeletal elements belonging to the dwarf tapir, Tapirus polkensis. Numerous individuals in one fossil locality often suggests gregarious behavior, but sociality in T. polkensis contradicts behavior documented for extant Tapirus species. I test T. polkensis for variation in sensory and social ecology using computed tomography and 3D digital endocasts from an ontogenetic sequence. I compare the T. polkensis endocasts with extant Tapirus species using Encephalization Quotients (EQs) and 3D geometric morphometrics. Results show conserved endocast morphology for Tapirus, and thus, conserved sensory and social ecology. Tapirus behavior is likely consistent for ~5 Ma, and extant Tapirus behavior can be inferred for T. polkensis. The large number of individuals from the GFS is likely the result of a preservation bias unrelated to gregariousness.

No description available.

In the current framework of Evolutionary Biology, Paleontology has an important role to play. The fossil record represents a fundamental aspect in studies on the evolution of morphology, since from its study it is possible to retrieve reliable data on many pertinent aspects, e.g., rates of evolution, the role of mass extinctions on species diversity, the polarity of character changes, and a glimpse into morphotypes that dont exist nowadays. At the same time, new tools and methods, such as computed tomography, digital reconstructions, and Finite-Element Analysis, known collectively as digital or virtual paleontology, have brought novel possibilities on how to formulate and answer paleontological questions. In this Thesis, I employ digital paleontological techniques to analyze the patterns of morphological evolution of the skull of turtles and, based on these data, I provided novel interpretations of the neuroanatomical and functional relations of specific cranial traits to the whole skull architecture. Organized in four chapters, an overview of the osteological, muscular, developmental, and functional evolution of the craniocervical system of turtles is provided. By applying computed tomography and other 3-D digital methods, I performed reconstructions of the jaw adductor musculature and the neuroanatomical structures of one of the earliest turtles, Proganochelys quenstedti, to investigate the early evolution of the adductor chamber and the sensorial anatomy in this taxon. A new extinct side-necked turtle species, Yuraramirim montealtensis, is described, and its brain, inner ear, and neurovascular system were reconstructed in order to provide an account of the paleoneuroanatomy in one of the major turtle groups, the pleurodires. For the last chapter, I performed Finite-Element Analyses based on 3-D digital models of a series of extinct and extant taxa, together with hypothetical simulated morphotypes, to analyze the relation between muscle stress distribution patterns and skull architecture in the group. A scenario of progressive correlation between neck and skull morphological modifications is presented, which may be related to the great diversification of turtles during the Jurassic / No estado atual da Biologia Evolutiva, a Paleontologia possui um importante papel. O registro fossilífero representa um aspecto fundamenteal em estudos da evolução da morfologia, uma vez que, por meio de seu estudo, é possível recuperar dados confiáveis acerca de muitos importantes aspectos, e.g., taxas de evolução, o papel das extinções em massa na diversidade de espécies, a polaridade de mudanças de caracteres e um vislumbre de morfótipos que não mais existem atualmente. Ao mesmo tempo, novas ferramentas e métodos, como tomografia computadorizada, reconstruções digitais e análises de elementos finitos, conhecidos coletivamente como paleontologia digital ou virtual, trouxeram novas possibilidades acerca de como formular e responder perguntas paleontológicas. Nesta Tese, eu utilizo técnicas da paleontologia digital para analizar os padrões de evolução morfológica do crânio das tartarugas e, com base nestes dados, forneço novas interpretações sobre as relações neuroanatômicas e funcionais de características cranianas específicas para com a arquitetura craniana como um todo. Organizada em quatro capítulos, uma visão geral sobre a evolução osteológica, muscular, ontogenética e funcional do sistema craniocervical das tartarugas é apresentada. Aplicando tomografia computadorizada e outros métodos digitais 3-D, realizei reconstruções da musculature adutora da mandíbula e de estruturas neuroanatômicas de uma das mais antigas tartarugas, Proganochelys quenstedti, para investigar a evolução inicial da câmara adutora e anatomia sensorial neste táxon. Uma nova espécie de tartaruga pleurodira, Yuraramirim montealtensis, é descrita, e seu cérebro, ouvido interno e sistema neurovascular foram reconstruídos fornecendo informações sobre a paleoneuroanatomia em um dos principais grupos de tartarugas, Pleurodira. No último capítulo, foram conduzidas análises de elementos finitos baseadas em modelos digitais 3-D de uma série de táxons extintos e viventes, além de morfótipos hipotéticos simulados, para analizar a relação entre padrões de distribuição de estresse gerados por contração muscular e arquitetura craniana no grupo. Um cenário de correlação progressiva entre modificações morfológicas no pescoço e no crânio é apresentado, que pode estar relacionado à grande diversificação das tartarugas durante o Jurássico

Il existe chez les espèces du genre Homo une diversité morphologique crânienne et cérébrale importante, et les interactions de ces deux éléments sont complexes. De manière générale, au cours de l’évolution de ce taxon, le neurocrâne prend une importance croissante par rapport au bloc facial en raison d’une expansion cérébrale marquée. Cependant, les modalités de cette expansion sont multiples, et elle se met en place chez les différentes espèces via des modifications morphologiques qui leur sont propres. Mise à part l’augmentation du volume cérébral, l’endocrâne témoigne de réorganisations neuroanatomiques. Ces différents facteurs - volume et organisation – ainsi que les contraintes morpho-fonctionnelles diverses exercées sur la face externe du crâne, sont susceptibles de résulter en une variété de relations morphologiques et spatiales entre le neurocrâne et l’endocrâne. Il est donc pertinent de documenter ces relations afin de pouvoir par la suite mieux appréhender la variabilité et les mécanismes évolutifs à l’oeuvre chez les différents taxons du genre Homo. Nous explorons dans ce travail de thèse les variations jointes du neurocrâne et de l’endocrâne dans le genre Homo et chez Homo sapiens. Cette contribution est basée sur l’analyse de modèles virtuels de crânes et d’endocrânes à l’aide de méthodes géométriques et d’une méthode innovative de déformations de surfaces. Nous avons étudié des données morphologiques issues de populations actuelles afin d’éclaircir la nature des relations entre le neurocrâne et l’endocrâne chez Homo sapiens. Pour cela, nous avons comparé les asymétries des hémisphères de l’endocrâne – qui reflètent celles des hémisphères cérébraux – aux asymétries de la voûte crânienne. Les schémas d’asymétrie bilatérale relevés sont identiques sur le crâne et sur l’endocrâne. Cela s’explique par une morphologie de la voûte du crâne calquée sur celle de l’endocrâne, malgré un effet « tampon » de l’os qui n’enregistre pas sur sa face externe toutes les asymétries cérébrales. Les possibles corrélations entre le degré d’asymétrie et des facteurs tels que la conformation générale du crâne, la robustesse des superstructures osseuses, le sexe et le volume endocrânien ont également été explorées. Nous avons ensuite analysé les schémas de co-variation entre neurocrâne et endocrâne au sein du genre Homo. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence des éléments de co-variation qui concernent l’ensemble du genre Homo, et d’autres qui sont spécifiques à certains taxons, notamment aux Néandertaliens ou à Homo sapiens. Ainsi, si la conformation de la voûte crânienne est très semblable à la morphologie endocrânienne, les interactions crâne-endocrâne dans la zone occipitale et cérébelleuse apparaissent plus variables, et semblent inféodées au degré de globularisation de l’ensemble du cerveau et du neurocrâne. Ces résultats mettent en évidence certaines interactions entre réorganisations cérébrales et morphologie crânienne chez les différentes espèces du genre Homo, et soulignent le caractère crucial du croisement des données et des méthodes pour l’interprétation du registre fossile. / Species of the genus Homo display cranial and endocranial morphological variations, with complex interactions between these two elements. Generally speaking, throughout the evolution of this taxon the neurocranium becomes increasingly important by comparison with the facial skeleton, due to a marked cerebral expansion. The modalities of this expansion differ accross species and occur at least partly through species-specific morphological processes. Apart from the increase in cerebral volume, the endocast bears the traces of neuroanatomical reorganisations. These two factors – volume and organisation – as well as various morpho-functional constraints on the external face of the cranium, may result in a variety of morphological and spacial relationships between the neurocranium and the endocranium. It is therefore important to document these relations in order to better apprehend the variability and the evolutionary mechanisms behind the morphologies of the different Homo species.This doctoral thesis explores the joint morphological variations of the neurocranium and endocast in the genus Homo and within Homo sapiens through multiple approaches. We offer a contribution to this topic based on shape analyses of virtual crania and endocasts, using geometric morphometrics and an innovative technique of surface deformations. We analysed morphological data from extant populations in order to clarify the nature of the relationship between the neurocranium and the endocast in Homo sapiens. One of the lines of evidence investigated is the correspondence between neurocranial and endocranial (and therefore cerebral) gross asymmetries. Our results show that the patterns of bilateral asymmetries of the neurocranium are identical to those of the endocranium. There is a close correspondance between the morphologies of the endocranial and cranial vaults, despite the neurocranium not displaying the full extent of cerebral asymmetries on its external vault. Correlations between asymmetry and factors including sex, endocranial volume and importance of the bony superstructures were also tested. Co-variation patterns between neurocranial and endocranial morphologies in the genus Homo were analysed. Our results highlight elements of co-variation between the neuro and endocranium which are shared accross the genus Homo, and others which are species-specific. While the cranial vault closely follows endocranial morphology, interaction patterns between the endo and neurocranium in the occipito-cerebellar area appear more variable and linked to the overall degree of globularisation of the brain and neurocranium. These results highlight some of the interactions between cerebral reorganisations and cranial morphology in Homo species, and underline the importance of crossing data and methods in order to interpret the fossil record.

Submitted by PPG Zoologia (zoologia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-17T13:17:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_CAH_vfinal.pdf: 3985079 bytes, checksum: 6ad6a029bd9cffd5f9f47cd2432f0e7d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-04T17:30:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_CAH_vfinal.pdf: 3985079 bytes, checksum: 6ad6a029bd9cffd5f9f47cd2432f0e7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-04T17:35:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_CAH_vfinal.pdf: 3985079 bytes, checksum: 6ad6a029bd9cffd5f9f47cd2432f0e7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Important studies have already been done regarding on paleoneurology of extinct animals due to the advancement of computed tomography techniques in recent years. This allowed more accurate studies and without the need to modify materials, especially non-mammaliaform cynodonts and basal mammals. However, these analyzes are limited by material preservation biases, often with absence of postcranium. Consequently, body mass estimations are required, which are necessary for calculations of quantitative analyzes regarding the evolution of the brain capacity of these animals. Considering this, in order to increase the data set about the evolution of the brain in Cynodontia, computed tomography of two skulls of the MCT/PUCRS (MCP 1600 PV Probelesodon kitchingi; MCP 3871 PV Massetognathus ochagaviae) were performed. We also calculated the specimens? encephalization quotients (EQ), with and without the olfactory bulbs, using two formulas of body mass estimation. When the necessary data were available in the literature, the EQs were calculated for other synapids for comparative purposes. In relation to the morphology of the endocranial casts, no differences were observed in relation to previous described for other eucinodonts, in which there is still no enlargement of the cerebral hemispheres, as well as a development of the cerebellar region. The EQs obtained for M. ochagaviae and P. kitchingi do not differ representatively from those previously calculated for other materials of the same genus. For the calculations with and without the olfactory bulbs the same was observed. However, when comparing the encephalization quotients obtained with the application of the four formulas, significant differences were observed between the results. Therefore, it is not possible to compare the EQs obtained with the different methods, and only one is required. / Importantes estudos j? foram realizados acerca da paleoneurologia de animais extintos gra?as ao avan?o das t?cnicas de tomografia computadorizada nos ?ltimos anos. Isso possibilitou estudos mais precisos e sem a necessidade de altera??o dos materiais, especialmente cinodontes n?o-mammaliaformes e mam?feros basais. Entretanto, estas an?lises s?o limitadas por vieses de preserva??o dos materiais, muitas vezes com aus?ncia de p?s-cr?nio. Consequentemente, s?o realizadas estimativas de massa corporal, necess?rias para os c?lculos de an?lises quantitativas da evolu??o da capacidade cerebral destes animais. Considerando isso, a fim de aumentar o conjunto de dados acerca da evolu??o do c?rebro em Cynodontia, foram realizadas tomografias computadorizadas de dois cr?nios do MCT/PUCRS (MCP 1600 PV Probelesodon kitchingi; MCP 3871 PV Massetognathus ochagaviae). Tamb?m foram calculados os quocientes de encefaliza??o (EQ) para os esp?cimes, com e sem os bulbos olfat?rios, aplicando-se quatro m?todos. Para as estimativas de massa corp?rea utilizou-se duas f?rmulas. Quando os dados necess?rios estavam dispon?veis na bibliografia, foram calculados os EQs para outros sinapsidos com fins comparativos. Em rela??o ? morfologia dos moldes endocranianos, n?o foram observadas diferen?as em rela??o ao descrito para outros eucinodontes, no qual ainda n?o h? um alargamento dos hemisf?rios cerebrais, assim como um desenvolvimento da regi?o cerebelar. Os EQs obtidos para M. ochagaviae e P. kitchingi n?o diferem de forma representativa dos previamente calculados para outros materiais de mesmos g?neros. O mesmo foi observado para os c?lculos com e sem os bulbos olfat?rios. Entretanto, ao analisar comparativamente os quocientes de encefaliza??o obtidos com a aplica??o das quatro f?rmulas, foram observadas diferen?as significativas entre os resultados. Portanto, n?o ? poss?vel a compara??o entre os EQs obtidos com os diferentes m?todos, sendo necess?ria a escolha de apenas um.

Les cadres temporel, géographique et environnemental associés à l'émergence et l'évolution des premiers homininés en Afrique du Sud pendant le Plio-Pléistocène constituent des éléments clés dans la compréhension de l'histoire de la lignée humaine. Les cercopithécoïdes, relativement abondants dans les dépôts fossilifères du Néogène africain et quasi systématiquement associés aux restes d'homininés, représentent des marqueurs biochronologiques et des indicateurs écologiques sensibles. Toutefois, en se basant seulement sur les critères morphologiques traditionnels, la systématique du registre cercopithécoïde fossile reste encore incertaine. Afin de mieux caractériser leur paléobiodiversité, nous avons détaillé par des techniques d'imagerie à haute résolution les restes crânio-dentaires de 91 spécimens cercopithécoïdes provenant des sites de Makapansgat, Taung, Sterkfontein, Kromdraai et Swartkrans. En particulier, nous avons mesuré et comparé les variations dans l'organisation endostructurale dentaire, la conformation du labyrinthe osseux et l'architecture endocrânienne à travers l'application de méthodes statistiques et de modélisation virtuelle (e.g., morphométrie géométrique, modèles déformables). À titre comparatif, nous avons également intégré dans nos analyses un échantillon de 80 spécimens cercopithécoïdes actuels. En plus de l'identification de caractères nouveaux et pertinents pour la diagnose des taxons fossiles, nos résultats mettent en évidence des biomarqueurs utiles pour la reconstruction des contextes paléoenvironnementaux et biochronologiques, notamment en ce qui concerne la morphologie de la jonction émail-dentine et l'architecture néocorticale. L'estimation de la paléobiodiversité révèle un certain degré d'homogénéité morphologique pour quelques taxons papionines qui plaide en faveur d'une réduction du nombre d'espèces effectivement présentes dans les gisements fossilifères sud-africains. / The temporal, geographical and environmental frameworks of the early hominin emergence and evolution in South Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene are key elements for the understanding of the human lineage history. The cercopithecoids, relatively abundant in the African Neogene fossiliferous deposits and almost invariably associated with hominin remains, represent sensitive biochronological markers and ecological indicators. However, based on traditional morphological criteria only, the systematics of the cercopithecoid fossil record remains uncertain. In order to better characterize their paleobiodiversity, by means of high-resolution imaging techniques we have detailed 91 South African cercopithecoid craniodental specimens from the sites of Makapansgat, Taung, Sterkfontein, Kromdraai and Swartkrans. More specifically, we measured and compared the variation in dental endostructural organization, bony labyrinth conformation and endocranial architecture through the application of statistical and virtual modeling methods (e.g., geometric morphometrics, deformation-based models). For comparative purposes, we also integrated in our analyses a sample consisting of 80 extant cercopithecoid specimens. Besides the identification of some new characters suitable for the diagnosis of fossil taxa, our results reveal biomarkers useful for the reconstruction of paleoenvironmental and biochronological contexts, notably based on the enamel-dentine junction morphology and the neocortical architecture. The paleobiodiversity assessment highlights a certain degree of morphological homogeneity for some of the papionin taxa and suggests a reduction of the number of species actually present in the South African fossiliferous deposits.