The growth plate resting zone consists of hyaline-like chondrocytes disbursed in a proteoglycan rich extracellular matrix. These cells give rise to the columns of the growth zone, consisting of progressively hypertrophic cells. Proliferation of resting zone chondrocytes induced by systemic and local stimuli is the driving force of longitudinal growth of long bones. Therefore, homeostasis of this cell population has great importance. Although the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of these cells has been well studied, little is known about the regulation of their apoptosis. We have previously shown that chelerythrine and tamoxifen induce apoptosis in resting zone chondrocytes in a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent pathway. In this study we explored two physiological apoptogens: inorganic phosphate (Pi) and 17β-estradiol (E₂). We found NO production is necessary in Pi-induced apoptosis. We also found that NO donors induced chondrocyte apoptosis by up-regulating p53 expression, Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio and cytochrome C release from mitochondria, as well as caspase-3 activity, indicating that NO induces chondrocyte apoptosis in a mitochondrial pathway. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity was involved. A c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, but not inhibitors of p38 or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), was able to block NO-induced apoptosis, indicating that JNK is necessary in this pathway. Taken together, Pi elevates NO production, which leads to a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway dependent on JNK. On the other hand, although E₂caused apoptosis in resting zone chondrocytes in a dose-dependent manner, up-regulated p53 and Bax, and induced release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria, which indicated a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, the apoptosis did not involve elevated nitric oxide production or MAPK as was found in Pi-induced apoptosis. This study elucidates the signaling pathway underlying Pi and E₂-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. It has important implications on understanding the development of mammalian growth plate. It also provides further information about the physiological functions of estrogen on longitudinal bone growth.

Cysteine rich with EGF-like domains 2 (Creld2) is a novel endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident molecular chaperone that has been recently implicated in the ER stress signalling response (ERSS) and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Global transcriptomic data derived from in vivo mouse models of rare chondrodysplasias; Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia (MED Matn3 p.V194D) and Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid (MCDS Col10a1 p.N617K), identified a significant upregulation in Creld2 expression in mutant chondrocytes. These chondrodysplasias share a common disease signature consisting of aberrant folding of a matrix component often as a result of inappropriate alignment of intramolecular disulphide bonds. This in turn culminates in toxic protein aggregation, intracellular retention mutant polypeptides and a classical ER stress response. The aim of this study was to further analyse the function of Creld2 in cartilage development and chondrodysplasias in which endochondral bone growth is perturbed. Protein disulphide isomerases (PDIAs) were amongst the most up-regulated genes in the MED and MCDS mouse models, consistent with the prolonged exposure of normally 'buried' cysteine residues. This led to the hypothesis that Creld2 was functioning as a novel PDI-like oxidoreductase to assist in the correct folding and maturation of aggregated misfolded polypeptide chains through REDOX regulated thiol disulphide exchange. A series of Creld2-CXXA substrate trapping mutants were generated in order to determine whether Creld2 possessed inherent isomerase activity. Here potential substrates interacting with Creld2 were 'trapped' as mixed disulphide intermediates, then isolated by immunoprecipitation and identified by mass spectrometry analysis. It was demonstrated that Creld2 possessed a catalytic active CXXC motif in its N-terminus that enabled the molecular chaperone to participate in REDOX regulated thiol disulphide exchange with at least 20 potential substrates including; laminin (alpha3,β3,γ2), thrombospondin 1, integrin alpha3 and type VI collagen. There was also numerous co-chaperones and foldases thought to be part of a specialised protein-protein interactome (PPI) for folding nascent polypeptides translocating the ER lumen. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation experiments supported a protein-protein interaction between Creld2 and mutant matrilin-3, thereby inferring a potential chondro-protective role in resolving non-native disulphide bonded aggregates in MED. An established biochemical approach was employed to test the hypothesis that all MATN3-MED disease causing mutations have a generic cellular response to the β-sheet V194D mutation, consisting of intracellular retention, protein aggregation and ER stress induction. Several missense mutations were selected for analyses which encompassed a spectrum of disease severity and included examples of both β-sheet and alpha helical mutations. It was possible to define a reliable and reproducible assay for categorising MATN3 missense mutations into pathological or benign based on these basic parameters. This study was extended further to determine whether there were common pathological mechanisms behind MED and Bethlem myopathy (BM) caused by missense mutations in von Willebrand Factor A domain (vWF-A) containing proteins (matrilin-3 and type VI collagen respectively). We chose to compare and contrast the effects of an archetypal MATN3-MED causing mutation (R121W) with the equivalent COL6A2-BM causing mutation (R876H). These mutations compromised protein folding and maturation, resulting in the familiar disease profile of intracellular retention, protein aggregation and an ER stress response in an artificial overexpression system. However, the mutant C2 domain was efficiently targeted for degradation whilst mutant matrilin-3 vWF-A domain appeared to be resistant to these molecular processes.Molecular genetics was employed to study the role of Creld2 in vivo. Creld2-/- null mice (both global and conditional) were generated to directly examine the role of Creld2 in endochondral bone growth. Global knock-out mice were viable with no overt phenotype at birth. However, female Creld2-/- null mice showed a significant reduction in body weight and tibia bone length at 3 weeks of age. A cartilage specific knock-out was generated to determine whether these skeletal abnormalities were attributed to a systemic or a direct effect on cartilage development. [Creld2Flox/Flox Col2Cre (+)] demonstrated a severe chondrodysplasia with significantly reduced body weight and long bone growth compared to control littermates. Morphological and histochemical analysis of mutant growth plates revealed gross disorganisation of the chondrocyte columns with extensive regions of hypocellularity. These pathological features were confirmed to be the result of reduced chondrocyte proliferation and increased/spatially dysregulated apoptosis throughout all zones of differentiation. Taken together, these data provide evidence that Creld2 possesses isomerase activity and exhibits distinct substrate specificity. Furthermore, Creld2 has a fundamental role in post-natal cartilage development and chondrocyte differentiation in the growth plate.

A osteoaderina (OSAD) tem sido identificada nos tecidos mineralizados, porém, seu papel na mineralização óssea não está claro. Foi feita uma comparação do momento em que a OSAD aparece na ossificação intramembranosa e endocondral, em relação aos estágios iniciais de mineralização. O osso parietal de fetos de ratos Wistar com 17, 18 e 21 dias e o côndilo mandibular de ratos com 30 dias foram removidos. A expressão de OSAD foi analisada por imunocitoquímica e Western blotting. Nos dois tipos de ossificação, a imunomarcação foi detectada nos osteoblastos; porém, na matriz extracelular a OSAD apareceu somente na fase fibrilar de mineralização, mantendo-se constante posteriormente. A análise por Western blotting revelou que os fetos com 17 dias continham pouco menos OSAD que os de 18 dias, enquanto a imunorreatividade diminuía nos fetos com 21 dias. Os resultados sugerem que a OSAD tem um papel na mineralização da matriz, atuando, provavelmente como organizadora de seu arcabouço ou retendo o mineral, além de exercer atividades de adesão entre os componentes da matriz. / Osteoadherin (OSAD) had been identified in mineralized tissues, but its specific role in mineralization remains unclear. The present study compared the appearance of OSAD at early stages of mineralization during both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Parietal bone of 17, 18 and 21 days-old fetus and mandibular condyle of 30 days-old Wistar rats were removed. The expression of OSAD was analyzed by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. In both types of ossification the labeling was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of osteoblasts but it only appeared in the mineralizing matrix when the fibrilar stage was taking place, remaining as a component of the mineralized bone matrix. Western blots revealed that 17-days-old embryos contained slightly less OSAD than 18- days-old fetus, while immunoreactivity was weak in 21 days-old fetus. The results suggest that OSAD plays a role in collagen fibril mineralization maybe by organizing the matrix assembly or by retaining the mineral into the matrix, besides exerting binding activities among its components.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

As MMPs são endopeptidases zinco dependentes que, em conjunto, podem degradar todos os componentes da MEC e gerar moléculas bioativas. São as principais responsáveis pelo remodelamento tecidual durante eventos fisiológicos normais como a embriogênese e organogênese e também em eventos patológicos como a invasão tumoral nos tecidos. As pesquisas na área de mineralização biológica têm buscado identificar os genes envolvidos nos mecanismos moleculares que regula o processo de ossificação endocondral. As MMPs e seus inibidores são responsáveis pelo controle da degradação desta matriz, como os inibidores teciduais das MMPs (TIMPs) e a proteína RECK, que, muito provavelmente, determinam o grau de remodelação da matriz extracelular. Desta forma, nosso objetivo foi delinear o perfil temporal e espacial da expressão das MMP-15/MT2-MMP, MMP-16/MT3- MMP, MMP-17/MT4-MMP, MMP-24/MT5-MMP e MMP-25/MT6-MMP durante a ossificação endocondral em embriões de camundongos e em animais recémnascidos através das técnicas de PCR em tempo real e imunohistoquímica. Por imunohistoquímica, nós não encontramos imunomarcação para a MMP-15/MT2- MMP em nenhum dos períodos analisados, apesar da padronização do anticorpo primário. Tanto a MMP-16/MT3-MMP quanto a MMP-24/MT5-MMP foram imunolocalizadas, principalmente, nos osteoblastos do fronte de ossificação da placa de crescimento. Para a MMP-17/MT4-MMP, durante a diferenciação condrocítica (E13) os condrócitos proliferativos foram imunocorados, bem como os condrócitos hipertróficos no centro da cartilagem do molde cartilaginoso (E14). Durante a invasão celular e vascular (E15), as células mesenquimais oriundas do colar ósseo, provavelmente pré-osteoblastos, foram imunocorados na cavidade medular primitiva e osteoblastos fronte de ossificação foram imunocorados, de E16 a PN1. Observamos para a MMP-25/MT6-MMP o mesmo padrão de imunomarcação das demais MT-MMPs, exceto no molde cartilaginoso, onde apenas as células do periósteo e pericôndrio foram imunocoradas, diferentemente da demais que foram localizadas apenas no centro do molde cartilaginoso. A análise da expressão dos transcritos para todas as MT-MMPs revelou o mesmo perfil de expressão, sendo alta durante a fase de diferenciação condrocítica (E13), tendo queda de expressão de E14 a E16. Em E16 há um aumento de expressão até E18 e, novamente, queda até E20 e pouca ou nenhuma expressão em PN7. Apesar deste perfil semelhante, houve uma expressão diferencial entre elas, sendo a MMP-15/MT2-MMP > MMP- 17/MT4-MMP > MMP-16/MT3-MMP > MMP-24/MT5-MMP > MMP-25/MT6/MMP. Os resultados obtidos mostram, pela primeira vez, que as MT-MMPs estão diferencialmente expressas durante a ossificação endocondral normal em camundongos, sugerindo que a atividade biológica destas enzimas esteja atuando na degradação da matriz extracelular pericelular tanto durante a fase de desenvolvimento quanto de formação óssea. / MMPs are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that, collectivelly, degrade all components of the ECM and generate bioactive molecules. They are able to remodelate the ECM during normal developmental processes such as embryogenesis and organogenesis, as well as in pathological processes such as tumoral invasion. The biological mineralization research looking for discovering the genes involved in the molecular mechanisms that control the endochondral ossification process. MMPs and their inhibitors (TIMPs and RECK) are responsable for bone matrix remodeling and, probably, determinate the level of its turnover. Thus, our goal was to evaluate the temporal-spatial expression of MMP-15/MT2-MMP, MMP-16/MT3-MMP, MMP-17/MT4-MMP, MMP-24/MT5-MMP, and MMP-25/MT6- MMP in mice embryos and newborns during endochondral ossification by Real Time PCR and immunohistochemistry. By immunohistochemistry, MMP-15/MT2-MMP signal was not detected. Both MMP-16/MT3-MMP and MMP-24/MT5-MMP were immunostained, mainly in osteoblasts at ossification front of growth plate. For MMP- 17/MT4-MMP, proliferative chondrocytes were immunopositive during chondrocyte differentiation (E13) as well as in hipertrophyc chondrocytes at the middle of cartilaginous template (E14). During cellular e vascular invasion (E15), mesenchymal cells from bone collar, probable pre-osteoblasts, were immunostained at primary bone marrow and osteoblasts at ossification front from E16 e PN1. For MMP- 25/MT6-MMP, perichondrial and periostal cellls were immunostained at cartilaginous template. All MT-MMPs evaluated showed the same transcript levels profile, being high in chondrocyte differentiation (E13), decreasing from E14 to E16. mRNA levels increased from E16 to E18 and, once more, decreasing from E18 to E20. Despite this profile, we observed difference levels: MMP-15/MT2-MMP > MMP-17/MT4-MMP > MMP-16/MT3-MMP > MMP-24/MT5-MMP > MMP-25/MT6/MMP. Our findings show, for the first time, that MT-MMPs are differentially expressed during normal endochondral ossification in mice, suggesting their biological activity act in pericellular extracellular matrix degradation in both development and bone formation.

As MMPs são endopeptidases zinco dependentes que, em conjunto, podem degradar todos os componentes da MEC e gerar moléculas bioativas. São as principais responsáveis pelo remodelamento tecidual durante eventos fisiológicos normais como a embriogênese e organogênese e também em eventos patológicos como a invasão tumoral nos tecidos. As pesquisas na área de mineralização biológica têm buscado identificar os genes envolvidos nos mecanismos moleculares que regula o processo de ossificação endocondral. As MMPs e seus inibidores são responsáveis pelo controle da degradação desta matriz, como os inibidores teciduais das MMPs (TIMPs) e a proteína RECK, que, muito provavelmente, determinam o grau de remodelação da matriz extracelular. Desta forma, nosso objetivo foi delinear o perfil temporal e espacial da expressão das MMP-15/MT2-MMP, MMP-16/MT3- MMP, MMP-17/MT4-MMP, MMP-24/MT5-MMP e MMP-25/MT6-MMP durante a ossificação endocondral em embriões de camundongos e em animais recémnascidos através das técnicas de PCR em tempo real e imunohistoquímica. Por imunohistoquímica, nós não encontramos imunomarcação para a MMP-15/MT2- MMP em nenhum dos períodos analisados, apesar da padronização do anticorpo primário. Tanto a MMP-16/MT3-MMP quanto a MMP-24/MT5-MMP foram imunolocalizadas, principalmente, nos osteoblastos do fronte de ossificação da placa de crescimento. Para a MMP-17/MT4-MMP, durante a diferenciação condrocítica (E13) os condrócitos proliferativos foram imunocorados, bem como os condrócitos hipertróficos no centro da cartilagem do molde cartilaginoso (E14). Durante a invasão celular e vascular (E15), as células mesenquimais oriundas do colar ósseo, provavelmente pré-osteoblastos, foram imunocorados na cavidade medular primitiva e osteoblastos fronte de ossificação foram imunocorados, de E16 a PN1. Observamos para a MMP-25/MT6-MMP o mesmo padrão de imunomarcação das demais MT-MMPs, exceto no molde cartilaginoso, onde apenas as células do periósteo e pericôndrio foram imunocoradas, diferentemente da demais que foram localizadas apenas no centro do molde cartilaginoso. A análise da expressão dos transcritos para todas as MT-MMPs revelou o mesmo perfil de expressão, sendo alta durante a fase de diferenciação condrocítica (E13), tendo queda de expressão de E14 a E16. Em E16 há um aumento de expressão até E18 e, novamente, queda até E20 e pouca ou nenhuma expressão em PN7. Apesar deste perfil semelhante, houve uma expressão diferencial entre elas, sendo a MMP-15/MT2-MMP > MMP- 17/MT4-MMP > MMP-16/MT3-MMP > MMP-24/MT5-MMP > MMP-25/MT6/MMP. Os resultados obtidos mostram, pela primeira vez, que as MT-MMPs estão diferencialmente expressas durante a ossificação endocondral normal em camundongos, sugerindo que a atividade biológica destas enzimas esteja atuando na degradação da matriz extracelular pericelular tanto durante a fase de desenvolvimento quanto de formação óssea. / MMPs are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that, collectivelly, degrade all components of the ECM and generate bioactive molecules. They are able to remodelate the ECM during normal developmental processes such as embryogenesis and organogenesis, as well as in pathological processes such as tumoral invasion. The biological mineralization research looking for discovering the genes involved in the molecular mechanisms that control the endochondral ossification process. MMPs and their inhibitors (TIMPs and RECK) are responsable for bone matrix remodeling and, probably, determinate the level of its turnover. Thus, our goal was to evaluate the temporal-spatial expression of MMP-15/MT2-MMP, MMP-16/MT3-MMP, MMP-17/MT4-MMP, MMP-24/MT5-MMP, and MMP-25/MT6- MMP in mice embryos and newborns during endochondral ossification by Real Time PCR and immunohistochemistry. By immunohistochemistry, MMP-15/MT2-MMP signal was not detected. Both MMP-16/MT3-MMP and MMP-24/MT5-MMP were immunostained, mainly in osteoblasts at ossification front of growth plate. For MMP- 17/MT4-MMP, proliferative chondrocytes were immunopositive during chondrocyte differentiation (E13) as well as in hipertrophyc chondrocytes at the middle of cartilaginous template (E14). During cellular e vascular invasion (E15), mesenchymal cells from bone collar, probable pre-osteoblasts, were immunostained at primary bone marrow and osteoblasts at ossification front from E16 e PN1. For MMP- 25/MT6-MMP, perichondrial and periostal cellls were immunostained at cartilaginous template. All MT-MMPs evaluated showed the same transcript levels profile, being high in chondrocyte differentiation (E13), decreasing from E14 to E16. mRNA levels increased from E16 to E18 and, once more, decreasing from E18 to E20. Despite this profile, we observed difference levels: MMP-15/MT2-MMP > MMP-17/MT4-MMP > MMP-16/MT3-MMP > MMP-24/MT5-MMP > MMP-25/MT6/MMP. Our findings show, for the first time, that MT-MMPs are differentially expressed during normal endochondral ossification in mice, suggesting their biological activity act in pericellular extracellular matrix degradation in both development and bone formation.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) and Indian Hedgehog (IHH) are two secreted molecules, acting as paracrine factors during embryonic development and post-natal growth of endochondral bones. PTHrP and IHH are essential factors for the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. However, it has previously been shown that PTHrP and IHH are also expressed in the chick and mouse embryos intramembranous bones, which do not form through a cartilage intermediate and in which chondrocytes are absent. Similarly, the zebrafish orthologs, pthrp1 and ihha, are also expressed during the regeneration of the intramembranous bones of the fin rays of the zebrafish caudal fin. This surprising observation led us to further analyze the expression and function of pthrp1 and ihha in the regenerating fin rays. Gene expression analysis using in situ hybridization shows that pthrp1 is expressed in a stripe of cells located within the domain of expression of ihha in the newly differentiating osteoblasts in the regenerating fin rays. Also, pthrp1 expression is observed at the level of the joints between the bone segments forming the rays and co-localizes with the expression domain of evx1, a transcription factor that has been implicated in the formation of joints in the caudal fin. Furthermore, RT-PCR analyses show that pthrp2 and the pthrp receptors mRNA (pth1r, pth2r and pth3r) are also present in the fin regenerate. Finally, functional analysis shows that the knockdown of pthrp1 or ihha expression by electroporation of morpholinos induces a delay of the regenerative outgrowth of the fin. These results suggest that pthrp1 and ihha may be involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of chondrocyte-like osteoblasts in the fin rays, playing a role similar to that described in the mammalian growth plate of endochondral bones. In addition, pthrp1 is possibly an important factor involved in the formation and maintenance of joints of the dermal bones of the fin rays.

L'arthrose ou ostéoarthrite (OA) est la plus commune des maladies chroniques associées au vieillissement. La multiplicité des loci et des polymorphismes associés à l'OA suggère l'implication de nombreuses voies de signalisation. La plupart des voies empruntées partagent des points en commun avec le processus d'ossification endochondrale. Dans l'arthrose, la réinitiation de ce processus pourrait être responsable de la dégradation du cartilage et de la présence d'ostéophytes. Un des gènes ayant fait surface autant dans l'OA que dans le développement musculosquelettique est PITX1. Contrairement à ce que son nom l'indique, PITX1 n'est pas seulement exprimé dans la glande pituitaire mais également dans l'os, le cartilage, les muscles et les fibroblastes. Pitx1 joue un rôle clé dans l'identité des membres inférieurs et son inactivation complète chez la souris mène à un phénotype ressemblant aux membres supérieurs. Moins sévère, son inactivation partielle provoque des symptômes apparentés à l'arthrose précoce chez la souris vieillissante. Chez l'humain, une perte d'expression de PITX1 est observée dans le cartilage OA de concert avec une augmentation des protéines EXTL3, REG1 et PARP1. Ces dernières pourraient favoriser la phase initiale de régénération associée à l'arthrose. Pour induire la prolifération des chondrocytes, de bas niveaux de PITX1 sont nécessaires. À l'inverse, de hauts niveaux de PITX1 pourraient prévenir la prolifération et être responsables du statut différencié des chondrocytes articulaires normaux. L'étude des mécanismes de régulation du gène PITX1 a mené à l'identification d'un co-répresseur, nommé prohibitine (PHB1), lié sur une région promotrice distale. PHB1 est normalement retrouvé au niveau des mitochondries mais son accumulation nucléaire semble corréler avec la perte de PITX1 et l'initiation de l'OA. Cette découverte pourrait avoir un impact sur le diagnostic et d'éventuels traitements visant à prévenir l'apparition de l'arthrose. / Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common age-related chronic disorders. The multiplicity of loci identified in OA linkage studies and the large number of associated SNPs suggests that many molecular pathways are involved in OA pathogenesis. Most of these pathways share common features with the process of endochondral ossification, normally occuring during embryogenesis. Cartilage degradation and the presence of osteophytes, hallmarks of OA, could be attributable to the reinitiation of this process. One gene that has surfaced both in OA and in musculoskeletal development is PITX1. Contrary to its original moniker, PITX1 is expressed in many tissues beyond the pituitary gland, including bone, cartilage, muscle and fibroblast cells. Pitx1 is considered as a master regulator of hindlimb identity and its complete inactivation in mice leads to a forelimb-like phenotype. Less severe, its partial inactivation results in early OA symptoms in aging mice. In humans, loss of PITX1 expression is observed in OA cartilage concomitantly with the upregulation of EXTL3, REG1 and PARP1. The association between these proteins and tissue regeneration is consistent with the biosynthesis phase initially taking place in OA cartilage. The dose-dependent relationship between PITX1 and cell proliferation supports the view that low PITX1 expression levels are necessary for chondrocytes to proliferate. Conversely, high levels of PITX1 would prevent proliferation and be required to maintain a differentiated state in normal articular chondrocytes. The regulation of PITX1 gene is of particular interest since it could help to better understand its role in osteoarthritis pathogenesis and in the process of endochondral ossification. Search for mechanisms responsible for the downregulation of PITX1 in OA led to the identification of prohibitin (PHB1) bound to its distal promoter region. PHB1 is a mitochondrial marker but its presence in chondrocytes nuclei seems to correlate with the initiation stage of OA. This discovery could impact diagnosis as well as possible treatments for osteoarthritis.

No description available.