This thesis studies the effect of generosity of unemployment insurance on economic growth. More generous unemployment insurance is argued to cause an increase in unemployment on the one hand and better job match quality on the other. Our model shows that in the developed countries, there may be some level of unemployment insurance which ensures that the productivity gain offsets the loss due to higher unemployment. On the contrary, in the developing countries, any level of unemployment insurance was revealed to harm economic growth. Moreover, we present strong evidence in favour of a positive effect of unemployment insurance on the aggregate productivity growth. Key words: Unemployment Insurance, Distance to Frontier, Endogenous Growth Model, Technology Growth, Economic Growth

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de la formation endogène des juridictions et en particulier ses propriétés ségrégatives suite à l'introduction de différents facteurs susceptibles de les intensifier ou de les réduire. Le premier chapitre est consacré à une revue de la littérature sur la formation endogène de juridictions basée sur les intuitions formulées par Tiebout: les ménages choisissent leur commune en fonction de la quantité de bien public disponible et du montant de taxe à y acquitter. Les différentes modélisations de ces hypothèses, les conditions sous lesquelles un équilibre existera, les possibles définitions de la ségrégation et les facteurs pro et anti-ségrégation développés par la littérature sont résumés et confrontés. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'impact de l'introduction d'un gouvernement central mettant en oeuvre une politique de péréquation fiscale suivant un objectif bien-êtriste. Le gouvernement central peut ainsi taxer les ménages et/ou certaines communes afin de verser des subventions à d'autres communes. Bien que la péréquation fiscale soit susceptible de modifier l'ensemble des structures de juridictions stables, la condition nécessaire et suffisante pour que toute structure de juridictions stable soit ségrégée n'est pas affectée par l'introduction du gouvernement central si celui-ci cherche à maximiser une fonction de bien-être social utilitariste généralisée. La présence d'un marché compétitif du logement et l'existence de plusieurs biens publics locaux sont introduites dans le chapitre 3. Si la condition nécessaire et suffisante à la ségrégation de toute structure de juridictions stable n'est pas affectée par l'introduction du marché du logement, et reste nécessaire s'il existe plusieurs biens publics locaux, une hypothèse sur les préférences doit être ajoutée pour que la condition reste suffisante. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre relaxe l'hypothèse selon laquelle un bien public local ne souffre pas de problèmes de congestion et ne peut être consommé que par les membres de la juridiction qui le produit. Ainsi, s'il semble apparaître que la congestion favorise la ségrégation, alors que l'existence d'externalités positives générées par le bien public d'une juridiction dans les autres juridictions la réduit, la condition nécessaire et suffisante à la ségrégation de toute structure de juridictions stable est robuste à cette généralisation du modèle. / This thesis analyzes the endogenous formation of jurisdictions and in particular its segregative properties after the introduction of several factors that may mitigate or increase them. The first chapter is devoted to a survey of the literature on the endogenous formation of jurisdictions based on Tiebout's intuitions: households choose their place of residence according to a trade-off between the available amount of public good and the tax rate. The different models of these assumptions, the conditions under which an equilibrium exists, the possible definitions of segregation and the factors pro and anti-segregation developed in the literature are summarized and compared. The second chapter examines the impact of the introduction of a welfarist central government implementing a equalization payments policy. The central government can tax the household and/or certain jurisdictions in order to subsidize other jurisdictions. Although the equalization payments policy is likely to modify stable jurisdictions structures, the necessary and sufficient condition to have any stable jurisdiction structure segregated is not affected by the introduction of the central government if it pursues a generalized utilitarian objective. The presence of a competitive housing market and the existence of several local public goods are introduced in Chapter 3. If the necessary and sufficient condition for the segregation of any stable jurisdiction structure is not affected by the introduction of the housing market, and remains necessary if there are several local public goods, an additional assumption on the preference must be made for the condition to remain sufficient. Finally, the fourth chapter relaxes the assumption that a local public good does not suffer from congestion and can be consumed only by the members of the jurisdiction that produces it. Although it seems that the congestion favors segregation, while the existence of positive externalities generated by a jurisdiction's public good in other jurisdictions mitigates them, the necessary and sufficient condition to ensure the segregation of any stable jurisdictions structure is robust to this generalization of the model.

Les études des interactions entre cellules hôtes et rétrovirus ont conduit à définir le concept de restriction virale dont les facteurs constituent une part de l'immunité innée des cellules hôtes. Ces facteurs contribuent au contrôle des rétrovirus endogènes (ERV) dont l'émergence peut être associée à certaines pathologies telles que des leucémies ou des immunodéficiences. Chez le porc, certains ERV (PERV) sont réplicatifs, pourtant aucune pathologie ne leur a, à ce jour, été associée. Les mécanismes de restriction virale impliqués dans ce phénomène ont fait l'objet de nombreuses études. Elles n'ont cependant concerné que certains facteurs. Les protéines porcines à motif tripartite (poTRIM) n'ont ainsi fait l'objet que de peu d'études. Pourtant, de nombreux membres de cette famille participent à la restriction virale chez d'autres organismes que le porc. La présente étude s'intéresse par conséquent aux orthologues porcins de ces protéines et à leur relation avec les PERV. L'élaboration d'une stratégie d'expression de ces protéines dans un modèle humain, sensible à l'infection par le PERV nous a permis d'évaluer et de caractériser les effets des TRIM sur le cycle infectieux du PERV. Cette stratégie a mis en évidence une activité de restriction par TRIM8 tandis que TRIM44 semble au contraire agir en faveur de la réplication virale. En ce qui concerne poTRIM11, elle favorise l'entrée du PERV tout en inhibant son expression. L'étude a également confirmé l'insensibilité du PERV vis-à-vis de poTRIM5α. L'ensemble de ces résultats contribuent à la compréhension de la relation entre la réplication des PERV et le contrôle mené par son hôte. / From studies of pathogens and their host interaction has emerged the concept of viral restriction considered to be part of an innate immune system. These factors contribute to the control of endogenous retroviruses (ERV) whose emergence may be associated with several diseases such as leukemia or immunodeficiency. Three subgroups of the porcine ERV-γ-1 group (PERV) are replicative. Nevertheless, these PERVs are not associated with any pathology in the pig. Several studies have been performed on viral restriction mechanism capabilities of the pig but these covered a very limited number of restriction factors. Regarding the porcine tripartite motif-containing (poTRIM) proteins, knowledge is weak although several members of this family have proved to be implicated in the viral restriction of other species. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between these orthologous poTRIMs proteins and replicating PERVs. In order to explore this potential interaction, a TRIM protein expressing model in human cells, known to be sensitive to the PERV infection, has been developed. It has enabled us to assess and characterize potential TRIMs effects on the PERV infection cycle. We equally identified poTRIM8 as a restriction factor. Conversely, poTRIM44 seems to act as an enhancer of the PERV infection, while, TRIM11 displayed ambiguous effects including an enhancer effect of the early infectious stages and an inhibitor activity of the late infectious stages. In this study, we also confirmed the PERV insensitivity to the porcine TRIM5α protein. Finally, this work aims at contributing to the understanding of the relationship between PERV replication and their control leading by the host cells.

O objetivo desse trabalho é verificar a influência das características familiares no atraso escolar. O atraso escolar no Brasil, além de onerar os gastos do governo, representa baixo nível de capital humano acumulado nas crianças. Baixos níveis de capital humano acumulado representam indivíduos com habilidades mal desenvolvidas que atingem baixos níveis de produtividade dificultando o processo de desenvolvimento sustentável do país. O capital humano acumulado é resultado de um processo construtivo que depende do desenvolvimento do indivíduo no período anterior, portanto melhores desempenhos futuros são resultados de maior acúmulo de capital humano. A característica do processo sugere grande influência das características familiares. A família é o principal responsável por fornecer recursos durante os primeiros anos do processo de acúmulo de capital humano. O método utilizado para estimar o atraso escolar foi a quase verossimilhança em dois estágios, devido à natureza de contagem e à presença da variável endógena. O resultado obtido mostrou a influência da educação da mãe e do pai de forma a diminuir o atraso escolar e a diferença em magnitude em relação às estimações padrão. A variável renda, nesse método, apresentou impacto favorável ao atraso escolar. / The objective of this thesis is to verify the influence of family characteristics in schooling delay. The schooling delay in Brazil increases government?s spent and implies lower rate human capital accumulation on children. Lower rates of human capital accumulation means children will grow into less skilled workers, with low levels of productivity, which has a negative effect on development. The accumulation of human capital is a process that depends of the individual?s development throughout her life. The study considers family factors that have an evident influence in children development, reinforcing that the family is one of the main sources in the process of accumulative human capital. The variable used as proxy to human capital accumulation was schooling delay, which is a count variable and is clearly to endogeneity. The approach in this thesis is referred to as the two-stage quasi likelihood. Results obtained indicate that Parent?s education have a negative effect in the child?s being behind at school, while household income has a positive effect. Additionally, the difference in magnitude when compared with standard estimation methods is significant.

Tem sido demonstrado que na hipertensão arterial ocorre aumento de ouabaína plasmática, um inibidor da Na+K+-ATPase. Em 1998, Ferrari et al. desenvolveram uma molécula denominada de rostafuroxina, a qual é capaz de antagonizar os efeitos da ouabaína por deslocar a ligação desse glicosídeo com a Na+K+-ATPase. Dentro desse contexto, parece razoável sugerir que um anti-hipertensivo capaz de antagonizar os efeitos da ouabaína possa representar uma nova ferramenta farmacológica para o tratamento da hipertensão arterial. Baseado em tais premissas, o presente estudo avaliou o papel da ouabaína por meio do tratamento com rostafuroxina sobre: a pressão arterial, a reatividade vascular em artérias de resistência e a atividade simpática de ratos DOCA-sal. Os resultados demonstraram que os animais DOCA-sal tratados com rostafuroxina apresentaram redução da pressão arterial sistólica e da hiperatividade simpática e melhora na função vascular. Assim, sugere-se que a ouabaína seja um possível alvo para o tratamento da hipertensão arterial dependente de volume. / It has been shown that some types of hypertension have increased plasma levels of ouabain, a factor inhibitor of Na+K+-ATPase. In 1998, Ferrari et al. developed a molecule called rostafuroxin that antagonizes the effects of ouabain. In this context, it seems reasonable to suggest that an antihypertensive capable of antagonizing the effects of ouabain might be a new and specific pharmacological tool for the treatment of hypertension. In so doing, the present study aimed to evaluate the role of endogenous ouabain by treatment with rostafuroxin on blood pressure, vascular reactivity in resistance arteries and sympathetic activity of DOCA-salt rats. Our data have shown that the treatment with rostafuroxin decreased the systolic blood pressure and sympathetic activity and improve the vascular function of the DOCA-salt rats. Thus, it is suggested that ouabain is a putative target for the treatment of volume-dependent hypertension.

Esta tese discute a presença de dois fatores determinantes de mudança na região do Oeste Baiano, polarizada pelo centro urbano de Barreiras, sejam: a competitividade regional e a participação local de agentes e instituições no planejamento do desenvolvimento territorial. A discussão se dá em torno dos efeitos gerados pelo processo de inserção competitiva da região de Barreiras, fronteira agrícola no Brasil, que teve na soja o seu vetor de formação sócio-espacial. Avaliam-se algumas questões relativas ao processo de especialização produtiva na cadeia de grãos, com um ciclo de crescimento orientado para o sistema agroindustrial; às mudanças na ocupação espacial, com uma re-configuração do perfil produtivo regional; e, também, aos impactos sócio-econômicos sofridos face à recente dinâmica econômica. A chamada \"inserção competitiva na globalização\" pode ser uma condição necessária para o crescimento econômico, porém não se mostra suficiente para transformar o crescimento em desenvolvimento. Os fatores promotores desta mudança emergem das teorias de desenvolvimento endógeno e territorial, que têm por base o planejamento participativo. Objetiva-se reconhecer a presença ou a ausência, na região de Barreiras, dos fatores determinantes do processo de desenvolvimento, segundo as teorias descritas por Boisier e Vázquez Barquero, através da análise da organização social local, suas lideranças e principais atributos encontrados. As análises teóricas e empíricas realizadas induziram a elaboração de um Plano de Ação para o Oeste Baiano, intitulado \"Prefeitura Inteligente\", que tem uma prática piloto de atuação iniciada na região de Barreiras. Uma avaliação dos resultados preliminares desta atuação piloto foi realizada, permitindo concluir que Barreiras ainda não se mostrou capaz de criar respostas estratégicas ao processo de globalização; mas, por outro lado, apresenta indicativos da possibilidade de mudanças. Há vazios políticos importantes a ocupar; através de novos arranjos institucionais em ações de parceria entre agentes públicos, setor produtivo e sociedade, e, assim, reconhecer, mobilizar e promover o potencial endógeno deste território. Ao mesmo tempo, há manifestações de inconformismo, com o surgimento de lideranças locais com vontade de realizar e que reconhecem no fazer científico um potencial aprendizado. A ação técnica do planejamento aliada à ação política poderão servir aos agentes locais como instrumento de influência e controle para a promoção do desenvolvimento, visando uma globalização mais humana. / This thesis discusses the existence of the two changing determinant factors in west Bahia region, pulled by Barreiras urban area, focused on regional competitiveness and the partaking of local actors and institutions in territorial development planning decision-making. The discussion is about the effects caused by the involvement of Barreiras and the surrounding region, as an agricultural frontier, in the competitive economic process, which has had in large scale soy plantation its socio-spatial arrangement. It also analyses some of the issues related to grain chain specialized production process, with its development cycle based on agro-industrial system; the spatial occupation changes, with the re-shaping of regional productive profile; the socio-economic impacts due to that new economic dynamics. The conception of \"competitive partaking in global economy\" may be a necessary condition for economic growth, but it has not been enough to shape up growth into development. The shifting promoting factors emerge from endogenous, sustainable territorial development theories, whose basis are partaking planning, which can serve local actors as an influence and control tool to shape development promotion actions, in regard to a more humane worldwide economies. The theoretical and empirical analysis have led to the elaboration of a Plan of Action for the west Bahia, named \"Prefeitura Inteligente\" (intelligent Public Management) that had a pilot practice in the region of Barreiras. A preliminary evaluation of the results was then carried out, which allowed inferring that Barreiras has not proved capable yet to create strategic answers to global economic process; but, on the other hand, it shows indications of possible changes. There are important political gaps to bridge, be it through new institutional arrangements, building partnerships among public agents, productive sector and society, in order to acknowledge, mobilize and promote endogenous potential in that territory. On the same time, there has been seen a nonconformity movement, the emerging local leaderships willing to accomplish the goals, who perceive scientific deeds as learning potential. The planning technical framing allied to political actions can serve local agents as instrument of influence and control to promote development, with a view to a more human globalization process.

Hemólise intravascular, causada pelo envenenamento por aranhas Loxosceles, é dependente da ação da esfingomielinase D, toxina do veneno que se liga à membrana dos eritrócitos e ativa proteases responsáveis pela clivagem de glicoforinas, tornando as células sensíveis à ação lítica do Sistema Complemento autólogo. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar possíveis proteases envolvidas nesse processo. A toxina foi expressa, purificada e apresentou suas funções biológicas ativas. O tratamento de eritrócitos humanos com a toxina removeu glicoforinas da membrana, não teve ação sobre Kell, CD59, DAF e CR1 e induziu a deposição de C1q, C3, C4, C5b-9, fator B e properdina. O pré-tratamento das células com os inibidores galardina, bestatina e fenantrolina reduziu a hemólise dependente de complemento autólogo. A ativação de proteases das membranas sobre o substrato fluorescente Abz-FRSSR-EDDnp, induzida pela toxina, foi prevenida por PMSF, simvastatina e fenantrolina, sugerindo o envolvimento de metalo- e serinoproteases no modelo de hemólise dependente de complemento estudado. / Intravascular hemolysis caused by poisoning by spiders Loxosceles, is dependent on the sphingomyelinase D action, a toxin that binds to the erythrocytes membrane and activates proteases responsible for the glycophorins cleavage, rendering the cells sensitive to the lytic action of the autologous complement system. This study aimed to identify possible membrane proteases involved in this process. The toxin was expressed, purified and showed to be functionally active. Treatment of human erythrocytes with the toxin caused the removal of the membrane glycophorins, but did not act on Kell, CD59, DAF and CR1 and induced deposition of C1q, C3, C4, C5b-9, factor B and properdin. Pretreatment of cells with inhibitors galardin, phenanthroline and bestatin reduced the complement-dependent hemolysis. The action of membrane proteases upon the fluorescent substrate Abz-FRSSR-EDDnp, induced by the toxin, was prevented by PMSF, simvastatin, and phenanthroline, suggesting the involvement of metallo- and serine proteases in this complement-dependent hemolysis model.

No description available.

This dissertation investigates the process of economic growth with heterogeneous agents from a multi-level perspective. Building upon Kaldorian and Evolutionary principles, growth is defined as a path-dependent and complex phenomenon, which requires structural variation and the interplay between demand and supply at distinct analytical levels. Two concomitant and dependent 'layers' of this process are emphasised: the supply-led 'intra-sectoral development trajectory' and the demand-led 'inter-sectoral development trajectory'. The key element in the first is the firm size, which is shown to have a non-linear influence on the process of technological change. The second layer is shown to depend on the growth of income and patterns of production and consumption reflected on the inter-sectoral composition and level of 'sophistication' of the productive structure. The key to understand divergent growth trajectories lies in the interaction between these layers and the contradictory effects imposed at each analytical level both by demand (top-down) and supply (bottom-up). The approach is both theoretical and empirical and the analysis reveals important stylised facts of growth at the firm, sector and country levels. The text is structured in four sections comprising 9 chapters. Section I introduces the theoretical foundations of the work and the limitations of Evolutionary and Kaldorian schools to explain the multi-level 'allocation problem'. Section II presents the databases and empirically assesses the influence of the (re)allocation of labour on growth at each analytical level. Section III investigates the foundations of the process of micro-meso and macro process of development. The final section proposes a unified theoretical framework to connect the multi-level evidence. The analysis reinforces the interplay between demand and supply in growth trajectories, prompting a number of original policy implications.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dennys Salomao Hid.pdf: 1391895 bytes, checksum: fbb70fbd0bab307aa5cc5c58c6d1c4d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-25 / This research investigated the fight against poverty trought public policy of productive inclusio, model of action that directs public investments for micro entrepeneurs, contributing to the heterogeneity and the reduction of the social difference. Explore the projects of implemented inclusion, in the last six years, in the cities of São Paulo enrolled in the SEBRAE Mayor entrepeneur award, wich held its 7th edition in 2012 and is organized by the brazilian servisse of support for micro and small enterprises (SEBRAE), a non-profit organization whose goal is to encourage the development of micro and small businesses. As na object of study, it was used the Paulista Guide, a publication of SEBRAE, that details the projects implemented by the mayors participants of the award. Brings together the main productive actions of initiatives inclusion, wich were evaluated by the judges and guests, providing and excellent material for a categorical analysis. The reports of these projects allowed to survey data. Trought these inventary was possible to isolate the various elemento focused and sort them by their main characteristics. The reunification of these data in tem pre-defined categories tax incentives, credit and microfinance, cooperatives, market access, formalization, incubators, debureaucrastization, clusters, education and training, and other projects allowed the visualization of the number of projects by category and development of the categories themselves over the past six years. Became evidente that the mayors enrolled seek cancel the steady state of your location trough the development and accumulation of human and economic resources, using endogenous development strategies and local. Each municipality adopts a kind of strategy, either radical or by small steps. It was possible to observe that the inclusion public policies envolve local actors public power, ptivate power and social groups and are being created from regional problems, avoiding the mimetism in implemented projects. It was realized that while municipalities have different characteristics, they have similar problems, as the high volume os workers in the informal market, the bureaucratic slowness and the absence of skilled labor. It was also clear that, the more commom is the problem, higher is the chance to adapt and replicate the project in the other locations seeks fix it or minimize it / Esta pesquisa investigou o combate à pobreza por meio das políticas públicas de inclusão produtiva, modelo de ação que direciona os investimentos públicos para a geração de emprego e renda, contribuindo para a heterogeneidade e a diminuição da diferença social. Explora os projetos de inclusão implementados, nos últimos seis anos, nos municípios do Estado de São Paulo inscritos no Prêmio SEBRAE Prefeito Empreendedor, que realizou a sua 7ª edição em 2012 e é organizado pelo Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (SEBRAE), uma entidade sem fins lucrativos, cujo objetivo é estimular o desenvolvimento de micro e pequenos negócios. Como objeto de estudo, foi utilizado o Guia Paulista, uma publicação do SEBRAE, que detalha os projetos implementados pelos prefeitos participantes da premiação. Reúne as principais ações de inclusão produtiva, que foram avaliadas pelos jurados e convidados, constituindo um excelente material para uma análise categorial. Os relatos desses projetos possibilitaram realizar um levantamento de dados. Desse inventário foi possível isolar os diversos elementos enfocados e classificá-los por suas principais características. O reagrupamento desses dados em dez categorias pré-definidas incentivo fiscal, crédito e microcrédito, cooperativismo, acesso ao mercado, formalização, incubadoras, desburocratização, aglomerados, educação e capacitação, e outros projetos permitiu a visualização do número de projetos por categoria e o desenvolvimento das próprias categorias ao longo dos últimos seis anos. Ficou evidente que os prefeitos inscritos buscam anular o estado estacionário de sua localidade por meio do fomento e acúmulo de recursos humanos e econômicos, utilizando estratégias de desenvolvimento endógeno e local. Cada município adota um tipo de estratégia, seja ela radical ou por pequenos passos. Foi possível observar que as políticas públicas de inclusão envolvem os atores locais poder público, poder privado e grupos sociais e estão sendo criadas a partir dos problemas regionais, o que evita o mimetismo nos projetos implementados. Percebeu-se que, embora os municípios tenham características distintas, possuem problemas semelhantes, como o alto volume de trabalhadores no mercado informal, a lentidão burocrática e a falta de mão de obra capacitada. Também ficou claro que, quanto mais comum for o problema, maior é a chance de adaptar e replicar em outras localidades o projeto que procura solucioná-lo ou minimizá-lo