Abstract Mutualism is often conditional and the associations vary from antagonism to mutualism along environmental conditions and genotypes of interacting species. I studied antagonism-mutualism continuum hypothesis of symbiosis experimentally using two different Epichloë/Neotyphodium endophytes and their host grasses, agricultural meadow fescues and natural fine fescue, as study systems. These systemic fungal endophytes live asymptomatically within aerial tissues of grasses, and are vertically transmitted to the next grass generation via seeds. Thus, asexual endophyte strains are dependent on the growth, survival and reproduction of their hosts. Epichloë/Neotyphodium endophytes are considered plant mutualists, because they improve the resistance of the host against various stresses, e.g. herbivores. In addition to experimental approach, I examined prevalence and genetic structure of Epichloë festucae in natural grass populations. Finally, current knowledge concerning grass endophytes was reviewed and the effects of variable environment and genetic background on the ecology and the evolution of grass-endophyte symbiosis were discussed. The endophyte improved the performance of the agronomic meadow fescues, but the beneficial effects were dependent on the grass cultivar and the growth environment. The endophyte-infected (E+) meadow fescues were more susceptible to the pathogenic snow molds and they suffered increased winter damage compared to the endophyte-free (E-) plants. Many natural Festuca rubra and F. ovina populations were either endophyte-free or had low infection frequency. The highest infection frequencies were found in subarctic areas where the infection incidence differed between habitats. Twenty out of the 25 E. festucae genotypes detected were carrying multiple alleles in microsatellite loci indicating multiple infections or vegetative hybridization of the fungus. A dominant genotype (63.5% of all isolates) occurred in all populations suggesting that this fungus is mainly asexual. E+ F. ovina seedlings performed worse than endophyte-free E- seedlings. In F. rubra, the river bank originated E+ seedlings allocated fewer, but longer and heavier tillers than the other seedlings indicating possible improved performance of the endophyte infected grasses in harsh river bank conditions. In short, I detected both positive and negative effects of endophyte infection on grasses varying along species, environment and genotypic background of study subjects. The results support the antagonism-mutualism continuum hypothesis.

The endophytic microorganisms in at least one phase of its life cycle inhabit the inner tissues of plants without causing apparent damage. Like other tropical species, Caesalpinia echinata Lam has shown several endophytes. Therefore this study aimed to isolate and characterize the endophytic fungi of Brazil wood, as well as assess the antimicrobial activity of extracts. The harvesting of stems has been done in a fragment of Atlantic Forest, and the leaves were harvested from trees growing in the campus of the Universidade Federal de Alagoas. There was a predominance of filamentous fungi compared to bacteria, in both, stems and leaves. By morphological and molecular analyses some endophytic fungi of C. echinata were identified, namely: Botryosphaeria rhodina, Xylaria multiplex and Pestalotiopsis sp. Among all the isolates ten fungi were selected for tests of antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi. The endophytic fungi Pestalotiopsis sp. Xylaria multiplex and Botryosphaeria rhodina were the most effective antagonists of Pythium debaryanum and Phytoththora palmivora. These results obtained in in vitro experiments support the possibility of the application of chemical extracts of the endophytic Botryosphaeria rhodina and Xylaria multiplex for the biological control of plant pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungus Phomopsis sp. was not inhibited by endophytic Botryosphaeria rhodina, Pestalotiopsis sp and Xylaria multiplex. These same endophytes were also the most effective inhibiting the mycelial growth of phytopathogen Pestalotiopsis sp. Botryosphaeria rhodina, Xylaria multiplex, Pestalotiopsis sp. and C.e.A6.F4.c.b. have shown a higher amount of biomass when growing in BD medium incubated in the dark and without agitation. Extracts of the endophytic fungi of Caesalpinia echinata obtained from different solvents, have not shown antibacterial effect on Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, in the concentrations used. / Os microrganismos endofíticos, em pelo menos uma fase do seu ciclo de vida, habitam o interior de tecidos vegetais, sem causar-lhes danos aparentes. Assim como outras espécies tropicais, Caesalpinia echinata Lam. também abriga diversos endofíticos. Sendo assim o presente trabalho teve como objetivos isolar e caracterizar os fungos endofíticos do pau-brasil, assim como, avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos obtidos. As coletas de caules foram realizadas em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica, e as folhas foram coletadas de árvores plantadas, no Campus da Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Houve um predomínio de fungos filamentosos em relação a bactérias, tanto nos caules quanto nas folhas. Através de análises morfológica e molecular alguns fungos endofíticos de C. echinata foram identificados, sendo eles: Botryosphaeria rhodina, Xylaria multiplex e Pestalotiopsis sp. Dentre todos os isolados, dez deles foram selecionados para testes de antagonismo contra fungos fitopatógenos. Os fungos endofíticos Pestalotiopsis sp., Xylaria multiplex e Botryosphaeria rhodina foram os mais eficazes antagonistas de Pythium debaryanum e Phytoththora palmivora. Os resultados obtidos no antagonismo in vitro evidenciaram a possibilidade da aplicação dos seus respectivos extratos químicos no controle biológico dos fitopatógenos Rhizoctonia solani e Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. O crescimento micelial do fitopatógeno Phomopsis sp. só foi inibido pelos endofíticos Botryosphaeria rhodina, Pestalotiopsis sp. e Xylaria multiplex. Estes mesmos endofíticos também foram os mais eficazes na inibição do crescimento micelial do fitopatógeno Pestalotiopsis sp. Botryosphaeria rhodina, Xylaria multiplex, Pestalotiopsis sp. e C.e.A6.F4.c.b. apresentaram uma quantidade maior de biomassa ao crescerem no meio BD, incubados no escuro e sem agitação. Os extratos dos fungos endofíticos de Caesalpinia echianata, obtidos a partir de diferentes solventes, não exerceram efeito antibacteriano sobre Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus, nas concentrações utilizadas.

This work describes the isolation of endophytic fungi from plant species Hancornia speciosa and led to the isolation of 14 pure strains. Of which 4 were selected for the chemical study. The chemical study allowed identied 12 substances isolated from fungi Phomopsis sp., Guignardia sp., Aspergillus niger e Aspergillus sp., grown in different culture medium. The crude extracts of fungus Phomopsis sp., grown in PDB medium led to isolation of five compounds, 5- methylmelein, nectriapyrone, succnic acid, 5-hydroxylmethylmelein and a diketopiperazine. Already when the same fungus was grown in ME medium, led to isolation of two compounds, tyrosol and tryptofol. The crude extract of Guignardia sp grown in ME medium led to isolation of compound salicylic acid, which has a plant for ecological importance.The crude extract of Aspergillus niger, grown in PDB medium led to isolation of compounds pyrophen and nigragillin. Already when the same fungus was grown in ME medium, led to isolation of compound itaconic acid. And of crude extract of Aspergillus sp., grown in ME medium was identification of their major compound kojic acid, which was quantified by HPLC in the crude extract (0.7 mg/g of crude extract). O crude extract was tested for its antioxidant activity with DPPH, NO. and H2O2, and exhibited significantly potent inhibition of NO (IC50 de 150 μg/mL) production, showed taht this fungi it owns big biotchenology potential. The structures of these substances were established by spectroscopic methods, including the application of bidimensional NMR techniques, mass spectrum and comparison with published data. / Este trabalho descreve o isolamento de fungos endofíticos da espécie vegetal Hancornia speciosa, o qual conduziu a 14 linhagens puras, dos quais quatro foram selecionados para o estudo químico. O estudo químico possibilitou foi identicar 12 substâncias, isoladas dos fungos Phomopsis sp., Guignardia sp., Aspergillus níger e Aspergillus sp., cultivados em diferentes meios de culturas. O extrato bruto do fungo Phomopsis sp cultivado no meio liquido PBD levou ao isolamento de cinco compostos, 5- metilmeleína, nectapirona, ácido succínico, 5-hidroxilmetilmeleína e uma dicetopiperazina. Já o mesmo fungo quando cultivado no meio líquido-ME, levou ao isolamento de dois compostos, tirosol e triptofol. O estudo do extrato bruto de Guignardia sp., cultivado no meio liquido ME conduziu ao isolamento do composto ácido salicílico, o qual tem um importancia ecológica para planta. O extrato bruto do fungo Aspergillus niger cultivado no meio liquido PBD levou ao isolamento dos compostos pirofen e nigragillin. Já o mesmo fungo quando cultivado em extrato de malte, levou ao isolamento do ácido itacônico. E do extrato bruto do fungo Aspergillus sp., cultivado no meio liquido PBD foi identificada a substância majoritária ácido kójico, a qual foi quantificada por CLAE no extrato bruto (0,7g/ g de extrato bruto). O extrato desse fungo foi testado quanto a sua atividade antioxidante com DPPH, NO. , e H2O2, e mostrou uma forte atividade de inibição da produção de NO (IC50 de 150 μg/mL), indicando que este fungo possui grande potencial biotecnológico. As estruturas das substâncias foram determinadas por métodos espectrométricos, incluindo RMN bi-dimensional, espectros de massas e comparação com a literatura.

Rhododendron tomentosum is an evergreen shrub with a high content of secondary metabolites, particularly essential oils with antimicrobial effects. Diversity of endophytic fungi in this species and their possible adaptation to growth in the essential oil environment is not much explored. Therefore, the first aim of this thesis was to reveal the diversity of endophytic fungi colonising leaves of R. tomentosum on seven localities in the Czech Republic and one in Estonia. I isolated and determined (using comparison of ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA with the sequences from GenBank and morphological signs) 37 species of endophytic fungi. Among them the ubiquitous species colonising the most of the plants as endophytes were dominant. The second aim of my thesis was to explore whether the essential oil from R. tomentosum influences its endophytic fungi. The hypothesis that the strains obtained from R. tomentosum would be adapted to growth in the environment of the essential oil was postulated. I supposed that they would grow better on mediums with different concentrations of these chemical compounds added, in comparison with strains of the same species obtained from different substrates. Within four of seven species tested, the strains obtained from R. tomentosum grew better, but also on the medium without the...

Submitted by Carolina Neves (carolinapon@uefs.br) on 2017-02-17T23:59:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??oJoseneideAlves.pdf: 3612959 bytes, checksum: a4ba8033510286e66a0d4453ad52d71d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-17T23:59:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??oJoseneideAlves.pdf: 3612959 bytes, checksum: a4ba8033510286e66a0d4453ad52d71d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-31 / The biorreduction has great importance in the production of optically pure substances and is widely used for asymmetric synthesis. Bioconversions occur with high specificity and efficiency because they are catalyzed by enzymes, forming one of the isomers from a pro-chiral substrate. This work had as main objective to evaluate the potential reduction of micro-organisms (yeasts, bacteria and fungi) isolated in the state of Bahia using as carbonyl substrate the acetophenone, analyzing its conversion into alcohol and identifying the enantiomeric excess produced. Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from sugar cane brandy distilleries of Bahia state, rhizobacteria isolated from Arachis pintoi (forage peanut) in southern Bahia and endophytic fungi isolated Hevea brasiliensis. The products were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to verify the conversion of the substrate in alcohol and enantiomeric excess was determined by gas chromatography with chiral stationary phase. Of the 28 microorganisms evaluated 18 acted as biocatalysts. Products of reduction of acetophenone were obtained with yields between 6 and 79% and enantiomeric excess from 41 to 100%. Fungi CDC026, CDC086 and MDF077 converted acetophenone into (R)-alcohol, with ee of 54, 56, and 84%, while the other strains that showed positive results for acetophenone yielded the (S)-alcohol. Whereas 64% of test organisms were able to act as catalysts in the enantioseletive reduction of acetophenone, it was observed that the microbial diversity of the state of Bahia is a source of new catalysts for the production of enantiomeric pure compounds. / A Biorredu??o tem grande import?ncia na produ??o de subst?ncias opticamente puras, sendo amplamente utilizada para s?nteses assim?tricas. As bioconvers?es ocorrem com alta especificidade e efici?ncia por serem catalisadas por enzimas, formando um dos is?meros a partir de um substrato pr?-quiral. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o potencial redutor dos microrganismos (leveduras, bact?rias e fungos) isolados no territ?rio baiano frente ao substrato carbon?lico acetofenona; verificando a convers?o do substrato (acetofenona) em ?lcool quiral e identificando o excesso enantiom?rico com que as rea??es biocatal?ticas ocorreram. Foram utilizadas culturas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae isoladas em cacha?arias do estado da Bahia, rizobact?rias isoladas no sul da Bahia e fungos endof?ticos. Foi testada a a??o desses microrganismos sobre o substrato acetofenona. Os produtos foram analisados por Cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espetrometria de massa, para verificar a convers?o do substrato em ?lcool; o excesso enantiom?rico foi obtido em cromat?grafo gasoso equipado com coluna quiral obtendo-se separa??o para os is?meros da acetofenona com um excesso enantiom?rico de at? 100%, para a cepa bacteriana I68. Os fungos CDC026 e CDC086 converteram a acetofenona em (R)-?lcool, as demais cepas que apresentaram resultados positivos para aceofenona produziram o (S)-?lcool em excesso. Conclui-se que em geral os microrganismos testados apresentaram boa capacidade de redu??o da acetofenona em experimentos de biotransforma??o, constituindo-se fontes de compostos enantiomericamente puros.

Os micro-organismos que habitam o interior das plantas (endofíticos ou endófitos) tornaram-se foco de interesse por estarem envolvidos na produção de compostos químicos como enzimas, alcalóides, antibióticos, anticancerígenas e diferentes metabólitos. Os ecossistemas de regiões tropicais tem sido alvo de busca de compostos naturais por causa da riqueza de espécies e nichos ecológicos presentes nestas comunidades. O objetivo deste trabalho o isolamento, identificação e a bioprospecção de fungos endofíticos obtidos de Combretum leprosum e a detecção nos extratos de planta e micro-organismos da presença do composto combretastatin (CA4). Folhas, galhos, frutos e raízes de C. leprosum foram coletados de cinco estados dentro da zona de semiárido brasileiro: Bahia, Piauí, Ceará, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte. Partes das amostras foram triturados e submetidos à maceração primeiramente em diclorometano, seguidos de tetrahidrofurano e acetona de acordo com Pettit et al.(1987) para possível extração da CA4. Além disso, para avaliação in vitro da atividade citotóxica e antimicrobiana foram realizadas extrações em acetato de etila, clorofórmio e metanol. Foram detectados a possível presença da CA4 em todos os órgãos das plantas extraídos com tetrahidrofurano e as maiores concentrações foram observadas nas folhas. A atividade antitumoral dos extratos vegetais apresentaram as maiores inibições contra carcinoma (ovário IC50 10µg/mL-1, rim IC50 8,7µg/mL-1 e mama IC50 14,1µg/mL-1) e glioma.IC50 13,5µg/mL-1. A outra parte das amostras (folhas, caules e raízes) foram desinfetadas, fragmentadas e colocadas em meios de cultivo (Martin, BDA, Agar água) por 60 dias, 28°C. Foram isolados 405 fungos endofíticos e 159 apresentaram atividade contra fitopatogênicos, 72% para Rhizoctonia solani e 28% para Pythium aphanidermatum. As vinte e três linhagens que apresentaram as melhores atividades antifitopatogênicas foram submetidas a crescimento em Czapec em cultura estacionaria, por 30 dias, a 28°C, os respectivos metabólitos foram obtidos em múltiplo (3.0 e 11.0) e avaliados a atividade antimicrobiana contra bactérias patogênicas e fungos. Quatro linhagens foram selecionadas, identificadas pelo sequenciamento da região 18S, CFE177 como Fusarium oxysporum, CFE03 como Hypocrea koningii, linhagem CFE108 como Aspesgillus oryzae e CFE391 como Fusarium solani e avaliadas in vitro pelos testes biológicos: atividade antitumoral, antioxidante e antimicobactéria. Os compostos produzidos por A. oryzae CFE108 apresentaram potencial para bioprospecção, e de acordo com as atividade citotóxicas as maiores ações foram contra as linhagens linfoma histiocística (J744), mieloma murino (B16F10) e baixa citotóxidade para carcinoma de bexiga (ECV304) e leucemia eritroblástica humana (k562) na concentração de 1mg/mL-1. Foram isolados dois compostos: SS-XL-32-01 identificado como bis-(2-etilhexil) ftalato (DEHP) e SS-XL-20-1 identificado como fenol, 2.2 metilenobis[6-(1,1-dimetiletil)-4- etil], ambos com atividade anticâncer para células HeLa com percentual de ate 98% e 71%, de morte, respectivamente. Alem disso, a modificação através da reação de metilação do composto SS-XL-32-1 resultou na quebra do anel aromático, formação de 4 subprodutos e perda da atividade, sendo um indicativo do sitio ativo da molécula responsável pela atividade observada. Portanto, fungos endofíticos de 18 plantas do semiárido brasileiro podem ser considerados fonte de bioprospecção para novas moléculas bioativas com atividade antitumoral. / The micro-organisms that reside in the aerial tissues and roots of plants (endophytic or endophyte) became the focus of interest for being involved in the chemical production such as enzymes, alkaloids, antibiotics, anticancer and different metabolites. The ecosystems of tropical region have been targeted search of natural compounds because of the richness of species and ecological niches present in these communities. The aim of this work was the isolation, identification and bioprospection for endophytic fungi from Combretum leprosum and detection in extracts of the plant and micro-organisms for the presence of the combretastatin (CA4). Leaves, stems, fruits and roots of C. leprosum were collected from five states within the semi-arid zone of Brazil: Bahia, Piaui, Ceara, Paraiba, Rio Grande do Norte. Part of the samples were crushed and subjected to maceration in dichloromethane, followed by tetrahydrofuran and acetone according to Pettit et al. (1987) for extracting the possible CA4. Moreover, for in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity extractions were carried out in ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol. Were detected the possible presence of CA4 all plant organs extracted with tetrahydrofuran and the highest concentrations were observed on the leaves. The antitumor activity of plant extracts showed the highest inhibition against carcinoma (ovary IC50 10µg/mL-1, kidney IC50 8.7 µg/mL-1 and breast IC50 14.1 µg/mL-1) glioma IC50 and 13.5 mg-/mL-1. The other part of the samples (leaves, stems and roots) were disinfected, fragmented and placed in culture media (Martin, PDA, water agar) for 60 days, 28°C. 405 Endophytic fungi were isolated and 159 showed activity against phytopathogenic, 72% for Rhizoctonia solani and 28% for Pythium aphanidermatum. Twenty-three strains that showed good activities antiphytopathogenic, were grow on medium Czapec in static culture, for 30 days at 28°C, the respective metabolites were obtained in multiples pH (3.0 and 11.0) and evaluated the antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Four strains were selected, identified by sequencing the 18S region, CFE177 as Fusarium oxysporum, CFE03 as Hypocrea koningii, strain CFE108 as Aspesgillus oryzae and CFE391 Fusarium solani, and evaluated by in vitro biological tests: antitumor, antioxidant and antimicobactérium activity. The compounds produced by A. oryzae CFE108 had biological potential and in accordance with the cytotoxic activity, showed the highest activities against lymphoma lines (J744), murine myeloma (B16F10) and low cytotoxicity for carcinoma of the bladder (ECV304) and leukemia erythroblastic human (K562) in 1mg/mL-1 concentration. Two compounds were isolated: SS-XL-32- 01 identified as bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and SS-XL-20-1 as phenol 2.2methylenobis [6-(1,1-dimethylethyl) - 4-ethyl], both with anticancer activity for HeLa cells with a percentage of up to 98% and 71%, of death, respectively. In addition, modified by methylation reaction of the compound SS-XL-32-1 resulted in the breaking of the aromatic ring and result in formation of four product and loss of activity being indicative of the active site of the molecule can be the aromatic ring. Therefore, endophytic fungi in semiarid Brazil plant can be considered a source of bioprospection for new bioactive molecules with anticancer activity.

Un projet visant à identifier des mycoherbicides pour lutter contre les adventices a été initié entre l’UMR Agroécologie de Dijon et la société DE SANGOSSE® (Agen). Trois volets ont structuré ce projet à l’issue d’une collecte de prélèvement de 475 plantes représentatives de 23 espèces d’adventices symptomatiques et asymptomatiques en Bourgogne et en Beauce. Le 1er volet reposait sur une approche de type metabarcoding (technologie Illumina), pour évaluer et comparer la diversité des communautés fongiques endophytes des plantes symptomatiques et asymptomatiques. 542 genres fongiques ont ainsi été identifiés. Des taxons associés aux plantes symptomatiques ont été identifiés. Parmi ceux-ci, certains sont des pathogènes connus, d’autres non et ils constituent des pistes à exploiter pour la recherche de candidats mycoherbicides. Le deuxième volet repose sur une approche conventionnelle de microbiologie et pathologie. Une collection de 194 champignons associés aux symptômes des adventices a été constituée. La pathogénicité de ces isolats a été testée grâce à une série de screenings de plus en plus sélectifs qui ont abouti à la sélection de cinq souches, identifiées par séquençage de l’ITS ou d’autres marqueurs taxonomiques. Une souche appartient à l’espèce Boeremia exigua var exigua, une autre à l’espèce Alternaria alternata, deux appartiennent à l’espèce A. penicillata et la dernière au genre Alternaria. Le troisième volet visait à identifier le mode d’action d’une souche par une double approche, métabolomique et microscopique. La souche de B. exigua var exigua secrète des métabolites phytotoxiques mais également infeste et semble détruire les tissus végétaux sous-épidermique de la plante hôte.Ce projet exploratoire a fourni des pistes de taxons fongiques associés à des symptômes observés sur adventices en analysant la diversité par une approche moléculaire et a fourni des souches fongiques, mycoherbicides potentiels, par une approche microbiologique dont on voit bien qu’elle reste une méthode incontournable, malgré ses limites, pour obtenir des candidats fongiques à action herbicide. / A project aiming at identifying mycoherbicides to control weeds has been initiated between the UMR Agroécologie (Dijon) and the company DE SANGOSSE® (Agen, France). Three axes structured this project after a sampling collection of 475 plants representative of 23 species of symptomatic and asymptomatic weeds was carried out in Burgundy and Beauce. The first part was based on a metabarcoding approach (Illumina technology), to evaluate end compare the diversity of endophytic fungi communities of symptomatic and asymptomatic weeds. 542 fungal genera have been identified. Taxa associated with symptomatic plants have been identified. Of these, some are known pathogens, others are not, and both constitute avenues to exploit for the research of mycoherbicide candidates. The second axe is based on a conventional approach to microbiology and pathology. A collection of 194 fungi associated with weed symptoms was established. The pathogenicity of these isolates was tested through a series of increasingly selective screenings that resulted in the selection of five strains that were identified by sequencing of ITS or other taxonomic markers. One strain belongs to the species Boeremia exigua var exigua, another species Alternaria alternata, two belong to the species A. penicillata and the last to the genus Alternaria. The third axe aimed at identifying the mode of action of a strain by a dual metabolomics and microscopic approach. The strain of B. exigua var exigua produced phytotoxic secondary metabolites but also infested and apparently destroyed the sub-epidermal plant tissues of the host plant.This exploratory project provided tracks to exploit fungal taxa associated with observed weeds symptoms, by analyzing the diversity, by a molecular approach and provided fungal strains, potential mycoherbicides by a conventional microbiological approach that we can see it remains an unavoidable method, despite its limitations, to obtain fungal candidates with herbicidal action.

Submitted by Sinomar Soares de Carvalho Silva (sinomaruft@uft.edu.br) on 2017-06-27T11:47:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gleiciane Pinheiro de Sousa - Disserta????o.pdf: 3074889 bytes, checksum: 81193a097052c44e7946ba0524b13f07 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-27T11:47:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gleiciane Pinheiro de Sousa - Disserta????o.pdf: 3074889 bytes, checksum: 81193a097052c44e7946ba0524b13f07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / A cana-de-a????car ?? uma das principais culturas do Brasil, principalmente devido ?? produ????o de etanol para uso como biocombust??vel. A convers??o de biomassa lignocelul??sica em etanol e qu??micos renov??veis pode ser obtida por meio da utiliza????o de microrganismos capazes de produzir enzimas lignocelulol??ticas em concentra????es elevadas e serem cultivados em substratos de baixo custo. Microrganismos endof??ticos habitam o interior das plantas sem induzir sintomas de doen??a e sem produzir estruturas externas. O potencial biotecnol??gico de microrganismos endof??ticos de cana-de-a????car tem sido pouco explorado, especialmente quanto ?? capacidade de produ????o de enzimas para desconstru????o de biomassa lignocelul??sica. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a caracteriza????o molecular e enzim??tica de uma cole????o de fungos isolados de cana-de-a????car, bem como selecionar linhagens promissoras para a hidr??lise enzim??tica de baga??o de cana-de-a????car pr??-tratado por explos??o a vapor. Para tanto, 409 linhagens foram caracterizadas quanto ?? capacidade de hidrolisar polissacar??deos (Avicel; carboximetilcelulose - CMC; xilana; pectina e amido) em meio de cultura s??lido. A caracteriza????o molecular foi realizada por meio de an??lise da sequ??ncia da regi??o ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 do DNA riboss??mico. Linhagens promissoras foram selecionadas para avalia????o do potencial de sacarifica????o (produ????o de celulases por meio de determina????o de FPase - Filter Paper Activity) e hidr??lise enzim??tica de baga??o de cana-de-a????car. O fungo Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30 (ATCC 56765) foi utilizado como controle positivo. De 409 linhagens, 63,57% hidrolisaram CMC, 79,21% xilana, 77,50% pectina e 41,07% amido. O crescimento em Avicel foi observado para 84,60% das linhagens. Os maiores valores de ??ndice enzim??tico foram (3,15???0,12) em CMC; (5,30???1,06) em xilana; (5,00???0,00) em pectina e (2,83???0,23) em amido. Sequ??ncias de qualidade da regi??o ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 do DNA riboss??mico foram obtidas para 296 das 409 linhagens avaliadas. A an??lise filogen??tica permitiu classificar as linhagens ao n??vel de esp??cie. Dos 409 fungos, 20 foram cultivados em meio l??quido contendo baga??o de cana-de-a????car (pr??-tratado por explos??o a vapor, seco e triturado) como fonte de carbono para determina????o do potencial de sacarifica????o (FPase) e de prote??na total. Treze extratos foram escolhidos para realiza????o de experimentos de hidr??lise enzim??tica. Os resultados mostraram que nas condi????es utilizadas (5% de s??lidos, 50 mg de prote??na/g de glicanas, 200 rpm, 50??C por 32 horas), a capacidade hidrol??tica do extrato avaliada pela produ????o de a????cares redutores totais (ART) foi destacada para as linhagens Omnidenptus affinis (94), Talaromyces pinophilus (AR156) e Talaromyces assiutensis (AR264) (ART = 11,77 g/L, 11,53 g/L e 10,11 g/L, respectivamente), quando comparada com a linhagem controle T. reesei RUT C-30 (ART = 11,04 g/L). A quantidade de glicose liberada analisada por Cromatografia L??quida de Alta Efici??ncia (CLAE) foi de 9,33 g/L para a linhagem O. affinis (94), 8,94 g/L para T. pinophilus (AR156) e 7,69 g/L para T. assiutensis (AR264), quando comparada com o extrato de T. reesei RUT C-30 (2,29 g/L). Estes resultados revelam que fungos endof??ticos de cana-de-a????car constituem uma fonte promissora de novas linhagens produtoras de enzimas lignocelulol??ticas para convers??o de baga??o de cana-de-a????car em a????cares fermentesc??veis, no contexto de biorrefinarias. / Sugarcane is one of the main crops in Brazil, mainly due to the production of ethanol for use as biofuel. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol and renewable chemicals can be achieved by using microorganisms capable of producing lignocellulolytic enzymes in high concentrations and grown on low cost substrates. Endophytic microorganisms inhabit the interior of plants without inducing symptoms of disease and without producing external structures. The biotechnological potential of sugarcane endophytic microorganisms has been little explored, especially regarding the production capacity of enzymes for the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass. In this context, the objective of this work was to perform the molecular and enzymatic characterization of a collection of fungi isolated from sugarcane, as well as to select promising strains for the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by explosion at steam. For this purpose, 409 strains were characterized for the ability to hydrolyze polysaccharides (Avicel; carboxymethylcellulose - CMC; xylan; pectin and starch) in solid culture medium. Molecular characterization was performed by means of sequence analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA. Promising strains were selected for evaluation of saccharification potential (production of cellulases by means of determination of FPase - Filter Paper Activity) and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The fungus Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30 (ATCC 56765) was used as a positive control. In 409 strains, 63,57% hydrolyzed CMC, 79,21% xylan, 77,50% pectin and 41,07% starch. Avicel growth was observed for 84,60% of the strains. The highest values of enzymatic index were (3,15 ?? 0,12) in CMC; (5,30 ?? 1,06) in xylan; (5,00??0,00) in pectin and (2,83??0,23) in starch. Quality sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA were obtained for 296 of the 409 strains evaluated. The phylogenetic analysis allowed to classify the strains at the species level. Of the 409 fungi, 20 were cultivated in liquid medium containing sugarcane bagasse (pretreated by steam explosion, dry and crushed) as carbon source to determine the potential of saccharification (FPase) and total protein. Thirteen extracts were selected for enzymatic hydrolysis experiments. The results showed that under the conditions used (5% solids, 50 mg protein/g glycans, 200 rpm, 50 ??C for 32 hours), the hydrolytic capacity of the extract evaluated by the production of total reducing sugars (ART) was highlighted for the strains Omnidenptus affinis (94), Talaromyces pinophilus (AR156) and Talaromyces assiutensis (AR264) (ART = 11,77 g/L, 11,53 g/L and 10,11 g/L, respectively), when compared to the control strain T. reesei RUT C-30 (ART = 11,04 g/L). The amount of released glucose analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was 9,33 g/L for the strain O. affinis (94), 8,94 g/L for T. pinophilus (AR156) and 7,69 g/L for T. assiutensis (AR264) when compared to T. reesei extract RUT C-30 2.29 g/L. These results reveal that endophytic fungi of sugarcane constitute a promising source of new lignocellulolytic enzyme producing strains for the conversion of sugarcane bagasse to fermentable sugars in the context of biorefineries.

Orientador: Iracilda Zeppone Carlos / Banca: Iracilda Zeppone Carlos / Banca: Jayro Kenupp Bastos / Banca: Angela Maria Victoriano de Campos Soares / Banca: Beatriz Marica Machado de Medeiros / Banca: Luis Carlos Spolidorio / Resumo: Produtos naturais têm contribuído intensamente para o desenvolvimento da terapêutica moderna. As plantas produzem um vasto número de substâncias, que em estado natural ou após sofrerem transformações químicas, possuem diversas atividades farmacológicas. Fungos endofíticos, organismos que vivem no interior das plantas, também podem representar novas fontes de produtos biologicamente ativos. Atualmente, a relação causal entre inflamação, imunidade inata e câncer é largamente aceita. O envolvimento de mediadores inflamatórios, como óxido nítrico (NO) e citocinas, gerados por macrófagos ativados, na patogênese das doenças inflamatórias já está bem estabelecido. Além disso, a inibição da angiogênese tem sido reconhecida como uma promissora abordagem terapêutica para o controle do crescimento tumoral, das metástases e das doenças inflamatórias crônicas. Alchornea glandulosa Poepp & Endl. (Euphorbiaceae) é uma planta com conhecida atividade antiinflamatória que está distribuída do sudeste ao sul do Brasil, principalmente na Mata Atlântica e no Cerrado. O potencial antiinflamatório, antitumoral e antiangiogênico dos compostos obtidos a partir da planta (fração acetato de etila e os compostos puros isoquercitrina, afzelina, ácido gálico, pteroginina e pteroginidina) e de fungos endofíticos presentes no interior das suas folhas (extratos acetato de etila ALG-A, ALG-02 e ALG-03) foram estudados por meio de experimentos utilizando-se culturas de macrófagos murinos, linhagens tumorais murinas de câncer de mama (LM2) e pulmão (LP07) e culturas de células endoteliais de veia umbilical humana (HUVEC). Ensaios de determinação de óxido nítrico (reagente de Griess), citocinas pró-inflamatórias TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 e IL-12 (ELISA), atividade citotóxica (MTT) e avaliação da taxa de inibição do crescimento de tumores tratados com injeção... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Natural products have contributed enormously to the development of important therapeutic drugs used currently in modern medicine. Plants produce a vast number of compounds that, either directly or after chemical modifications, exert pharmacological activities. Endophytic fungi, organisms which live in plants, are also being recognized as new sources of biological active substances. Nowadays, the relationship among inflammation, innate immunity and cancer are widely accepted. Inflammatory mediators as nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines produced by activated macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Besides that, angiogenesis inhibition has been accepted as a promising therapy for the control of tumor growth, metastasis and also chronic inflammatory conditions. Alchornea glandulosa Poepp & Endl. (Euphorbiaceae) is a plant that demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity. It can be found in Brazil, distributed from southeast to south, mainly in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado. The anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antiangiogenic potential of the compounds obtained from this plant (ethyl acetate fraction and the pure compounds isoquercitrin, afzelin, gallic acid, pterogynine and pterogynidine) and from the endophytic fungi present in its leaves (ALG-A, ALG-02 and ALG-03 ethyl acetate extracts) were studied using macrophage cultures, tumor cell lines (LM2 and LP07) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). To evaluate anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity, in vitro assays were utilized to determine NO (Griess reagent), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12 proinflammatory cytokines (ELISA) and cytotoxicity (MTT). Tumor growth inhibition rate was also studied in vivo. Apoptosis (TUNEL assay), proliferation (bromodeoxiuridine - BrdU), invasion (double-chamber assay), capillary-like structures formation (matrigel) and NFκB activity (ELISA) were realized to study... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This work aimed to isolate and identify endophytic fungi associated to three chemotypes of Lippia alba (Mill.) NE Brown found in Brazilian Northeast and investigate the potential of these fungi in the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and in front biotransformation to organic substrates. In addition, there was a comparative study of the chemical composition of the leaves three chemotypes of L. alba detected both in essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation as the volatile constituents obtained by solid phase microextraction (SPME). The analysis and identification of volatile constituents was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS data of the samples obtained by hydrodistillation and SPME were subjected to multivariate data analysis, which provided principal component analysis charts (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), where it was observed that the methodology used obtaining volatile compounds can influence the classification of chemotypes made based on volatile chemically L. alba reported in the literature. The essential oils obtained from the leaves of the three chemotypes of L. alba were tested against nematicide activity, where the essential oil chemotype II had a higher potential nematicide (LD50 = 71.30 ppm). Of the six endophytic fungi isolated from L. alba leaves, only the fungi Colletotrichum sp. (chemotypes I and II) and Scopulariopsis fusca were able to produce VOCs considerably; and wherein the linalool and caryophyllene compounds produced by S. fusca have also been detected in the chemical composition leaves from L. alba chemotype I, where the fungus was isolated. The study of VOCs also pointed a biocatalytic potential for endophytic fungi from L. alba. This potential was investigated using (R)-carvona and (R)-limonene as substrates. Variables such as time and culture medium were investigated in both experiments, and the biotransformation of (R)-carvona by strains of L. alba isolated endophytes resulted in the production of three derivatives, among which one of them has not yet been reported in the literature as a product of biotransformation of carvone. Since the biotransformation of (R) led to the production of limonene nine derivatives among which four have not been reported in the literature as the limonene biotransformation products. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal isolar e identificar fungos endofÃticos associados a trÃs quimiotipos de Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown encontrados no Nordeste brasileiro e investigar o potencial desses fungos na produÃÃo de compostos orgÃnicos volÃteis (COVs) e na biotransformaÃÃo frente a substratos orgÃnicos. AlÃm disso, realizou-se um estudo comparativo entre a composiÃÃo quÃmica das folhas de trÃs quimiotipos de L. alba detectada tanto nos Ãleos essenciais obtidos por hidrodestilaÃÃo quanto nos constituintes volÃteis obtidos por microextraÃÃo em fase sÃlida (MEFS). A anÃlise e identificaÃÃo dos constituintes volÃteis foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (CG-EM). Os dados de CG-EM das amostras obtidas por hidrodestilaÃÃo e por MEFS foram submetidos à anÃlise multivariada de dados, que forneceu grÃficos de anÃlise de componente principal (ACP) e anÃlise de agrupamento hierÃrquico (AAH), onde foi possÃvel observar que a metodologia utilizada na obtenÃÃo dos compostos volÃteis pode influenciar a classificaÃÃo dos quimiotipos feita com base na constituiÃÃo quÃmica volÃtil de L. alba relatada na literatura. Os Ãleos essenciais obtidos das folhas dos trÃs quimiotipos de L. alba foram testados frente a atividade nematicida, onde o Ãleo essencial do quimiotipo II apresentou maior potencial nematicida (DL50 = 71,30 ppm). Dos seis fungos endofÃticos isolados das folhas de L. alba, somente os fungos Colletotrichum sp. (quimiotipos I e II) e Scopulariopsis fusca foram capazes de produzir COVs consideravelmente; sendo que os compostos linalol e cariofileno, produzidos por S. fusca tambÃm foram detectados na constituiÃÃo quÃmica das folhas de L. alba quimiotipo I, de onde o fungo foi isolado. O estudo dos COVs produzidos por fungos tambÃm apontou um potencial biocatalÃtico para os endÃfitos de L. alba. Este potencial foi investigado utilizando-se (R)-carvona e (R)-limoneno como substratos. VariÃveis como meio de cultivo e tempo foram investigadas em ambos experimentos, sendo que a biotransformaÃÃo da (R)-carvona por cepas de endÃfitos isolados de L. alba resultou na produÃÃo de trÃs derivados, dentre os quais um deles ainda nÃo foi citado na literatura como produto de biotransformaÃÃo da carvona. Jà a biotransformaÃÃo do (R)-limoneno levou à produÃÃo de 9 derivados, dentre os quais, 4 ainda nÃo foram relatados na literatura, como produtos de biotransformaÃÃo do limoneno.