Orientador: José Corrêa de Lacerda Neto / Banca: Kênia Cardoso Bícego / Banca: Alceu Afonso Jordão Júnior / Resumo: O presente estudo avaliou o perfil de indicadores oxidativos e substâncias antioxidantes, além de marcadores de lesão muscular em equinos submetidos à prova de enduro. Nove equinos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe participaram de uma competição de enduro, após realização de programa de treinamento com duração de três meses. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue antes, durante a competição e no período de recuperação dos animais, para análise de indicadores da ocorrência de estresse oxidativo como malondialdeído (MDA) e produtos proteicos de oxidação avançada (AOPP), além, das concentrações de substâncias antioxidantes como glutationa (GSH), Vitamina A e Vitamina E. Valores de enzimas musculares, aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e creatina quinase (CK) foram obtidos, para monitoramento de possíveis lesões durante o exercício. As variáveis estudadas foram submetidas à Análise de Variância, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey (P<0,05). Os indicadores oxidativos não se elevaram com o exercício, porém a concentração média de GSH diminuiu após o início da prova. Observou-se elevação dos níveis médios de AST no intervalo de 12 e 24 horas pós enduro e aumento da concentração média de CK após 4 horas da realização do exercício. O estresse oxidativo foi de baixa intensidade, devido ao bom preparo dos animais para o exercício proposto / Abstract: The present study evaluated the oxidant, antioxidant profile, by indicative substances, and muscle injury markers in horses undergoing endurance race.Nine Arabian horses participated in a competition of endurance, after a three months training program. Blood samples were taken before, during competition and in the animals recovery period, for analyse the occurrence of oxidative stress by some indicators, like malondialdeyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), beyond concentrations of antioxidants as glutathione (GSH), Vitamin A and Vitamin E. Values of muscle enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK), were obtained to monitoring possible injuries during exercise. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test (P<0,05). Oxidative indicators did not increase with exercise, but the average concentration of GSH decreased after the start of the race. It was observed an increase in mean values of AST within 12 and 24 hours post endurance exercise. In the same way, CK mean values increased after 4 hours of the exercise. Oxidative stress was low intensity, due to the good traning of animals for the proposed exercise / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-10-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:19:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000735687.pdf: 994976 bytes, checksum: 6d13a2e3057f0ab60f1c3ef1956d6c4e (MD5) / O presente estudo avaliou o perfil de indicadores oxidativos e substâncias antioxidantes, além de marcadores de lesão muscular em equinos submetidos à prova de enduro. Nove equinos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe participaram de uma competição de enduro, após realização de programa de treinamento com duração de três meses. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue antes, durante a competição e no período de recuperação dos animais, para análise de indicadores da ocorrência de estresse oxidativo como malondialdeído (MDA) e produtos proteicos de oxidação avançada (AOPP), além, das concentrações de substâncias antioxidantes como glutationa (GSH), Vitamina A e Vitamina E. Valores de enzimas musculares, aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e creatina quinase (CK) foram obtidos, para monitoramento de possíveis lesões durante o exercício. As variáveis estudadas foram submetidas à Análise de Variância, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey (P<0,05). Os indicadores oxidativos não se elevaram com o exercício, porém a concentração média de GSH diminuiu após o início da prova. Observou-se elevação dos níveis médios de AST no intervalo de 12 e 24 horas pós enduro e aumento da concentração média de CK após 4 horas da realização do exercício. O estresse oxidativo foi de baixa intensidade, devido ao bom preparo dos animais para o exercício proposto / The present study evaluated the oxidant, antioxidant profile, by indicative substances, and muscle injury markers in horses undergoing endurance race.Nine Arabian horses participated in a competition of endurance, after a three months training program. Blood samples were taken before, during competition and in the animals recovery period, for analyse the occurrence of oxidative stress by some indicators, like malondialdeyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), beyond concentrations of antioxidants as glutathione (GSH), Vitamin A and Vitamin E. Values of muscle enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK), were obtained to monitoring possible injuries during exercise. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test (P<0,05). Oxidative indicators did not increase with exercise, but the average concentration of GSH decreased after the start of the race. It was observed an increase in mean values of AST within 12 and 24 hours post endurance exercise. In the same way, CK mean values increased after 4 hours of the exercise. Oxidative stress was low intensity, due to the good traning of animals for the proposed exercise

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:30:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardi_ns_me_jabo.pdf: 642579 bytes, checksum: d0b78376c5154b3de57f0e9f7b33561c (MD5) / O presente estudo avaliou o condicionamento físico de equinos por meio de alterações musculares e metabólicas observadas antes e após treinamento de resistência, correlacionando tais alterações com o desempenho durante uma competição de enduro. Onze equinos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe foram submetidos a dois testes incrementais (TIs) a campo para determinação das concentrações sanguíneas de lactato, e hemogasometria antes e após período de três meses de treinamento em trilha com duas sessões semanais predominantemente ao passo, e uma sessão semanal com predomínio do galope. Antes e após o treinamento também foi realizada avaliação ultrassonográfica do músculo Longissimus dorsi e Gluteus medius e, avaliação histológica e histoquímica do músculo Gluteus medius colhido por biópsia percutânea. Após o término do período de treinamento, os animais realizaram um teste de resistência de 80 km a campo. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue no repouso, durante a competição e no período de recuperação, para realização de análises hematológicas, bioquímicas e hemogasométricas. As variáveis estudadas foram submetidas à Análise de Variância e os valores médios comparados pelo teste Tukey (P<0,05). Foram encontradas diferenças nas concentrações de lactato entre os testes, os valores máximos de lactato no TI1 foram superiores aos encontrados no TI2, esse aumento foi seguido por diminuições nos valores do pH. A área total relativa das fibras musculares do tipo IIX aumentou em detrimento das fibras do tipo I. Durante o enduro de 80 km, os cavalos apresentaram quadro de alcalose metabólica mista, por meio do desenvolvimento de alcalose metabólica hipoclorêmica e alcalose respiratória. Baixas concentrações sanguíneas de lactato demonstraram predomínio do metabolismo aeróbico durante... / The purpose of the present study was to assess the physical conditioning of horses through muscle and metabolic variables evaluated before and after one resistance training program, as well as correlate these findings with performance during an endurance competition. Eleven Arabian horses performed two incremental exercise tests (IETs) in the field for determination of blood lactate and blood gases. The tests were carried out before and after a training program of 3 months duration, consisted by two weekly sessions on track predominantly walking, and one weekly session with a predominance of canter. After the end of training and the second IET, the horses participated of an 80 km endurance test (FEI*). Blood samples were collected during competition and at recovery phase to analyze hematological, biochemical and blood gases. Ultrasonographic measurements of the Longissimus dorsi and muscles were also harvested before and after training. Furthermore, muscular tissue was obtained from Gluteus medius through percutaneous biopsy for microscopic and histochemical analysis. The variables were subjected to ANOVA and mean values compared by Tukey test (p<0.05). Maximal lactate values increased during the second IET comparing to the first IET, and this increasing was followed by decreased values of pH. The total relative area of type IIX muscular fibers increased over type I fibers. Ultrasound did not show differences. During the 80 km endurance, horses showed a mixed alkalosis, through development of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis. A predominance of aerobic metabolism throughout the track was detected via lactate analysis, as expected for this modality. It was suggested that muscle and metabolic changes observed before and after training were possibly related to each other, demonstrating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: José Corrêa de Lacerda Neto / Coorientador: Lina Maria Wehrle Gomide / Banca: Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz / Banca: Marcos Jun Watanabe / Resumo: O presente estudo avaliou o condicionamento físico de equinos por meio de alterações musculares e metabólicas observadas antes e após treinamento de resistência, correlacionando tais alterações com o desempenho durante uma competição de enduro. Onze equinos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe foram submetidos a dois testes incrementais (TIs) a campo para determinação das concentrações sanguíneas de lactato, e hemogasometria antes e após período de três meses de treinamento em trilha com duas sessões semanais predominantemente ao passo, e uma sessão semanal com predomínio do galope. Antes e após o treinamento também foi realizada avaliação ultrassonográfica do músculo Longissimus dorsi e Gluteus medius e, avaliação histológica e histoquímica do músculo Gluteus medius colhido por biópsia percutânea. Após o término do período de treinamento, os animais realizaram um teste de resistência de 80 km a campo. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue no repouso, durante a competição e no período de recuperação, para realização de análises hematológicas, bioquímicas e hemogasométricas. As variáveis estudadas foram submetidas à Análise de Variância e os valores médios comparados pelo teste Tukey (P<0,05). Foram encontradas diferenças nas concentrações de lactato entre os testes, os valores máximos de lactato no TI1 foram superiores aos encontrados no TI2, esse aumento foi seguido por diminuições nos valores do pH. A área total relativa das fibras musculares do tipo IIX aumentou em detrimento das fibras do tipo I. Durante o enduro de 80 km, os cavalos apresentaram quadro de alcalose metabólica mista, por meio do desenvolvimento de alcalose metabólica hipoclorêmica e alcalose respiratória. Baixas concentrações sanguíneas de lactato demonstraram predomínio do metabolismo aeróbico durante... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to assess the physical conditioning of horses through muscle and metabolic variables evaluated before and after one resistance training program, as well as correlate these findings with performance during an endurance competition. Eleven Arabian horses performed two incremental exercise tests (IETs) in the field for determination of blood lactate and blood gases. The tests were carried out before and after a training program of 3 months duration, consisted by two weekly sessions on track predominantly walking, and one weekly session with a predominance of canter. After the end of training and the second IET, the horses participated of an 80 km endurance test (FEI*). Blood samples were collected during competition and at recovery phase to analyze hematological, biochemical and blood gases. Ultrasonographic measurements of the Longissimus dorsi and muscles were also harvested before and after training. Furthermore, muscular tissue was obtained from Gluteus medius through percutaneous biopsy for microscopic and histochemical analysis. The variables were subjected to ANOVA and mean values compared by Tukey test (p<0.05). Maximal lactate values increased during the second IET comparing to the first IET, and this increasing was followed by decreased values of pH. The total relative area of type IIX muscular fibers increased over type I fibers. Ultrasound did not show differences. During the 80 km endurance, horses showed a mixed alkalosis, through development of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis. A predominance of aerobic metabolism throughout the track was detected via lactate analysis, as expected for this modality. It was suggested that muscle and metabolic changes observed before and after training were possibly related to each other, demonstrating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação parenteral com vitamina E e selênio em determinados parâmetros hemáticos e séricos usados comumente na clínica diária em cavalos de enduro. Foram utilizados seis cavalos em treinamento das raças Árabes e Anglo-árabes em um delineamento em Cross Over de dois períodos de 84 dias cada, divididos em grupos Tratamento e Controle. Não foi observado efeito de tratamento para as variáveis peso, hematócrito, contagem eritrocitária, hemoglobina, leucócitos, freqüência cardíaca, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média, uréia, glutationa peroxidase, creatinina lactatodesidrogenase, creatiniquinase, gammaglutamiltransferase e glutationa peroxidase. Os valores de enzimas lactatodesidrogenase e creatiniquinase em repouso ficaram muito por cima dos níveis de referência em ambos grupos. No dia 70 foi observada diferença significativa (p < 0,05) para volume corpuscular médio e hemoglobina corpuscular média, correspondendo o valor menor ao grupo tratamento. As conclusões extraídas deste estudo são: 1. A suplementação parenteral de selênio e vitamina E não influi nos parâmetros analisados em cavalos que treinam e competem em provas de até 60 km. 2. Apesar de inconstantes, os achados nos valores de volume corpuscular médio e hemoglobina corpuscular média podem sinalizar uma tendência de adaptação ao exercício destes valores hematimétricos em animais com melhor defesa antioxidante. / The aim of this study was to measure the effects of parenteral supplementation with selenium and vitamin E in predetermined hematic and serics parameters commonly used in endurance horse daily clinic. Six Arab and Anglo-Arab horses in endurance training were used in a Cross Over experimental design of two periods of 84 days each, divided in Treatment and Control groups. No treatment effects was detected for weight, packed cell volume, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, leucocytes, heart rate, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, reduced glutathion, urea, creatinine and lactatodeshidrogenase, creatinikinase, gammaglutamiltransferase or glutathion peroxidase. The lactatedeshidrogenase and creatinikinase values were high than those used as reference in both groups. In 70\'th day was observed a statistical difference (p < 0,05) for mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin parameters, with the lowest value in the treatment group. The following conclusions were extracted from this trial: 1. A parenteral supplementation with selenium and vitamin E had no effect in the examined parameters in horses training and competing in races till 60 km. 2. Despite the inconsistence of mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin finds, this observation can indicate an exercise adaptation tendency of this hematimetric values in horses with better antioxidant defense.

Storage devices based on Multi-Level Cell (MLC) NAND flash can be found in almost all computer systems except rugged, industrial systems; even though MLC is less expensive and more dense than devices based on standard Single-Level Cell (SLC) NAND flash, MLC’s lower write endurance and lower retention has led system designers to avoid using it. This avoidance is unnecessary in many applications which will never come close to the endurance limits. Furthermore, new processes are leading to storage devices with higher write endurance. System designers should review the specific use-model for their systems and can select MLC-based storage devices when warranted. The result is lower system costs without worry of data loss due to write endurance.

This thesis focused on the proximal factors associated with PFP, particularly, on hip muscle function. The overall purpose of this thesis was to elaborate a test, reliable and valid, for evaluating hip muscle function in females with PFP and that could be easily be used in the clinic. To reach this purpose, three sections have been considered:• Section 1 presented the results of a systematic review with meta-analysis entitled “Strength and endurance in females with patellofemoral pain”. This systematic review provided strong evidence that females with PFP have significant isometric strength deficit in hip abduction, extension, and external rotation when compared with healthy controls. Moderate evidence was obtained concerning isometric strength deficit in flexion. There was no evidence that females with PFP have strength deficits in adduction and internal rotation. Moderate evidence was found for isokinetic deficit in abduction and conflicting evidence for a deficit in rotation and extension. When compared with the uninjured limb, moderate evidence was found for a strength deficit in abduction, conflicting evidence for deficiencies in extension and external rotation strength and no evidence for internal rotation, adduction and flexion strength deficiencies. Finally, conflicting evidence was found for a decrease in hip muscular endurance.• Section 2 elaborated two clinical tests for the assessment of hip abductor endurance. After a preliminary phase, the hip abductor isometric endurance test was selected. The test-retest reliability and the validity were determined in healthy females and we concluded that the test could be recommended for clinicians.• Section 3 determined the applicability of the hip abductor isometric endurance test in females with PFP. We assessed the test-retest reliability of the hip abductor isometric endurance test in females with PFP and we compared holding time during the test between females with and without PFP. In this chapter, we chose also to use two others clinical tests, evaluating trunk extensor and ankle plantar flexor endurance, to compare females with and without PFP. We reported that females with PFP exhibited significantly lower hip abductor, trunk extensor and ankle plantar flexor endurance than healthy controls and we concluded that the hip abductor isometric endurance test could be recommended for the examination of patients with PFP. / Doctorat en Sciences de la motricité / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Endurance athletes have long benefited from ingesting carbohydrates prior to, and during endurance events. Fatigue during endurance exercise has repeatedly been associated with the depletion, or reduction, of bodily carbohydrate reserves. The improved endurance capability observed after aerobic training has, however, been attributed to the increased oxidation of fat relative to carbohydrate, thereby having a 'carbohydrate sparing" effect and thus delaying the point at which reduced carbohydrate reserves will cause fatigue. This study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation, on the performance and metabolic parameters of nine male marathon athletes. These results were then statistically compared to the effects of adding L-carnitine to the MCT and CHO supplement, on the same parameters. Metabolic parameters included nutritional status evaluations, serum organic acid profiles (non-esterified fatty acid and L-lactate profiles), and plasma carnitine determinations. Performance was measured in terms of peak treadmill running speed, V02 max, respiratory exchange ratios, heart rates, vco2 and vo2 data during progressive treadmill exercise tests. Nutrition and energy intakes were recorded during the study, as well as record kept of the athlete's training programmes. At the end of each supplementation period, a standard marathon was included in the experimental design, in order to practically validate controlled laboratory results. The main findings of this study included the identification of two athletes as 'fat burners'~ Non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) profiles indicated that they predominantly relied on fatty acid oxidation during exercise, after MCT supplementation. The latter presumably because of adaptive changes in their metabolism, enabling them to benefit from MCT supplementation. In spite of the majority of athletes relying on carbohydrate metabolism during exercise, the addition of L-carnitine to the MCT and CHO supplement, induced a shift towards lipid metabolism; evident from RER and VC02 data, as well as the majority of athletes improving their performance. The observed shift was slight; the latter being ascribed to the relatively small dose of L-carnitine (compared to previous studies) included in the supplement. However, L-carnitine was incorporated into a palatable, liquid MCT and CHO supplement, and not merely administered in the form of a pharmacological dose. A major, and extremely unexpected finding, was the presumed effect that the winter, and continuous cold exposure, had on plasma carnitine levels. Plasma carnitine levels decreased significantly, without any intervention, prior to the start of the second trial period, which stretched over the middle of winter. Despite carnitine supplementation, plasma carnitine levels still decreased. This occurrence most certainly influenced results; the shift towards lipid metabolism would presumably have been more pronounced, had the 'Winter factor' not come into play. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Physiology / unrestricted

In order to examine the effects of prelatent/latent iron deficiency on physical work capacity and selected muscle enzyme activities, forty female subjects were studied before and after eight weeks of supplementation with either oral iron or a matching placebo. Initially, female volunteers engaged in regular endurance running were screened for iron deficiency by blood analysis (serum ferritin and hemoglobin). Forty non-anemic subjects with deficient iron stores underwent physiological and anthropometric tests to obtain a comprehensive profile. The specific physical work capacity tests were alactic and lactacid power on the Wingate cycle ergometer test, lactacid capacity on the anaerobic speed test, anaerobic (ventilatory) threshold using gas exchange variables, V0₂ max. and the max. treadmill velocity during the V0₂ max. test. Muscle biopsy samples pre-, and post- treatment were assayed for citrate synthase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity. Treatment was oral iron supplementation (320 mg ferrous sulfate = 100 mg elemental iron taken as SLOW-Fe® twice a day) or a matching placebo. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups and a double-blind method of administration of the supplements was used. It was hypothesized that work capacity would be enhanced following oral iron supplementation, possibly due to the repletion of iron containing oxidative enzymes important in energy production. Results could not strongly support this hypothesis with the difference between the two groups on the work capacity and enzyme activity variables being statistically nonsignificant. Serum ferritin values rose from a mean of 12.4+4.5 to 37.7+19.7 ngml⁻¹ for the experimental group and 12.2±4.3 to 17.2±8.9 for the controls; (p=0.0025). Hemoglobin levels remained fairly constant for both treatment groups; 13.4±0.6 to 13.5±0.5 gdl⁻¹ (experimental), and 13.0±0.6 to 13.1+0.5 (control); (p=0.6). Pre to post values on the work capacity variables, experimental vs control respectively were: Alactic power, 8.8 to 8.4 watts-kg⁻¹ body wt. vs 8.4 to 8.2; lactacid capacity, 6.9 to 6.9 watts-kg⁻¹ body wt. vs 7.0 to 6.0; anaerobic speed test, 41.3 to 45.1 seconds vs 43.7 to 44.8; anaerobic threshold, 7.4 to 7.5 mileshour⁻¹ vs 7.2 to 7.2; V0₂ max, 51.3 to 52.7 ml-kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ vs 50.6 to 50.6; max velocity during V0₂ max, 9.8 to 9.8 mileshour⁻¹ vs 9.6 to 9.5. Except for alactic power, the change in work capacity favored the iron treated group. Noting this trend, further study may be warranted. Prelatent/latent iron deficiency appeared not to depress the activities of the two enzymes measured. Cytoplasmic alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity rose from 0.066 to 0.085 units for the experimental group (p=.58) vs .058 to .066 for the control group and citrate synthase activity changed from 0.047 to 0.048 (experimental) vs 0.039 to 0.042 (control). It can be concluded that eight weeks of iron supplementation to prelatent/latent iron deficient, physically active females does not significantly enhance work capacity nor the activity of 2 oxidative muscle enzymes (citrate synthase and cytoplasmic alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase). Within the limitations of this study the presence of a serum ferritin below 20 ng-ml⁻¹ does not pose a significant handicap to anaerobic or aerobic capacity. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

Seven male subjects exercised for 1, 3, 10 and 20 min on a cycle ergometer at 20, 60 and 80% {Mathematical expression}, and then held to fatigue a sustained contraction of the quadriceps at 40% maximal voluntary contraction in order to determine what influence various levels of dynamic exercise would have on isometric function of the same group of muscles. Muscle temperature was measured before and within 15 s of the completion of the cycling to determine whether changes in muscle temperature might influence the subsequent isometric perormance. Isometric endurance was shorter as the severity of the cycling increased beyond 20% {Mathematical expression}, and as the duration of cycling increased up to 10 min. There were discrete linear relationships between muscle temperature and isometric endurance associated with cycling at 60% and 80% {Mathematical expression}. There was a direct inverse relationship between quadriceps strength after cycling and muscle temperature, yet a significant reduction in strength occurred only after cycling at 80% {Mathematical expression}. These results suggest that the encroachment on endurance and strength are controlled by different mechanisms. The heart rates during the isometric contractions were dependent on the preceding rhythmic exercise and decreased after exercise at 60 or 80% {Mathematical expression}. In contrast, the blood pressure always increased during the isometric contractions, reaching similar values at the point of fatigue, regardless of the severity of the previous rhythmic exercise. These data provide additional evidence that separate mechanisms control changes in heart rate and blood pressure.