Garantir o suprimento dos insumos energéticos demandados pelos diferentes setores da economia é indispensável para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e a soberania de uma nação. De maneira geral, a busca pela segurança energética requer o monitoramento contínuo dos diferentes fatores que podem interferir na evolução da demanda e oferta de energia. Pelo lado da demanda, tais fatores incluem a atividade econômica, o desenvolvimento tecnológico (principalmente aquele relacionado à eficiência energética dos processos), a renda e os hábitos de vida da população, entre outros aspectos. Pelo lado da oferta, poder-se-iam citar, por exemplo, as descobertas de novas e o exaurimento de antigas reservas energéticas, mercados nacionais e internacionais de energia, o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias de conversão energética e a evolução do arcabouço legal que regula esta atividade. O estudo integrado destas variáveis, tal como definido, de forma ampla, pelo termo Planejamento Energético, permite que riscos e oportunidades associados à segurança energética sejam antecipados e, assim, evitados, mitigados ou potencializados. Neste contexto, a presente tese é composta por quatro artigos focados em diferentes aspectos da demanda e oferta de energia no Brasil: A experiência brasileira com o gás liquefeito de petróleo implicações para políticas públicas; Impactos socioeconômicos e ambientais de usinas hidrelétricas; O papel do setor elétrico brasileiro no contexto do Acordo de Paris e Avaliação da composição dos custos socioambientais de usinas hidrelétricas. A partir de análises sobre tendências de consumo residencial de gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP) e o papel da temática ambiental no desenvolvimento da matriz de geração de eletricidade, discutem-se perspectivas para o setor energético brasileiro. Os trabalhos apresentados identificam desafios com os quais o país possivelmente terá que lidar para expandir a sua oferta de energia, e, assim, espera-se, contribuem para solidificar o arcabouço teórico sobre o qual o planejamento energético brasileiro é construído. / Ensuring the supply of the energy inputs demanded by the different sectors of the economy is indispensable for the socioeconomic development and the sovereignty of a nation. In general, the search for energy security requires the continuous monitoring of the different factors that may interfere in the evolution of the demand and supply of energy. On the demand side, these factors include economic activity, technological development (mainly the one related to the energy efficiency of processes), income and habits of the population, among other aspects. On the supply side, in can be mentioned, as examples, new discoveries and the exhaustion of old energy reserves, national and international energy markets, the development of new energy conversion technologies and the evolution of the legal framework that regulates this activity. The integrated study of these variables, as broadly defined by the term \"Energy Planning\", enables risks and opportunities associated with energy security to be anticipated and thus avoided, mitigated or enhanced. In this context, the present thesis is composed of four articles focused on different aspects of demand and supply of energy in Brazil: \"The Brazilian experience with liquefied petroleum gas - implications for public policies\"; \"Socioeconomic and environmental impacts of hydropower plants\"; \"The role of the Brazilian electricity sector in the context of the Paris Agreement\" and \"Evaluation of the composition of the socio-environmental costs of hydropower plants\". Based on analyzes of trends in residential consumption of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and the role of environmental issues in the development of the electricity generation mix, Brazilian energy sector perspectives are discussed. The papers presented identify challenges that the country may have to deal with in order to expand its energy supply, and thus contribute to solidifying the theoretical framework on which Brazilian energy planning is built.

Energy security has become an important part of national security policies in the last decades. Policies concerning energy security are designed and implemented in different ways by countries based on their geographical, political and economic imperatives. This thesis analyzes the securitization of energy resources in Central Asia and the roles of the US, China, India and Russia as major actors of the Central Asian energy politics in the post-Soviet period. The conditions shaping Central Asian countries decision making process&rsquo / as well as the policies and priorities of the US, China, India and Russia are analyzed in the light of latest energy policy developments and related pipeline projects in the region. While doing so, this thesis aims to compare and contrast the practices and policies of the US, China, India and Russia in securing access to energy resources of Central Asia.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) expects total natural gas output in the EU to decrease from 216 billion cubic meters per year (bcm/year) in 2006 to 90 bcm/year in 2030. For the same period, EU demand for natural gas is forecast to increase rapidly. In 2006 demand for natural gas in the EU amounted to 532 bcm/year. By 2030, it is expected to reach 680 bcm/year. As a consequence, the widening gap between EU production and consumption requires a 90% increase of import volumes between 2006 and 2030. The main sources of imported gas for the EU are Russia and Norway. Between them they accounted for 62% of the EU’s gas imports in 2006. The objective of this thesis is to assess the potential future levels of gas supplies to the EU from its two main suppliers, Norway and Russia. Scenarios for future natural gas production potential for Norway and Russia have been modeled utilizing a bottom-up approach, building field-by-field, and individual modeling has been made for giant and semi- giant gas fields. In order to forecast the production profile for an individual giant natural gas field a Giant Gas Field Model (GGF-model) has been developed. The GGF-model has also been applied to production from an aggregate of fields, such as production from small fields and undiscovered resources. Energy security in the EU is heavily dependent on gas supplies from a relatively small number of giant gas fields. In Norway almost all production originates from 18 fields of which 9 can be considered as giant fields. In Russia 36 giant fields account for essentially all gas production. There is limited potential for increased gas exports from Norway to the EU, and all of the scenarios investigated show Norwegian gas production in decline by 2030. Norwegian pipeline gas exports to the EU may even be, by 2030, 20 bcm/year lower than today’s level. The maximum increase in exports of Russian gas supplies to the EU amount to only 45% by 2030. In real numbers this means a mere increase of about 70 bcm In addition, there are a number of potential downside factors for future Russian gas supplies to the European markets. Consequently, a 90% increase of import volumes to the EU by 2030 will be impossible to achieve. From a European energy security perspective the dependence of pipeline gas imports is not the only energy security problem to be in the limelight, the question of physical availability of overall gas supplies deserves serious attention as well. There is a lively discussion regarding the geopolitical implications of European dependence on imported gas from Russia. However, the results of this thesis suggest that when assessing the future gas demand of the EU it would be of equal importance to be concerned about diminishing availability of global gas supplies.

Does the presence of oil influence U.S. foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan African oil states? This study attempts to answer this question through a study of U.S. foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan African oil and non-oil states since the early 1960s. Although presidents from Woodrow Wilson to Jimmy Carter to George W. Bush have indicated that the United States has a moral obligation to promote democracy, democracy promotion became a central element of U.S. foreign policy after 1990. Scholars as well as policy makers, however, have suggested that the United States has frequently sacrificed the promotion of democracy and human rights in favor of other goals. In recent years, although promoting democracy and good governance have been described as leading U.S. foreign policy objectives in Africa, they may have been overshadowed by two other goals: the global war on terror and energy security. Gulf of Guinea countries have attracted U.S. attention as it tries achieving energy security. The United States in 2008 imported about sixteen percent of its oil from the Gulf of Guinea, and this figure is likely to increase to 25 percent by 2015. As U.S. oil interests in the region increase, some fear that the United States is likely to forgo its support for democracy in favor of energy security. This dissertation evaluates whether or not U.S. concerns about energy security or commercial interests have overshadowed its policy of promoting democracy in oil-exporting African countries. The dissertation finds that, in fact, there is no direct correlation between presence of oil and U.S. democracy promotion. When dealing with African oil states, the United States has not compromised its democratic and human rights principles, particularly since 1990.

This paper focuses on Turkey’s foreign energy policy with a special focus on cases ofNabucco and South Stream Gas Pipeline Projects and examines the issue from the perspectiveof “realist theory”.The research question aims to discover the realist tendency in Turkishforeign energy policy and to find out which gas pipeline project is more beneficial in terms ofnational interest for Turkey and also relevant for meeting the goals of Turkish Foreign EnergyPolicy.Energy is the key concept of the discussions about future of our world and sustainabledevelopment. If energy functions as a subject that increases the tensions between countriesthis means a threat to sustainable development since it becomes a factor jeopardizing peaceand makes cooperation between states imporssible. Also; energy constitutes a fundamentalplace national strategies of states along with sustainable development.In order to make the theory operational, three main dimensions, being security, economicsand strategic are used as tools or in other words as filters to look through, in the analysis offoreign and energy policy, as well as cases of Nabucco and South Stream Gas Pipeline Projects.

In 2007, Chinese Government has established the first sovereign wealth fund in formal and funded with $2,000 billion dollars which called as China Investment Corporation(CIC).It is purposed to settle the bad debts of State-owned Bank and process the restrcuting of financial management system. At the same time, CIC invest overseas investment actively. The Chinese Government treats the sovereign wealth funds as a vehicle, positively to establish the strategic reserve system for energy and raw materials. Except to hedge the volatility of international market price,in the other hand, to optimize the Chinese industrial structures to be more efficiency. But, in beginning stage of China's sovereign wealth funds, they faced the problems with other state-owned enterprises in overseas investments.It happens the group-overlapping effect and huge losses when deals with multinational enterprises,and it caused the dosmestic critisms . However, China's sovereign wealth fund set up by the time is not long, mostly of the chinese scholars have proposed a strategy as ¡§Fund Exchange for Technology¡¨ .It is through the usages of China's foreign investment to acquire the resources and technology. On the national development strategic, the China's sovereign wealth funds which controlled by the Chinese Central Financial leading group, are responsible to execute the national missions.In addition to the country's political security,economic security,it also to ensure the food security,energy security,water resources, and other important resources. Clearly, political motivations and core technology is the Chinese Government's core interests, which is China's national security and sustainable development. This article is researching into the core interests for the Triangular Strategy of China`s Sovereign Wealth Funds. In the raising of the "Strong Power" of China , national security issues are priority to be settled .Acquisition for the "Power Composition" ,which included the key technolgy and resources , and Chinese government is facing the main challenges.Would the China's sovereign wealth fund still keep investing although it occurred huge losses in overseas energy procurement,acquisition of dosmestic and abroad enterprises, financial assets, investment activities of configuration? Comparatively, would the CIC continuing to expand and investing with "trianglular strategy" to achieve the core interests.In general, keep the subsequent to focus on the economical discourse power and the core technology.

The partnership between China and Africa at the Cold War era was built on ¡¥¡¦Non-Aligned Movement¡¦¡¦. 1978 China launched economic reform and devoted to national economic development. Until China was being isolated in the international society because of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, China turned diplomatic dipolicy to Africa. Besides, with rapid economic development, China¡¦s energy demand keeps increasing. Therefore, China¡¦s interest in Africa has changed. In addition to search supports from developing countries in the international society, China¡¦s economic and energy interest is getting more and more important in Africa. This research will analyse China¡¦s national interest and strategy in African Policy. China self indentifys as a big developing country and emphasizes the equal status with African countries. Hence, China establishes ¡¥¡¥Forum on China¡VAfrica Cooperation¡¦¡¦ in 2000 and ¡¥¡¦New China-Africa strategic Partnership¡¦¡¦ in 2006 in order to incite China and Africa relationship by regular summit. Furthermore, China tries to strengthen bilateral economics and trade cooperations, to continue working on the ¡§South-South Cooperation¡¨ under multilateral diplomacy with African countries, and to reinforce soft power in Africa by ¡§Cutural Diplomacy¡¨. So that, China-Africa relationship could be profound and enduring.

In 1978, Deng Xiaoping proposed the "internal reform and opening up policy guidelines, the development strategy as a key turning point for social and economic development. Since then, by "bringing in" strategy, has successfully attracted a large number of foreign investment in China, the Chinese economy to maintain rapid growth of nearly 30 years. After the Chinese government in order to ensure that sufficient resources for economic development and accelerate the speed of industrial upgrading. In 2002, the "going global" strategy, through the assistance of the preferential policies to encourage Chinese enterprises to invest overseas, which large-scale state-owned enterprises is the main body of the Chinese enterprises to invest overseas. Select the large state-owned enterprises as the main body of the overseas investment, because the state-owned enterprises and the Chinese Government had had a close relationship between the overall planning of national development strategies, and able to cope with overseas investment. Therefore, we can find state-owned enterprises in China's overseas investment by the country's development strategy guide. The research based on national development strategies for the study means to illustrate the relationship between Chinese state-owned enterprises overseas investment and national development strategies. Through the analysis of the state-owned enterprises to invest overseas location, industry type and investment options, which implied the national strategic significance. In addition to the Chinese state-owned enterprises overseas investment cases to examine in detail the close relationship of the overseas investment activities with national development strategies of the state-owned enterprises. Through the perspective of national development strategies, analysis of the Chinese state-owned enterprises overseas investment behavior can be found in the state-owned enterprises overseas investment by the country's development strategy guide, behind an important national strategic significance, which includes improving foreign economic relations, the promotion of domestic industry upgrade and strengthen the multi-use of foreign exchange reserves, and promote the internationalization of the RMB, as well as ensuring energy security.

This thesis aims to analyze oil as a security challenge for the European Union. The energy security policy is getting more and more important with the decrease of energy sources, which holds and shapes the balance of power in the world. Especially in the future, energy sources will be the key to political strategies. The European nations have created energy security policies in order to protect their benefits. The central argument of this thesis is that although the EU has attempted to create a common EU energy policy throughout its history, it could not escape from the impact of the national energy policy of the member states. The main focus is on the oil policy of the community. Thus, the aim of the thesis is to explore the policies created for oil security, especially in the Middle East, and why the EU could not implement these policies it created.

This thesis analyzes Turkey&rsquo / s energy security and its energy cooperation with the European Union and Russia. The thesis argues that Turkey&rsquo / s energy cooperation with Russia and the European Union&rsquo / s energy dialogue between Russia contradict with Turkey&rsquo / s claim to be an exclusive energy corridor between the Caspian Sea region and the European Union. The first part of the thesis deals with the energy security issue in terms of the diversification of energy routes and pipeline politics. In the second part, Turkey&rsquo / s energy needs and its potential to become an energy corridor will be discussed. Turkey&rsquo / s energy cooperation with the European Union and Russia will be explored in the following parts of the thesis. Energy cooperation between the European Union and Russia will be analyzed in the fifth chapter. The last chapter is the conclusion.