京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第20017号 / エネ博第340号 / 新制||エネ||68(附属図書館) / 33113 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 宇根﨑 博信, 教授 石原 慶一, 教授 手塚 哲央 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

In this thesis, nuclear power plants and their role in sustaining peace or threatening it are described and, to some extent, analysed. Nuclear energy contributes to the economic development of the country it is built in by providing electricity with relatively inexpensive prices than that of other kinds of energy. However, the construction costs of nuclear power plants are very expensive and it is a potential threat for human health and the environment. Different arguments on how nuclear power plants might contribute to peace or threaten it are analysed. The analysis is done through Johan Galtung’s articles “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research” and “Cultural Violence”, as well as by recalling few known nuclear accidents as example, mainly the one happened at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Cooperation of different stakeholders at national, regional, and international level is among the most important tools to minimise the possibility of nuclear threat to peace. Nuclear waste and the uncertainties in best practices for the safe management is most probably the most severe problem that future generations will have to face.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第24924号 / エネ博第466号 / 新制||エネ||87(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 MCLELLAN Benjamin, 教授 宇根﨑 博信, 教授 河本 晴雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Yes / This article examines the influence of violent non-state actors (VNSAs) on the construction of large-scale infrastructure projects in conflict-affected territories. Recentering such territories, it challenges state-centric geoeconomic narratives, which often overlook the significant role of local illicit authorities in shaping project outcomes. The study demonstrates how geoeconomic ambitions, such as regional or global influence and energy security, depend on negotiating with local actors in contested territories. The findings reveal the blurred boundaries between domestic and international authority in these regions and suggest that megaprojects must account for multi-scalar authority dynamics. We illustrate our argument by analyzing the construction of two megadam projects: the Hidroituango dam in Colombia’s Antioquia department and the Myitsone dam in Myanmar’s Kachin State. Drawing on original evidence collected during extensive fieldwork comprising semi-structured interviews and observations in these two conflict-affected regions, we show that the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and Myanmar’s Kachin Independence Army, respectively, exercised authority in regions where the state’s monopoly on violence was limited. These VNSAs obstructed or facilitated megaprojects based on tactics including extortion and community representation. / AHRC/ESRC, ESRC DTP (Grand Union Grant ESP0006491-1923618), Minerva Research Initiative, Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-22-1-0338) / The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo, 24 months after first publication.

Energy has always been an essential commodity, vital for a well-functioning society. Since, the industrialization has fossil fuels been used as man’s main energy source. Consequently, vast amounts of emissions have spread into earth’s atmosphere and lead to an unprecedently quick global warming. Governments are today reacting to climate change, and energy policies to limit the effects are developed. Sweden has since year 2008 established energy policy targets to reduce its emissions. This report looks into outcomes of Swedish energy policy by forecasting scenarios to measure target achievement and effects on Swedish energy security. Energy security has historically been dominated by geopolitical issues and oil, however, today the term has grown to encompass secure access to energy services at a sufficiently low and stable price, in a way that is socially and environmentally acceptable compared to other energy options. Thus, energy security in this report is understood as ‘Ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all’. From this definition are forecasted scenarios developed and analyzed towards an energy security framework consisting of three subcategorize, affordability, reliability and sustainability. The scenarios are made by linear, exponential and logistic trendlines, to cover different expansion patterns. The general outcome of the scenarios suggests that energy security as defined will become more sustainable and reliable at the cost of affordability for energy consumers. However, even though sustainability is increasing are some of the energy policy targets not likely to succeed if business continues as usual.

Energy security is an important and current issue that resonates especially in resource-poor countries. In these countries, it is crucial to ensure a stable energy supply in order to maintain economic stability and ensure future economic growth. Germany is a state with low energy reserves (apart from coal reserves), and therefore this work focuses on German energy security in gas sector. The aim of this master thesis is to evaluate the current level of energy security in Germany in natural gas sector and to point out future potential threats arising from the realization of Nord Stream gas pipeline. In order to meet this goal, a new analytical framework is created, which evaluates gas security in terms of both short-term and long-term energy security indicators. This framework is based on several studies, primarily on the Model of Short-term Energy Security published by International Energy Agency. The framework is further extended by other studies dealing with the long-term dimension of energy security. Second part of the thesis deals with the role of natural gas in German energy transition (so- called Energiewende). Text examines the importance of natural gas in the situation of gradual disconnection of nuclear and coal capacities and in the ongoing decarbonization of the German economy. It was found that...

<p>Big dangerous Russia, environmental thief or house warmer? The Nord Stream pipelines are a highly debated theme in Europe and the EU. A number of different countries will be subject to the pipelines direct or indirect. This paper aims to figure out what kind of threats and possibilities Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Germany consider to be the consequences with the pipelines.</p><p>The study takes as a standpoint the area of security studies and the widened of the same. The three standpoints within the security study that will be used are military security, environmental security and energy security. It is a comparative study that has been done with help of a text analysis.</p><p>The analysis concludes that Sweden is the country of the four that finds the most threats with the pipeline. Sweden thinks Nord Stream is a threat within all of the three securities mentioned above even though Sweden also see a possibility within energy security. Denmark, on the other hand, does not see a threat at all and Germany and Finland see a threat within the environmental area but not within the two other areas. They also see a possibility within the energy security.</p>

This thesis explores the topic of China’s rise through evaluating the impact of the rising China on the present international order. This is done through examining China’s foreign policy aimed at energy supply security and its effect on the institutions of the international order, as well as the Sino-US relationship. The thesis shows that China’s oil supply related foreign policy is overwhelmingly strategic in nature, and this creates more competition than cooperation while also causing a number of controversies in relation to the character of the rising China within this international order and its impact on it. The research results tend to support a more realist perspective as they show that China’s expanding foreign policy has been undermining key norms and values of the present international order for the sake of securing its key national interests. China’s relationship with the US has not become more cooperative but has been undermined by distrust which has resulted in China engaging in soft-power balancing vis-à-vis the US.

Le gaz naturel tient une place de plus en plus importante dans le bouquet énergétique de l'Union Européenne. Cependant, faute de ressources suffisantes sur son territoire, elle est fortement dépendante de ses importations pour satisfaire ses besoins gaziers. En parallèle, depuis 1998 l'UE cherche la création d'un marché gazier unique et libéralisé. L'objectif de cette thèse est de voir si la libéralisation du marché gazier européen ne constitue pas un risque pour le pouvoir de négociation des importateurs et plus largement pour la sécurité gazière de l'UE. Le premier chapitre propose un état des lieux du marché gazier européen. Il permet de constater l'état d'avancement du marché unique, la forte dépendance extérieure de l'UE et la faible diversification de ses approvisionnements. À partir de ces constats, le second chapitre propose un modèle issu de la théorie des jeux coopératifs permettant de mettre en évidence l'évolution du pouvoir de négociation des importateurs résultant du processus de libéralisation. Il montre alors que la libéralisation entraîne une détérioration du pouvoir de négociation des importateurs au profit des producteurs extérieurs à l'UE, au premier rang desquels la Russie. Par ailleurs, il montre également que la constitution d'une centrale d'achat européenne est en mesure de fournir un contre pouvoir permettant d'équilibrer les rapports de force entre l'amont et l'aval de la chaîne gazière. Le troisième chapitre s'intéresse à l'évolution du GNL à travers le monde et plus particulièrement sur le marché de l'UE. Le développement du GNL en Europe permet l'entrée de nouveaux opérateurs sur l'amont de la chaîne, ce qui renforce la concurrence entre les fournisseurs de l'UE au bénéfice du pouvoir de négociation des importateurs. Enfin, le dernier chapitre aborde les conséquences du développement du gaz de schiste aux Etats-Unis sur le marché gazier européen. Il montre ainsi que ce développement s'accompagne d'une incertitude sur le futur de la demande gazière de l'UE et d'une remise en cause des contrats d'approvisionnement de long terme. / Natural gas has a growing importance in the European Union energy. However, because of the lack of resources in its territory, the EU is highly dependent on imports to meet its gas needs. In parallel, since 1998 the EU seeks the creation of a single and liberalized natural gas market. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether the gas market liberalization can create a risk for importers' bargaining power and more widely to the gas security of supply of the EU. The first chapter provides an overview of the European gas market. It deals with the implementation of the process of gas market liberalization, the external dependency of the EU and the weakness of gas supply diversity. Using findings from the previous chapter, the second one proposes a model from the cooperative game theory to analyze the effects of the EU natural gas market liberalization on importers' bargaining power. It shows that the liberalization weakens importers' bargaining power vis-à-vis external suppliers, where Russia is the leader. It also shows that the implementation of a European gas purchasing agency offers a counter-power to the EU that balances bargaining power. The third chapter focuses on the development of LNG in the world and more specifically in the EU market. The development of LNG in Europe allows the entry of new operators on the upstream and, thus, increases competition among the EU's suppliers for the benefit of importers' bargaining power. The last chapter analyzes the impact of US shale gas development on the EU gas market. Thus, it shows that development is accompanied by an uncertainty about the future gas demand in the EU and by a reconsideration of the EU's long-term contracts.

Undisputed necessity of energy resources for functioning of our society is obvious at every turn. However, safe and continuous supplies of energy cannot be taken for granted. It is mainly caused by an uneven distribution of energy resources on our planet. It comes as no surprise that possession of energy resources plays an essential role for various reasons, for example it can serve as a tool for enforcing one's economic goals or for strengthening one's political power. Thus, energy security represents a multidimensional issue which needs to be perceived from several different angles. This diploma thesis primarily focuses on energy security of the Czech Republic from the perspective of readiness to deal with interruption of energy supplies and from the perspective of critical infrastructure protection. Due to high complexity of this problematics, and due to the impossibility of the Czech Republic to deal with energy security only on a national level, are the aforementioned issues examined in connection with energy security of the European Union.