The incidence and causes of diarrhoea among critically ill patients receiving enteral tube feeding were investigated. Sixty acutely ill surgical or medical intensive care patients who had had a minimum of 48 hrs bowel rest were entered into the study. They were randomly assigned to receive one of two lactose free liquid formula diets - "Ensure", a commercially available feed containing 825 kCal/L and 34 g/L of protein with an osmolality of 441mOsm/1 or "Casilan Oil", a home-made feed containing 840 kCal /L and 45g/L of protein with an osmolality of 383 mOsm/1. The feeds were administered by constant nasogastric infusion. Patients received 1000ml at a rate of 40ml per hour for the first day and up to 2000ml at 80 ml per hour for the remainder of the study period. Investigations included documentation of medical history, medications administered and clinical details for each patient. Serum albumin was measured and the nutritional status of each patient was assessed using anthropometric measurements. Feeds were tested for bacterial contamination on the three days following the start of feeding and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was assessed by the 1 g-¹⁴C Xylose breath test of Toskes and King. Twelve of the sixty patients had to be withdrawn from the trial within 24 hours of the start of enteral feeding for medical reasons. The remaining forty eight patients completed at least three days on enteral feeding and thereby became eligible for analysis. In 10/48 patients (21%) diarrhoea was present before enteral feeding began. Four of these 1 O patients continued to pass loose stools when enteral feeding was started while the remaining 6 settled. Diarrhoea developed in a further 10 patients (21%) after enteral feeding began. The overall incidence of diarrhoea in the group of critically ill patients studied was therefore 42% (20/48). However, of the fourteen patients who experienced diarrhoea during enteral feeding four had diarrhoea before feeding began. Therefore, the true incidence of diarrhoea related to enteral feeding was only 10/38 (26%). Furthermore, in 7 of these 10 patients, another possible cause of diarrhoea was present. There was no significant association between diarrhoea and nutritional status, hypoalbuminaemia, sepsis, length of bowel rest, sucralfate and antibiotic therapy other than amikacin. Twenty one patients received Ensure and 27 received Casilan Oil. Despite the differences in the composition of the feeds, the incidence of diarrhoea was similar on the Ensure and the Casilan Oil. No particular factor pertaining to the composition of the feeds was associated with diarrhoea. Significant contamination of feeds was universal but there was no constant relationship between bacterial counts, or types, and the occurrence of diarrhoea. Certain other factors were found to be significantly associated with diarrhoea. Abdominal injury was positively associated with the occurrence of diarrhoea (p<0.05). Diarrhoea could have been attributed to the underlying disease state in 7 of the patients. All three patients who were receiving lactulose as treatment for liver failure developed diarrhoea. While no association was noted between diarrhoea and antibiotic therapy in general, treatment with the antibiotic, amikacin, correlated significantly, albeit marginally, with the occurrence of diarrhoea (p<0.05). Twenty six patients were tested for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Only one patient, with an elevated excretion of ¹⁴CO₂, indicative of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, developed diarrhoea. There was, however, a positive association between diarrhoea and decreased excretion of ¹⁴CO₂. It would appear that the bacterial flora was suppressed in patients with diarrhoea. Amikacin therapy was also associated with decreased excretion of ¹⁴CO₂. This may suggest that amikacin could have altered the bowel flora with resultant development of diarrhoea. While abdominal injury and disease were associated with the development of diarrhoea and amikacin was a possible factor associated with diarrhoea, the results of the present study indicate that enteral tube feeding with either the commercial feed, Ensure or the home-made feed, Casilan Oil was not a cause of diarrhoea in the majority of critically ill patients assessed. Furthermore, in most patients who commenced the trial with diarrhoea, improvement was noted on enteral feeding.

Bakgrund: Enteral nutrition via nasogastrisk sond är en vanlig behandlingsform för kortsiktig nutritionsbehandling då den anses ha förhållandevis lätt inläggning och avlägsnande. Sondinläggning och behandling kan innebära risker som kan leda till aspiration och allvarliga infektioner. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva vuxna patienters erfarenheter och upplevelser av näringstillförsel via nasogastrisk sond. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes. Nio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats bearbetades i en innehållsanalys. Resultat: Innehållsanalysen presenterar fyra teman: Erfarenheter och upplevelser av fysiskt obehag, Erfarenheter och upplevelser av ett begränsat liv, Erfarenheter och upplevelser av en förändrad identitet samt Erfarenheter och upplevelser av att hantera vardagen. Deltagare beskrev upplevelser av fysiskt obehag vid insättning av sonden och under själva behandlingen, samt erfarenheter av begränsningar i vardagen och uttryckte även en ovilja att lämna hemmet. Vidare beskrevs upplevelser av en försämrad självbild relaterat till sondens synliga placering samt copingstrategier och behovet av stöd från sjukvårdspersonal och familj. Slutsats: Deltagarna upplevde både positiva och negativa erfarenheter och upplevelser vilket resulterade i motstridiga känslor. Ett individanpassat stöd från sjukvårdpersonal kan ha stor inverkan på deltagarnas välbefinnande och möjlighet till att klara sitt dagliga liv. / Background: Enteral nutrition via nasogastric tube is a common treatment form for short-term nutritional support since intubation and removal are rather simple to perform. Tube intubation and treatment may entail risks of aspiration and serious infections. Aim: The aim was to describe adult patients' experiences of nutritional support via nasogastric tube. Method: A general literature study was implemented. Nine articles with a qualitative approach were analyzed through content analysis. Results: The content analysis present four themes: Experiences of physical discomfort, Experiences of a limited life, Experiences of a changed identity and Experiences of dealing with everyday life. Participants described experiences of physical discomfort during insertion and the treatment itself, and experiences of limitations in their everyday lives and expressed a reluctance to leave their homes. Furthermore, experiences of an impaired self-image related to the tube’s visible location was described as well as coping strategies and a need for support from healthcare personnel and family. Conclusion: Participants described both positive and negative experiences, which resulted in conflicted emotions. Receiving personalized support from healthcare personnel can have a major impact on the participants' well-being and ability to cope with their everyday lives.

No description available.

Background: Not only does IBD lead to nutritional deficiencies, but also nutrients influence its pathophysiology: exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is an effective primary treatment in Crohn's disease; and vitamin D (VitD) is involved in its pathogenesis and course. Aims: We hypothesised that nutrients impact on the course of IBD. We therefore studied the effect of EEN i) on long term clinical course in children; ii) on CD58, a costimulatory molecule at the intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines, iii) adults with Crohn's disease. We examined the possible effect of serum vitamin D levels on the course of IBD and also the possible role of ethnicity in our paediatric and adult populations that were treated with EEN but also in our general adult population. Results Chapter II: 56 paediatric patients with Crohn's disesase were followed up for 5 years. 57% of patients achieved remission after 6 weeks of EEN. Achievement of clinical remission within 6 weeks of EEN was significantly associated with a longer time to relapse and to treatment escalation. VitD deficiency was common; and those patients who were deficient were significantly more likely to require corticosteroids and also needed thiopurines sooner. Chapter III: CD58 was expressed in the IEC isolated from IBD patients and healthy controls. EN down-regulated the expression of CD58 on IEC lines. Chapter IV: 22 adult patients with Crohn's disease with a mean age of 30.8 years were given EEN and followed up for a mean time of 1.9 years. 22.7% of patients went into clinical remission and 77.3% experienced a clinical response. By the end of follow up 63.6% (14/22) of patients had clinically relapsed and 36.4% required surgery during their follow up. There was no difference between South Asian and Caucasian patients in the disease outcomes after administration of EEN. Chapter V: Bangladeshis were more often vitamin D deficient than white Caucasian patients; however vitamin D status was not associated with the course of IBD. Bangladeshis developed perianal disease and required thiopurines earlier in their disease course. Bangladeshi patients with UC had more extensive disease. Conclusions: EEN, when successful, improves the long term outcome of Crohn's disease in children, possibly in part, by down-regulating CD58 on the IEC. VitD deficiency may influence the clinical course of IBD; however our results were contradictory between children and adults and significantly limited by the assessment of the vitamin D level at a single time point.

Behandling med enteral nutrition erbjuds de patienter som har tugg- och sväljsvårigheter främst av neurologiska orsaker. Behandling kan därför ske med nasogastrisk eller gastrostomisk sond. Gastrostomisk sond väljs då behandlingen planeras vara ett långvarigt alternativ. Forskning visar att enteral nutrition medför ökat oberoende och lättnad över att inte behöva vara orolig över sitt näringsintag. Sociala tillfällen som inkluderar mat och dryck upplevs dock som svåra. Det saknas tillräcklig uppföljning av hur behandlingen fungerar för dessa patienter i det dagliga livet, vilket kan medföra att patientens nutritionsbehov inte ses över.Syftet är att beskriva patienters upplevelser av behandling med enteral. Åtta personer med enteral nutrition har intervjuats och analyserats utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet av denna studie visar att upplevelsen av att inte kunna äta normalt skiljer sig åt beroende på patienternas utgångsläge, att förskrivningen av material har förbättrats sedan SÄRNÄR- teamet tagit över, men distributionen är däremot bristfällig. Vidare visar studien att information oftast är tillräcklig på specialistenheten, men sämre om patienten vårdas på annan enhet än den som är specialiserade på enteral nutrition. Att vänja sig vid nackdelar och se fördelar med enteral nutrition framkommer som betydelsefullt för dessa patienter och är avgörande för att gå vidare i livet. Patienterna upplever att omgivningen inte förstår deras situation. På grund av att inte kunna äta normalt saknar dessa patienter den sociala samvaron i samband med matsituationen och upplever ett utanförskap. Genom att patienters egna berättelser och livshistoria förs fram, kan det bidra till att utveckla och förbättra vården av enteral nutrition. Vår förhoppning är att resultatet från denna studie ska komma till nytta för SÄRNÄR – teamet i deras arbete med att följa upp patienter med enteral nutrition. / Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot distriktssköterska

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2005. / Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Este estudo trata da construÃÃo e validaÃÃo de um protocolo de terapia de nutriÃÃo enteral para pacientes adultos em uso de sonda enteral. à um estudo metodolÃgico, em que, na sua primeira fase, realizou-se a revisÃo integrativa da literatura a respeito da atuaÃÃo do enfermeiro frente a um paciente adulto com indicaÃÃo de terapia de nutriÃÃo enteral. Para tanto, se procedeu à busca de estudos em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais, onde foram selecionados 36 estudos que atenderam aos critÃrios de inclusÃo, nas bases de dados SCIELO, LILACS, LEYES, MEDLINE, CINAHL e BDTD, apÃs o cruzamento dos descritores controlados: nutriÃÃo enteral, alimentaÃÃo enteral e terapia nutricional, e suas traduÃÃes em inglÃs e espanhol. A leitura e a sÃntese dos estudos apontaram para quatro linhas de atuaÃÃo relacionadas à TNE que orientaram na operacionalizaÃÃo da construÃÃo do protocolo. A coleta de dados com os especialistas aconteceu no perÃodo de junho a setembro de 2012, sendo usado um formulÃrio contendo dados referentes aos especialistas e dados avaliativos do protocolo. O estudo respeitou os preceitos Ãticos e recebeu a aprovaÃÃo do Comità de Ãtica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Cearà sob Protocolo de nÃmero 05/12. A primeira versÃo do instrumento foi composta de duas seÃÃes. A primeira à composta de 20 itens distribuÃdos em seis domÃnios e se refere ao critÃrio de indicaÃÃo da TNE, qual tipo de sonda: oro ou nasoenteral, e ao procedimento da sua inserÃÃo, como deve ser a administraÃÃo de dieta e medicamentos. A segunda seÃÃo possui sete domÃnios com 12 itens que ilustram as situaÃÃes em que pode ocorrer a interrupÃÃo da dieta. O protocolo foi avaliado por meio de cinco itens, que correspondiam a cinco nÃveis de respostas possÃveis dispostas em uma escala de Likert variando de 1 a 5, sendo considerados: 1- inadequado e 5- totalmente adequado. Procedeu-se à anÃlise teÃrica do protocolo, submetendo-se à avaliaÃÃo de 15 especialistas. ApÃs os testes estatÃsticos (coeficiente α de Cronbach e Ãndice de Validade de ConteÃdo) e as alteraÃÃes decorrentes das sugestÃes dos especialistas, obteve-se a segunda versÃo do protocolo formada por duas seÃÃes com 21 itens na primeira seÃÃo, distribuÃdos nos seis domÃnios, e 12 itens na segunda seÃÃo, distribuÃdos em seis domÃnios, e tambÃm com remodulaÃÃo dos itens apÃs anÃlise criteriosa das sugestÃes. Conclui-se, portanto, que foi possÃvel construir um protocolo de TNE e que o mesmo envolve e representa o conteÃdo do constructo que se pretende, pois o coeficiente de correlaÃÃo intraclasse foi α=0,83. Pode-se concluir que a versÃo final do protocolo à vÃlida para usar na prÃtica hospitalar.

Orientador: Elizete Aparecida Lomazi da Costa Pinto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T16:39:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Beck_AnaRaquelMedeiros_D.pdf: 2495949 bytes, checksum: 11b48d31187172107996afeb7fc967d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Até 50% dos tubos gástricos podem ser posicionados inadequadamente. A diversidade de técnicas e de pontos de referência utilizados para estimar a locação de sondas gástricas contribui para ocorrência de erros de posicionamento. JUSTIFICATIVA: Estudos internacionais caracterizam-se por incluir amostras reduzidas, grande amplitude nas faixas etárias e etnias específicas. OBJETIVOS: 1. Identificar o grau de correlação entre a medida do esôfago, obtida por endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) e as medidas antropométricas e biométricas externas, tomadas em 153 crianças brasileiras, na faixa etária de 2 a 12 anos; 2. Desenvolver modelos de predição gerando equações para inserção de sondas na transição esôfago-gástrica (TEG) e no corpo do estômago (CE); 3. Comparar os valores do estudo com a medida NEX (distância do nariz, ao lóbulo da orelha até o apêndice xifóide) e com estudos internacionais. MÉTODO: Estudo analítico, observacional e transversal. Os dados foram coletados no período de janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2008. As medidas de biometria mensuradas foram: 1. Externas: arcada dentária superior-subnasal, subnasal-tragus, tragus-apêndice xifóide, apêndice xifóide-umbigo, subnasal-apêndice xifóide, altura e comprimento do joelho; 2. Internas: arcada dentária superior e subnasal à transição esofagogástrica e ao corpo do estômago. Modelos de predição foram ajustados para essas medidas, utilizando análise de regressão linear múltipla. Os modelos obtidos neste estudo foram comparados com os modelos provenientes de estudos internacionais, utilizando-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Altura e comprimento do joelho apresentaram as mais fortes correlações com o comprimento do esôfago, respectivamente, 0,91 e 0,88. A correlação entre a medida NEX e a medida arcada dentária superior-TEG apresentou coeficiente de correlação foi r=0,81 e com a medida ADS-CE de r=0,72. Forte correlação foi obtida entre os modelos desenvolvidos nesse estudo e modelos internacionais, r=1,00. CONCLUSÕES: A medida da altura, seguida pela medida do comprimento do joelho, apresentaram as mais fortes correlações com a medida esofágica. A medida até o corpo gástrico apresentou correlações mais fracas que as encontradas com a TEG. A medida NEX apresentou grau de correlação inferior aos obtidos nas correlações antropométricas. Houve forte correlação entre os achados no presente estudo e os valores obtidos em casuísticas internacionais. / Abstract: Errors in placement of orogastric and nasogastric feeding tubes may occur in more than 50% of procedures. The diversity of techniques and landmarks definitions used for estimating gastric tube location contributes to inadequate placement. JUSTIFICATION: International studies have included reduced samples, wide range age subjects and specific ethnic groups. OBJECTIVES: 1. Identifying correlation values between endoscopic esophageal length and anthropometric and external biometric data obtained from 153 Brazilian children (2 - 12 years old). 2. Developing statistical predictive models for inserting tubes at esophageal-gastric transition and in gastric body. 3. Comparing correlation values obtained with presented models and those obtained from international sample and with NEX (nose to ear lobe and xiphoid) measurement. METHOD: Analytical, observational and crossectional study. Data were collected from January 2006 to January 2008. The biometric measurements were: 1. External: ADS-subnasal, subnasal-tragus, tragus-xiphoid process, xiphoid processumbilicus, subnasal-xiphoid process, height and knee length; 2. Internal: superior dental arch (SDA) subnasal to the esophageal-gastric transition and to the body gastric. Correlation and determination values were obtained using multiple linear regressions. Presently predictive models were compared to international data using Pearson test. RESULTS: 1. Internal values were best correlated with height followed by knee length, respectively, 0.91 and 0.88. Correlation value between NEX and internal measurements were inferior than correlation between height and knee length, r = 0,81. Strong correlation was found between presently developed models and international samples, r=1.00. CONCLUSION: Height, followed by knee length, presented the strongest linear correlation with internal measurements. Gastric body showed weaker correlation values when compared to TEG. The NEX was hence confirmed to having a weaker correlation with the esophageal length than height. There was a strong correlation between present values and those generated from international samples. / Doutorado / Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Orientador: Elizete Aparecida Lomazi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T10:49:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prada_MariaCamilaAbramides_M.pdf: 937828 bytes, checksum: 83fc6dcbac26b79c1062b0411d7fd0f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Objetivos: Avaliar a adequação da prescrição e infusão de nutrição enteral e verificar a relação entre a adequação dos valores infundidos na nutrição enteral e a ocorrência de complicações em unidade de terapia intensiva de hospital terciário. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo descritivo, analítico, conduzido de setembro de 2010 a agosto de 2011. O estado nutricional dos pacientes foi avaliado por: prega cutânea tricipital, circunferência muscular do braço e circunferência do braço. A porcentagem de adequação das calorias e proteínas recebidas e calorias prescritas foram calculadas pela divisão dessas pelas necessidades calóricas e proteicas calculadas, até a alta da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, óbito ou alta do suporte nutricional. As complicações verificadas foram relacionadas à adequação da infusão da NE e ao estado nutricional por meio do teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: A taxa de desnutrição foi de 29,4%, de eutrofia 60% e de obesidade 9,8%. A porcentagem de adequação da infusão calórica foi de 92,3%, enquanto a adequação da proteína recebida em relação às necessidades recomendadas foi de 65,8%. Os efeitos adversos registrados foram: diarreia (29,4%), vômitos (21,6%), débito de dieta pela SNE (11,8%), distensão abdominal (5,9%), hiperglicemia (78,4%), hipoglicemia (21,6%) e constipação (56,9%). A taxa de adequação da infusão calórica de 92,3% (DP±37,86) e taxa de adequação de infusão proteica de 68,8% (DP±40,16). Não houve associação estatística significativa entre complicações e excesso ou déficit de nutrição infundida, desnutrição ou obesidade. Conclusões: Cerca da metade dos pacientes não recebeu suas necessidades calóricas e proteicas e alguns pacientes receberam quantidade de calorias acima de suas necessidades. À internação, a avaliação nutricional revelou que a maioria dos pacientes estava eutrófica. Nenhuma das complicações foi associada à porcentagem de adequação da infusão de nutrição enteral / Abstract: Background: To evaluate the relationship between the amount of enteral nutrition infusion and the occurrence of complications. Methods: It is a prospective descriptive study conducted from September/2010 to August/2011 in an Intensive Care Unit of a public general hospital in Brazil. Triceps skinfold, upper arm circumference and upper arm muscle circumference were used to assess nutritional status. To assess the nutritional adequacy, the total amount of energy and protein received from enteral nutrition was divided by the amounts prescribed and estimated caloric and protein needs up to Intensive Care Unit discharge, death or enteral support ending. The relation between the adequacy of enteral nutrition infusion and the variables was crossed by the chi-square test. Results: Adverse effects percentages were the following: diarrhea (29.4%), vomiting (11.8%), abdominal bloating (21.6%) and constipation (56.9%). The nutritional assessment findings were 29.4% - underweight, 60% - normal weight 9.8% - obesity. Caloric infusion adequacy ratio were 92.3% (mean±37,9) and the protein infusion adequacy were 68,8% (mean±40,2). There was no statistical relation between enteral nutrition infusion and the occurrence of complications, or the nutritional status. Conclusions: Twenty-five percent of the patients didn't achieve their needs. Almost half of patients were underfeeding according to caloric and protein infusion adequacy and even those ones who were overfeeding did not presented any association to the complications studied / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestra em Ciências

Class of 2005 Abstract / Objectives: To develop a decision analytic model to compare the clinical and economic outcomes of enteral nutrition (EN) and total parenteral nutritional (TPN) support in acute pancreatitis patients. Methods: All randomized clinical trials comparing EN and TPN in acute pancreatitis patients published in the medical and pharmacy literature were identified. Six trials were identified by searching MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, HealthStar, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, and citation review of applicable literature. The costs used for the decision tree were from the perspective of a hospital. A literature based decision tree was formed based from these costs and the probabilities of events from the six identified clinical trials. The TreeAge Pro computer program (TreeAge Software, Inc.; Williamstown, MA) was used to conduct the cost effectiveness analysis. Therapeutic success was considered, for the purposes of the trial, as having no complications. Results: EN was associated with a lower risk of infections, a reduced length of hospital stay, and fewer surgical interventions. There was no statistical difference in the risk of mortality, adult respiratory distress syndrome or multiple organ failure between groups treated with EN or TPN. The results found that EN dominated TPN by being both less costly and more effective. The average costs for EN and TPN were $46,345 and $73,878, respectively. The success rates were 0.652 and 0.358 for EN and TPN, respectively. Conclusion: Enteral nutrition was the dominant route of administration for nutritional support, when compared to total parenteral nutrition both clinically and economically for acute pancreatitis patients.