There are fewer female entrepreneurs than their male counterparts worldwide. This disparity persists even in countries like Sweden with the highest gender equality index scores and therefore presumed to be more gender equal. Moreover, women are underrepresented in the entrepreneurship literature. With fewer studies exploring female entrepreneurs and the gender-specific challenges, they face because ofinsufficient support, financial and otherwise. Gender equality in entrepreneurship has socio-economic importance and it plays a significant role in the overall economic growth. Making entrepreneurship a crucial economic development tool for women. With previous research showing that female entrepreneurs tend to exit their ventures at a higher rate, in this study we have explored the entrepreneurial exit decisions of female entrepreneurs with a focus on Sweden. Through our qualitative study, we interviewed 10 women that had previously made an entrepreneurial exit. Our findings show that female entrepreneurs mostly exit due to voluntary reasons, which affirms previous research that has found that female entrepreneurs are more likely to exit voluntarily than male entrepreneurs for mostly personal reasons and not because of underperformance (Justo et al., 2015; Jawarna et al., 2020). Moreover, we have further explored voluntary exits and involuntary exits. With findings showing that voluntary exits happen mostly due to management-related issues, economic instability, geographic relocation, or when the entrepreneur finds what they perceive as a better opportunity. All the involuntary exits in this study were a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study contributes to the literature of entrepreneurial exit as well as gender studies with its recommendations.

Soft skills in the engineering profession have been a well-known topic for many years because of the idea that engineers lack these skills. Working engineers and hiring managers are looking for engineers who differ from this idea of engineers who lack soft skills to engineers with great "soft skills" on top of their hard, or technical, skills. However, some engineers are reluctant to give up their technical world for a more social way of doing things. While there have been numerous studies to remedy this problem, simply identifying the need for engineers to gain more soft skills has mot been effective thus far. This paper reviews the current literature behind the terms and use of "soft skills" and "entrepreneurial skills" as well as attributes of engineers' success. In this research, "soft skills" and "entrepreneurial skills" are applied to an assessment of adults through a survey, and analytical conclusions are drawn to understand peoples' opinions on the two terms.

The empirical evidence is rather weak and sometimes inconsistent as to what predicts an individual's decision to start a business. Among many possible causes, this study attempts to disentangle the effects of individual differences and context. I propose to use a framework involving an individual's entrepreneurial intent, entrepreneurial orientation and four individual difference factors as a means to isolate individual difference determinants of entrepreneurial intent. These are captured in new construct called entrepreneurial orientation. Samples of entrepreneurs and college students from the United States and China were used to test the relationships. The empirical results show that entrepreneurial orientation is positively related to individual differences factors and entrepreneurial intent. Even more, it fully or partially mediates the relationships between the individual differences and entrepreneurial intent. Among the four individual differences listed, opportunity recognition seems to be the best predictor of an individual's entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intent. Future research should further examine opportunity recognition and entrepreneurial orientation. It appears that attempting to isolate effects of individual differences from context can be a viable strategy for studying determinants of new venture creation. / Ph. D.

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Modern literature has many research in the field of entrepreneurship, but most of them do not explain the characteristics of entrepreneurial activity in developing countries. Thus, this research uses  regression analysis of panel data for the cross-country analysis of factors influence the level of entrepreneurial activity in 52 developing countries. The paper provides empirical information about the individual characteristics, regulatory standards countries, as well as some macroeconomic indicators. Individual factors (gender, age), indicators of respondents’ self-evaluation and assessment of the environment, in which they are located have a significant impact on entrepreneurial activity in developing economies. In terms of macroeconomic indicators, it was concluded on the positive effects of GDP growth and the lack of impact of unemployment on the level of entrepreneurial activity.

This study discusses the diverse entrepreneurial trends that concert pianists are pursuing to complement their performing careers. These trends include musical endeavors such as organizing festivals, recital series, pedagogical workshops, making performer’s editions of piano literature, learning and recording unfamiliar repertoire, commissioning new works, and performing new music. The study includes eight interviews with concert pianists and four interviews with artist managers. The managers’ responses provide additional perspectives on how entrepreneurial pursuits can impact a pianist’s career. The study also provides an overview of music entrepreneurship in higher education and presents a variety of educational resources for further research on the topic. The purpose of this study is to present the various paths that can be included into the traditional model of being a concert pianist. As this study demonstrates, these entrepreneurial trends help pianists create opportunities for themselves and sustain a performing career.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka entreprenörskap i grundskoleundervisning då den nya skolreformen som infördes 2011 har detta som fokus. Reformen betonar att entreprenörskap ska främjas hos elever av alla åldrar med fokus på entreprenöriella kompetenser. Studien är kvalitativ och avser söka tecken på tendenser till ett entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt utifrån kvalitativa intervjuer genomförda på två grundskolor. Studien avser även söka tecken på huruvida ett aktivt arbete med entreprenörskap i undervisningen resulterar i en större grad av entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt. De intervjuer som utgör studiens empiriska grund är hämtade från en skola som aktivt arbetar med entreprenöriellt lärande samt en som ej har ett betonat arbete kring ämnet. Studiens resultat visar att eventuell skillnad mellan skolorna ej kan bekräftas då det förefaller individuellt betonat i vilken grad elever utvecklar ett entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt. Eleverna som deltagit i studien uppfattar entreprenöriella kompetenser med stor variation och visar även tecken på stor variation kring ett entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt. Studien har visat att det på båda skolor existerar lärandeaktiviteter som främjar entreprenöriella kompetenser och ett entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt, och att även den skola som inte aktivt arbetar med entreprenörskap främjar elevernas utveckling av entreprenöriella kompetenser. / The purpose of this study is to examine entrepreneurship in primary education as the new school reform introduced in 2011 has this as a focus. The reform emphasizes that promoting entrepreneurship among students of all ages with a focus on entrepreneurial competencies. The study is qualitative and relates to seek signs of tendencies towards an entrepreneurial approach based on qualitative interviews were conducted at two elementary schools. The study will also seek evidence of whether active efforts with entrepreneurship in education results in a greater degree of entrepreneurial approach. The interviews that make up the study's empirical basis is taken from a school that actively works with entrepreneurial learning and one that does not have an emphasized work on the subject. Study results show that the potential difference between the schools cannot be confirmed, then it would appear individually emphasized the extent to which students develop an entrepreneurial approach. Students who participated in the study perceive entrepreneurial competences with great variety and also show signs of considerable variation around an entrepreneurial approach. The study has shown that there in both schools exist learning activities that promote entrepreneurial competences and an entrepreneurial approach, and that even the school who are not actively working with entrepreneurship promotes students' development of entrepreneurial competences.

This study probes into the process of new venture establishment from the perspective of entrepreneurship, such as discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities to actions taken to maximize the returns from these opportunities. Furthermore, the role of the entrepreneur in the process is also analyzed. The findings are summarized below: 1.In an ambiguous entrepreneurial environment, opportunities are not always clear from the beginning. Thus, new venture must take the ¡§exploration¡¨ action to find new opportunities. 2.After the discovery of new opportunities, it must take the ¡§exploitation¡¨ action to maximize return from these opportunities to create wealth, i.e. the gradual accumulation of resources to ultimately form its competitive advantage. 3.Both the ¡§exploration¡¨ and ¡§exploitation¡¨ actions can be further divided into different tacit strategies: systematic, guerilla, undisciplined, and autonomous tacit strategies. In addition, an entrepreneur has many different roles: chief, mentor, coach, and lord. However, no matter the actions taken, all new ventures must first perform risk assessments, from its internal resources to its external environment, before taking any actions in order to minimize failures.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Problem: Once a business is running, simultaneously the treat of loosing the entrepreneurial</p><p>spirit is occurring. The team is not as passionate and people do not seem as enthousiastic,</p><p>and what was once a mission is now seemingly nothing more than a job for you and for</p><p>them. Many factors cause the damage; however, the structure and the human resource</p><p>management are two particularly factors involved in that damage.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the structure and the human resource</p><p>management serve as rescuers to force and keep the entrepreneurial spirit. The authors</p><p>findings will help them give suggestions on how these two basic fields help in stabilizing</p><p>the entrepreneurship.</p><p>Method: The data collection is based on theories related to findings from the real life business</p><p>world. To assemble qualitative and reliable research, the authors conducted seven oral</p><p>interviews with professionals working in different positions. In addition, the interviewees</p><p>were selected from four different companies and different industries.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The structure in growing firms needs regular adjustment to hold a clear communication</p><p>and clear definition of responsibilities which are crucial for the survival of the firm. Firms</p><p>relying on innovativeness need to find the balance between openness of communication,</p><p>flexibility and the degree of bureaucratization. In addition, firms based on innovation</p><p>should be aware of tolerance of failure. Trust between management and employees also</p><p>tend to influence the overall performance of the firm.</p><p>As the business develops, HRM practices also follow a certain change and update. An established</p><p>firm needs to have clear competences of what is needed in the organization. Besides</p><p>that, the firms need to emphasize training and development. In addition to keep people</p><p>motivated and sustain the entrepreneurial spirit, firms need to be aware of rewarding.</p><p>Eventually the authors also discovered a need to include internationalization in their thesis</p><p>and how it is related to sustain the entrepreneurial spirit in growing firms.</p>