The problem that will be investigated in this research paper is up to date and contemporary. This thesis research topic is related to the general field “immigrant entrepreneurship” including the “Immigrant Small Business Research” field. Moreover, the field is not well documented and lacks concepts and theories. It is hoped that this paper will contribute to developing the field. In order to examine the issue, the collection of information has been affected through literature review and compilation of the main and most important theories. In addition to responding to my problem, this project endeavors to fill some of gaps in the void or at least narrow them for others to complete and use in turn. The literature review and the data collected highlight factors and difficulties faced by immigrant owned restaurants. To put it in a nutshell, the current virulent sanitary crisis has constrained most countries to close their borders and governments, thereby almost bringing their economies to a standstill. It is jeopardizing and disrupting the entire economic system. Countless immigrants’ restaurants are facing financial difficulties or bankruptcy, whether it is at this very second or in a foreseeable future. Besides habitual struggles with external factors contributing to making them vulnerable, immigrant restaurant owners have no choice but to cope with a major global economic downturn. The sustainability of those businesses is challenged as difficulties and vulnerability factors are exacerbated under this crisis.

Esta pesquisa investigou como os modelos de negócios (MDNs) das empresas de e-commerce, atuantes no Brasil, foram modificados com a ação dos empreendedores nas fases de: concepção; início de operação e confirmação dos respectivos MDNs pelo mercado. Investigou, também, as razões que justicaram tais mudanças e suas contribuições para os desempenhos das empresas estudadas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, baseada no método de múltiplos casos, realizada junto à quinze empresas de e-commerce que adotam o modelo painel de controle e que atuam no mercado brasileiro. As entrevistas foram pessoais e orientadas por um roteiro de pesquisa. A apresentação dos dados dos casos e as análises qualitativas, extraídas dos depoimentos dos empresários, foram realizadas com base em uma Matriz de Análise Cruzada. A pesquisa revelou que os MDNs das empresas que haviam sido idealizados pelo empreendedor, na fase de concepção, sofreram mudanças dos tipos: estratégicas, mercadológicas, financeiras, tecnológicas e operacionais, as quais modificaram um ou mais dos submódulos do modelo, no sentido de introduzir ajustes na proposta/oferta de valor, no acervo de recursos, na base de fornecedores, nas redes de parceiros, nas formas de captura de valor (receitas), nas definições de segmentos de mercado e nos sistemas de gerenciamento e controle das operações. As razões destas mudanças, segundo os empreendedores, foram as necessidades de conquistar mercado para conseguir realizar vendas, atrair e ampliar a clientela. As mudanças realizadas pelos empreendedores, segundo eles, contribuíram positivamente, para gerar melhorias nos resultados de desempenho, ou seja, aumento da quantidade de clientes-usuários, clientes-fornecedores e crescimento do faturamento, conforme os índices utilizados.Os achados desta pesquisa foram: 1º) Nenhum dos MDNs idealizados pelos empreendedores estudados foi definitivo. 2º) O processo de construção do MDN só pode ser concluído depois que a empresa é submetida às condições de mercado, o que indica os ajustes e mudanças que serão necessárias neles. 3º) A confirmação do MDN, ou seja, quando ela gera resultados econômicos e atende às exigência de seus stakeholders, sempre é uma confirmação em caráter provisório. As limitações principais das conclusões são: a impossibilidade de generalização das conclusões para o universo de empresas de e-commerce atuantes no Brasil e utilizar informações de uma única fonte, que foram os depoimentos dos empreendedores ou dirigentes das empresas estudadas.A originalidade dos achados desta pesquisa contribuem para a teoria da construção de MDN em condições de mercado presente, revelando a ação do empreendedor na condução de diferentes fases do processo para a confirmação do modelo pelo mercado. Mostra as razões das mudanças incorporadas e suas contribuições para o desempenho da empresa. Para os empreendedores, os resultados da pesquisa servem como orientações para condução do processo, alertando para a necessidade de identificar as mudanças oriundas das necessidades dos clientes, da concorrência e de outros stakeholders. Em síntese, a pesquisa revelou que a construção dos MDNs, nos casos estudados, é um processo contínuo e sempre inacabado. / This research investigated how the business models (MDN) of e-commerce companies, active in Brazil, have been modified by the action of entrepreneurs in stages: conception; startup and confirmation of their MDN by the market. Also investigated the reasons justified such changes and their contributions to the performance of the companies studied. A qualitative research was made, based on the method of multiple cases performed by the fifteen companies of e-commerce that adopt the model panel of control and operating in the Brazilian market. The interviews were personal and guided by roadmap for research. The presentation of case data and qualitative analyzes extracted from the testimonies of businessmen, were made based on a Matrix Analysis Crusade. The research revealed that the MDNs of the companies that had been conceived by the entrepreneur, at the conception stage, passed for changes the types: strategic, marketing, financial, technological and operational, which changed one or more of the sub-modules of the model, in order to introduce adjustments in the proposal / offer value, the collection of resources, on the basis of suppliers, networks of partners, ways to capture value (revenue), the definitions of market segments and the management and control of operations systems. The reasons for these changes, according to entrepreneurs, were the needs to boost market to accomplish sales, attract and expand clientele. Changes made by entrepreneurs, according to them, contributed positively to generate improvements in performance results, in other words, increasing the amount of customers-users, customers-suppliers and revenue growth, as the indexes utilizados. Os findings of this research were: 1) None of the MDN conceived by entrepreneurs studied was final. 2) The process of building the MDN may be concluded only after the company is subject to market conditions, which indicates the adjustments and changes that will be required of them. 3) Confirmation of MDN, in other words, when it generates economic outcomes and meets the requirements of its stakeholders, it is always a confirmation provisionally. The main limitations of the conclusions are: the inability to generalize the findings to the universe of active e-commerce companies in Brazil and use information from a single source, that the statements were entrepreneurs or managers of companies studied. A originality of the findings of this research contributes to theory building MDN present market conditions, revealing the action of the entrepreneur to conduct different phases of the process to confirm the model by the market. Shows the ratios of incorporated changes and their contributions to the company\'s performance. For entrepreneurs, the survey results serve as guidelines for conducting the process, stressing the need to identify the changes originating from the needs of customers, competition and other stakeholders. In summary, the survey revealed that the construction of the MDN, in the cases studied, is an ongoing process and never finished.

Esta pesquisa investigou como os modelos de negócios (MDNs) das empresas de e-commerce, atuantes no Brasil, foram modificados com a ação dos empreendedores nas fases de: concepção; início de operação e confirmação dos respectivos MDNs pelo mercado. Investigou, também, as razões que justicaram tais mudanças e suas contribuições para os desempenhos das empresas estudadas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, baseada no método de múltiplos casos, realizada junto à quinze empresas de e-commerce que adotam o modelo painel de controle e que atuam no mercado brasileiro. As entrevistas foram pessoais e orientadas por um roteiro de pesquisa. A apresentação dos dados dos casos e as análises qualitativas, extraídas dos depoimentos dos empresários, foram realizadas com base em uma Matriz de Análise Cruzada. A pesquisa revelou que os MDNs das empresas que haviam sido idealizados pelo empreendedor, na fase de concepção, sofreram mudanças dos tipos: estratégicas, mercadológicas, financeiras, tecnológicas e operacionais, as quais modificaram um ou mais dos submódulos do modelo, no sentido de introduzir ajustes na proposta/oferta de valor, no acervo de recursos, na base de fornecedores, nas redes de parceiros, nas formas de captura de valor (receitas), nas definições de segmentos de mercado e nos sistemas de gerenciamento e controle das operações. As razões destas mudanças, segundo os empreendedores, foram as necessidades de conquistar mercado para conseguir realizar vendas, atrair e ampliar a clientela. As mudanças realizadas pelos empreendedores, segundo eles, contribuíram positivamente, para gerar melhorias nos resultados de desempenho, ou seja, aumento da quantidade de clientes-usuários, clientes-fornecedores e crescimento do faturamento, conforme os índices utilizados.Os achados desta pesquisa foram: 1º) Nenhum dos MDNs idealizados pelos empreendedores estudados foi definitivo. 2º) O processo de construção do MDN só pode ser concluído depois que a empresa é submetida às condições de mercado, o que indica os ajustes e mudanças que serão necessárias neles. 3º) A confirmação do MDN, ou seja, quando ela gera resultados econômicos e atende às exigência de seus stakeholders, sempre é uma confirmação em caráter provisório. As limitações principais das conclusões são: a impossibilidade de generalização das conclusões para o universo de empresas de e-commerce atuantes no Brasil e utilizar informações de uma única fonte, que foram os depoimentos dos empreendedores ou dirigentes das empresas estudadas.A originalidade dos achados desta pesquisa contribuem para a teoria da construção de MDN em condições de mercado presente, revelando a ação do empreendedor na condução de diferentes fases do processo para a confirmação do modelo pelo mercado. Mostra as razões das mudanças incorporadas e suas contribuições para o desempenho da empresa. Para os empreendedores, os resultados da pesquisa servem como orientações para condução do processo, alertando para a necessidade de identificar as mudanças oriundas das necessidades dos clientes, da concorrência e de outros stakeholders. Em síntese, a pesquisa revelou que a construção dos MDNs, nos casos estudados, é um processo contínuo e sempre inacabado. / This research investigated how the business models (MDN) of e-commerce companies, active in Brazil, have been modified by the action of entrepreneurs in stages: conception; startup and confirmation of their MDN by the market. Also investigated the reasons justified such changes and their contributions to the performance of the companies studied. A qualitative research was made, based on the method of multiple cases performed by the fifteen companies of e-commerce that adopt the model panel of control and operating in the Brazilian market. The interviews were personal and guided by roadmap for research. The presentation of case data and qualitative analyzes extracted from the testimonies of businessmen, were made based on a Matrix Analysis Crusade. The research revealed that the MDNs of the companies that had been conceived by the entrepreneur, at the conception stage, passed for changes the types: strategic, marketing, financial, technological and operational, which changed one or more of the sub-modules of the model, in order to introduce adjustments in the proposal / offer value, the collection of resources, on the basis of suppliers, networks of partners, ways to capture value (revenue), the definitions of market segments and the management and control of operations systems. The reasons for these changes, according to entrepreneurs, were the needs to boost market to accomplish sales, attract and expand clientele. Changes made by entrepreneurs, according to them, contributed positively to generate improvements in performance results, in other words, increasing the amount of customers-users, customers-suppliers and revenue growth, as the indexes utilizados. Os findings of this research were: 1) None of the MDN conceived by entrepreneurs studied was final. 2) The process of building the MDN may be concluded only after the company is subject to market conditions, which indicates the adjustments and changes that will be required of them. 3) Confirmation of MDN, in other words, when it generates economic outcomes and meets the requirements of its stakeholders, it is always a confirmation provisionally. The main limitations of the conclusions are: the inability to generalize the findings to the universe of active e-commerce companies in Brazil and use information from a single source, that the statements were entrepreneurs or managers of companies studied. A originality of the findings of this research contributes to theory building MDN present market conditions, revealing the action of the entrepreneur to conduct different phases of the process to confirm the model by the market. Shows the ratios of incorporated changes and their contributions to the company\'s performance. For entrepreneurs, the survey results serve as guidelines for conducting the process, stressing the need to identify the changes originating from the needs of customers, competition and other stakeholders. In summary, the survey revealed that the construction of the MDN, in the cases studied, is an ongoing process and never finished.

Orientador: André Luiz Sica de Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T11:06:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrade_NathaliaDayrell_M.pdf: 1441113 bytes, checksum: 136799c56b8608685fa3ca4bf7ae06c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A concepção da universidade empreendedora postula que o conhecimento tem um papel cada vez mais ativo no desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Nesta perspectiva, a universidade deve contribuir para a sociedade através de atividades de ensino, pesquisa e transferência de conhecimento. Os acadêmicos são ator central neste processo, ao interagir com atores externos a fim de criar desdobramentos relevantes, assim como os estudantes de pós-graduação e recém doutores, responsáveis pela execução da pesquisa. Neste contexto, a presente dissertação busca compreender como o empreendedorismo acadêmico influencia as expectativas de carreira dos jovens pesquisadores, na transição entre a conclusão de sua formação e o seu estabelecimento no mercado de trabalho acadêmico. Por um lado, o Brasil forma mais de 10 mil doutores por ano, marca alcançada em 2008, aliada a uma expansão do sistema de ensino superior. Por outro, o governo incentiva atividades empreendedoras por parte das universidades e mais investimento em inovação por parte das empresas. Tenta-se criar, assim, um ambiente propício para a emergência de projetos colaborativos, criação de empresas spin-offs e contratação de mão de obra qualificada para pesquisa. O trabalho investiga, através de uma pesquisa qualitativa, como a formação dos jovens pesquisadores é influenciada pelo empreendedorismo acadêmico e como eles constroem suas expectativas de carreira neste contexto. Foram analisados cinco grupos de pesquisa, das áreas exatas e biológicas, através de entrevistas com jovens pesquisadores e os coordenadores dos grupos. Os resultados mostram que parece não haver uma grande influência das atividades empreendedoras nas expectativas de carreira dos grupos analisados e, quando há, existem obstáculos relativos a oportunidades fora da academia. Ademais, a formação se mantém majoritariamente acadêmica, assim como as expectativas de carreira, indicando que não houve significativas mudanças no treinamento da pós-graduação e no perfil dos profissionais formados e buscados na academia / Abstract: The concept of the entrepreneurial university is based on the premise that knowledge has an ever-increasing and active role in socioeconomic development. Within this perspective, universities must contribute to society through teaching, research and knowledge transfer activities. Academics are a central agent in this process, as they interact with external institutions in order to create relevant spillovers. Postgraduate students are also relevant agents, as they are responsible for implementing relevant research in university laboratories. In this context, the present dissertation aims to understand how academic entrepreneurship influences the career expectations of young researchers during the transition between the conclusion of their training process and their establishment in the academic labour market. On the one hand, Brazil has been granting over 10 thousand PhD degrees yearly since 2008, together with an expansion of the higher education system. On the other hand, the government encourages entrepreneurial activities in universities and increases in firm level investment in innovation. Thus, it tries to create a proper environment for the emergence of collaborative research projects, creation of spin-off companies and hiring of highly qualified workforce. This study investigates, through a qualitative research, how the training of young researchers is influenced by academic entrepreneurship and how they form their career expectations in this context. Five research groups were analyzed, ranging from exact sciences to biosciences areas, through interviews with young researchers and the coordinators of each group. The results show that entrepreneurial activities seem not to have influenced substantially the career expectations of the interviewees. When it does have an influence, there are obstacles related to opportunities outside academia. The results also show that the post graduation training remains mainly academic, as well as the career expectations of young researchers, indicating that there has not been significant change in the characteristics of the post graduation or in the profile of the researchers graduated and hired in academia / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestra em Política Científica e Tecnológica

L’ESS porte en elle des promesses de développement et d'émancipation citoyenne à l'échelle des territoires et des sociétés (Eynaud 2015 ; Laville, 2016 ; Laville, Young et Eynaud, 2015 ; Valéau, 2016). L'objectif général de cette thèse est de tenter de mieux comprendre ce qui permet le changement d'échelle de l'économie sociale et solidaire (ESS), c'est-à-dire l'institutionnalisation de logiques économiques, sociales et solidaires pérennes portée par les acteurs agissant en réseau. Suivant une démarche qualitative de type théorisation ancrée, sur la base de l'approche établie par Desjeux (2004), nous avons procédé à une analyse chronologique du cas de La Réunion de 2000 à 2016. L'analyse des articulations entre lesniveaux macro, micro et méso socioéconomiques nous a permis de mettre en évidence les changements dans les relations entre ces échelles et le caractère contingent des possibilités d'action institutionnelle en réseau. / SSE bears the promise of socioeconomic development and citizen emancipation at the territorial and societal level (Eynaud 2015; Laville, 2016; Laville, Young & Eynaud, 2015; Valéau, 2016). The overall objective of this dissertation is to better understand the factors that allow SSE to operate on a larger scale, i.e. institutionalizing sustainable social and solidarity rationality promoted by actors gathering in networks. Based on qualitative grounded theory, drawing on Dejeux’s (2004) method, we provide a chronological analysis of the case of Reunion from 2000 to 2016. The examination of the articulation between macro, micro and meso socioeconomic levels highlights the changes in in the relationships between them and the contingent nature of the possibility for networks to take institutional action.

Small business entrepreneurs in the United States often struggled or went out of business during the recession of 2007-2009. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the strategies entrepreneurs needed to grow their businesses during a recessionary period. The conceptual framework for the study was effectuation theory. The population consisted of small business entrepreneurs whose businesses survived the recession of 2007-2009 in Atlanta, Georgia. Data were gathered through semistructured interviews with 20 participants. Data organization and thematic analysis involved coding interview data and using software to categorize themes and subthemes. Major themes that emerged from the study included specification of characteristics of entrepreneurs, approaches to customer acquisition and retention, and decision making strategies. The findings might contribute to social change by adding to entrepreneurship literature and potentially leading to the development of resilient and adaptive entrepreneurs. Small business entrepreneurs who can sustain profitability during economic downturns benefit the community by providing jobs.

Heuristics are mental shortcuts applied, consciously, subconsciously or both, to save time and efforts at the expense of risking the accuracy of the outcome. Therefore, one might argue that it is just an accuracy-effort trade-off. Nonetheless, we ought to recognize the distinction between the circumstances of risk, where all choices, outcomes, and probabilities might be generally known, and the circumstances of uncertainty, where, at least some, are not. Traditional models like the Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) work best for decisions under risk but not under uncertainty, which portrays most situations people need to tackle. Uncertainty requires simple heuristics that are sufficient instead of perfect. In this dissertation, the notion of heuristics was researched through a comprehensive historical review that unfolded the heuristics-linked ideas of significant scholars. An explicit distinction between the deliberate and the automatic heuristics was stated with chronological categories of pre and post-introduction of the SEU theory; providing a new perspective and opening a discussion for future research to consider. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative studies were applied that produced an unsophisticated heuristic set that was used by entrepreneurs in the Middle East and Germany. Perhaps entrepreneurs, and people in general, do not always know or acknowledge their use of heuristics. But still, they use it extensively and may exchange heuristics among others. That may lead us to think that in a world where uncertainty prevails, the Homo heuristicus might become a real threat to the Homo economicus.